398
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Features - Review

Memorcise and Alzheimer’s disease

, &
Pages 145-154 | Received 12 Nov 2017, Accepted 23 Feb 2018, Published online: 09 Mar 2018

References

  • Loprinzi PD, Sng E, Frith E. “Memorcise”: implications for patient compliance and medication adherence. Phys Sportsmed. 2017. DOI:10.1080/00913847.2018.1402664
  • Jahn H. Memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease. Dialog Clin Neurosci. 2013;15(4):445–454.
  • Scarmeas N, Luchsinger JA, Brickman AM, et al. Physical activity and Alzheimer disease course. Am J Geriat Psychiatry. 2011;19(5):471–481.
  • Voss MW, Vivar C, Kramer AF, et al. Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity. Trends Cogn Sci. 2013;17(10):525–544.
  • Diegues JC, Pauli JR, Luciano E, et al. Spatial memory in sedentary and trained diabetic rats: molecular mechanisms. Hippocampus. 2014;24(6):703–711.
  • Hayes SM, Hayes JP, Cadden M, et al. A review of cardiorespiratory fitness-related neuroplasticity in the aging brain. Front Aging Neurosci. 2013;5:31.
  • Balsamo S, Willardson JM, de Santana Frederico S, et al. Effectiveness of exercise on cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Gen Med. 2013;6:387–391.
  • Erickson KI, Weinstein AM, Lopez OL. Physical activity, brain plasticity, and Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Med Res. 2012;43(8):615–621.
  • Fitness may inhibit Alzheimer’s progression. Cardiorespiratory fitness could help delay shrinkage in the parts of the brain that are key to memory. Duke Med Health News. 2008;14(10):9–10.
  • Huang P, Fang R, Li B-Y, et al. Exercise-related changes of networks in aging and mild cognitive impairment brain. Front Aging Neurosci. 2016;8:47.
  • Intlekofer KA, Cotman CW. Exercise counteracts declining hippocampal function in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2013;57:47–55.
  • Radak Z, Hart N, Sarga L, et al. Exercise plays a preventive role against Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Disease. 2010;20(3):777–783.
  • Yu F, Kolanowski AM, Strumpf NE, et al. Improving cognition and function through exercise intervention in Alzheimer’s disease. J Nurs Scholar. 2006;38(4):358–365.
  • Cass SP. Alzheimer’s disease and exercise: a literature review. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2017;16(1):19–22.
  • Paillard T, Rolland Y, de Souto Barreto P. Protective effects of physical exercise in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease: a narrative review. J Clin Neurol. 2015