521
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Features - Original Research

Metabolic characterization of overweight and obese adults

, , , , &
Pages 362-372 | Received 17 Jun 2016, Accepted 11 Oct 2016, Published online: 13 Oct 2016

References

  • Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the national heart, lung, and blood institute/American heart association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433–438.
  • Müller MJ, Lagerpusch M, Enderle J, et al. Beyond the body mass index: tracking body composition in the pathogenesis of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Obes Rev. 2012;13:6–13.
  • Wildman RP, Muntner P, Reynolds K, et al.. The obese without cardiometabolic risk factor clustering and the normal weight with cardiometabolic risk factor clustering. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1617–1624.
  • Kuk JL, Ardern CI. Are metabolically normal but obese individuals at lower risk for all-cause mortality? Diabetes Care. 2009;32:2297–2299.
  • Kramer CK, Zinman B, Retnakaran R. Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions?: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159:758–769.
  • Cnop M, Landchild MJ, Vidal J, et al.. The concurrent accumulation of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat explains the association between insulin resistance and plasma leptin concentrations. Diabetes. 2002;51:1005–1015.
  • Karelis AD, Brochu M, Rabasa-Lhoret R. Can we identify metabolically healthy but obese individuals (mho)? Diabetes Metab. 2004;30:569–572.
  • Brochu M, Tchernof A, Dionne IJ, et al. What are the physical characteristics associated with a normal metabolic profile despite a high level of obesity in postmenopausal women? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:1020–1025.
  • Wolfe RR. The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:475–482.
  • Johnstone AM, Murison SD, Duncan JS, et al. Factors influencing variation in basal metabolic rate include fat-free mass, fat mass, age, and circulating thyroxine but not sex, circulating leptin, or triiodothyronine. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:941–948.
  • Goodpaster BH, Wolf D. Skeletal muscle lipid accumulation in obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2004;5:219–226.
  • Ravussin E, Gautier J. Metabolic predictors of weight gain. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:s37–s41.
  • Shi H, Seeley RJ, Clegg DJ. Sexual differences in the control of energy homeostasis. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2009;30:396–404.
  • Shi H, Clegg D. Sex differences in the regulation of body weight. Physiol Behav. 2009;97:199–204.
  • Pradhan AD. Sex differences in the metabolic syndrome: implications for cardiovascular health in women. Clin Chem. 2014;60:44–52.
  • Wu T, Gao X, Chen M, et al. Long-term effectiveness of diet-plus-exercise interventions vs. diet-only interventions for weight loss: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2009;10:313–323.
  • Dennis BH. Well-controlled diet studies in humans: a practical guide to design and management. Chicago (IL): American Dietetic Association; 1999.
  • Wang Z, Pi-Sunyer FX, Kotler DP, et al. Multicomponent methods: evaluation of new and traditional soft tissue mineral models by in vivo neutron activation analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:968–974.
  • Heymsfield SB, Ebbeling CB, Zheng J, et al. Multi-component molecular-level body composition reference methods: evolving concepts and future directions. Obes Rev. 2015;16:282–294.
  • Leite CC, Wajchenberg BL, Radominski R, et al. Intra-abdominal thickness by ultrasonography to predict risk factors for cardiovascular disease and its correlation with anthropometric measurements. Metabolism. 2002;51:1034–1040.
  • Stoner L, Chinn V, Cornwall J, et al. Reliability tests and guidelines for b-mode ultrasound assessment of central adiposity. Eur J Clin Invest. 2015;45:1200–1208.
  • Levy JC, Matthews DR, Hermans MP. Correct homeostasis model assessment (homa) evaluation uses the computer program. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:2191–2192.
  • Wallace TM, Levy JC, Matthews DR. Use and abuse of homa modeling. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1487–1495.
  • American College of Sports Medicine; Thompson WR, Gordon NF, et al. Acsm’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.
  • Antonio J, Kalman D, Stout JR, et al. Essentials of sports nutrition and supplements. Totowa (NJ): Human Press; 2009.
  • Fan B, Shepherd JA, Levine MA, et al. National health and nutrition examination survey whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry reference data for ge lunar systems. J Clin Densitom. 2014;17:344–377.
  • Jésus P, Achamrah N, Grigioni S, et al. Validity of predictive equations for resting energy expenditure according to the body mass index in a population of 1726 patients followed in a nutrition unit. Clin Nutr. 2015;34:529–535.
  • Panel NCEPNE. Third report of the national cholesterol education program (ncep) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel iii) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143.
  • Aardal E, Holm AC. Cortisol in saliva–reference ranges and relation to cortisol in serum. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1995;33:927–932.
  • Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Leptin concentrations in the United States: relations with demographic and anthropometric measures. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:295–301.
  • Salimetrics. High sensitivity salivary 17β-estradiol enzyme immunoassay kit. Press Release. 2015 Nov 25.
  • Shirtcliff EA, Granger DA, Schwartz EB, et al. Assessing estradiol in biobehavioral studies using saliva and blood spots: simple radioimmunoassay protocols, reliability, and comparative validity. Horm Behav. 2000;38:137–147.
  • Matthews D, Hosker J, Rudenski A, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28:412–419.
  • Han TS, Lean ME. A clinical perspective of obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis. 2016;5:2048004016633371.
  • Dvorak RV, DeNino WF, Ades PA, et al.. Phenotypic characteristics associated with insulin resistance in metabolically obese but normal weight young women. Diabetes. 1999;48:2210–2214.
  • Goncalves CG, Glade MJ, Meguid MM. Metabolically healthy obese individuals: key protective factors. Nutrition. 2016;32:14–20.
  • Shah RV, Murthy VL, Abbasi SA, et al. Visceral adiposity and the risk of metabolic syndrome across body mass index. JACC. 2014;7:1221–1235.
  • Shuster A, Patlas M, Pinthus JH, et al. The clinical importance of visceral adiposity: a critical review of methods for visceral adipose tissue analysis. Br J Radiol. 2012;85:1–10.
  • Stolk R, Wink O, Zelissen P, et al. Validity and reproducibility of ultrasonography for the measurement of intra-abdominal adipose tissue. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:1346–1351.
  • Kohara K, Ochi M, Tabara Y, et al. Leptin in sarcopenic visceral obesity: possible link between adipocytes and myocytes. PLoS One. 2011;6:e24633.
  • Conus F, Allison DB, Rabasa-Lhoret R, et al. Metabolic and behavioral characteristics of metabolically obese but normal-weight women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:5013–5020.
  • Lang PO, Trivalle C, Vogel T, et al. Markers of metabolic and cardiovascular health in adults: comparative analysis of dexa-based body composition components and bmi categories. J Cardiol. 2015;65:42–49.
  • Brochu M, Mathieu ME, Karelis AD, et al. Contribution of the lean body mass to insulin resistance in postmenopausal women with visceral obesity: a Monet study. Obesity. 2008;16:1085–1093.
  • Kelley DE, Goodpaster B, Wing RR, et al. Skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism in association with insulin resistance, obesity, and weight loss. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 1999;277:E1130–E1141.
  • Dulloo AG, Jacquet J, Solinas G, et al. Body composition phenotypes in pathways to obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes. 2010;34(Suppl 2):S4–S17.
  • Ravussin E, Lillioja S, Knowler WC, et al. Reduced rate of energy expenditure as a risk factor for body-weight gain. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:467–472.
  • Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J. Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:621–628.
  • Weyer C, Snitker S, Rising R, et al. Determinants of energy expenditure and fuel utilization in man: effects of body composition, age, sex, ethnicity and glucose tolerance in 916 subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23:715–722.
  • Fothergill E, Guo J, Howard L, et al. Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after “the biggest loser” competition. Obesity. 2016;24:1612–1619.
  • Zurlo F, Lillioja S, Esposito-Del Puente A, et al. Low ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation as predictor of weight gain: study of 24-h rq. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 1990;259:E650–E657.
  • Goodpaster BH, Katsiaras A, Kelley DE. Enhanced fat oxidation through physical activity is associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity in obesity. Diabetes. 2003;52:2191–2197.
  • Rosenkilde M, Nordby P, Nielsen LB, et al. Fat oxidation at rest predicts peak fat oxidation during exercise and metabolic phenotype in overweight men. Int J Obes. 2010;34:871–877.
  • Ellis AC, Hyatt TC, Hunter GR, et al. Respiratory quotient predicts fat mass gain in premenopausal women. Obesity. 2010;18:2255–2259.
  • Goedecke JH, Gibson ASC, Grobler L, et al. Determinants of the variability in respiratory exchange ratio at rest and during exercise in trained athletes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000;279:E1325–E1334.
  • Horton TJ, Pagliassotti MJ, Hobbs K, et al. Fuel metabolism in men and women during and after long-duration exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1998;85:1823–1832.
  • Tarnopolsky L, MacDougall J, Atkinson S, et al. Gender differences in substrate for endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1990;68:302–308.
  • Achten J, Jeukendrup AE. Optimizing fat oxidation through exercise and diet. Nutrition. 2004;20:716–727.
  • Schmidt SL, Kealey EH, Horton TJ, et al. The effects of short-term overfeeding on energy expenditure and nutrient oxidation in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant individuals. Int J Obes. 2013;37:1192–1197.
  • Kahlhofer J, Lagerpusch M, Enderle J, et al. Carbohydrate intake and glycemic index affect substrate oxidation during a controlled weight cycle in healthy men. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68:1060–1066.
  • Klok MD, Jakobsdottir S, Drent ML. The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of food intake and body weight in humans: a review. Obes Rev. 2007;8:21–34.
  • Niswender KD, Baskin DG, Schwartz MW. Insulin and its evolving partnership with leptin in the hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2004;15:362–369.
  • Björntorp P. Endocrine abnormalities of obesity. Metabolism. 1995;44:21–23.
  • Minocci A, Savia G, Lucantoni R, et al. Leptin plasma concentrations are dependent on body fat distribution in obese patients. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24:1139–1144.
  • Zumoff B. Hormonal abnormalities in obesity. Acta Med Scand. 1987;222:153–160.
  • Schneider G, Kirschner MA, Berkowitz R, et al. Increased estrogen production in obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979;48:633–638.
  • Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2548–2556.
  • Smith-Ryan AE, Fultz SN, Melvin MN, et al. Reproducibility and validity of a-mode ultrasound for body composition measurement and classification in overweight and obese men and women. PLoS One. 2014;9:e91750.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.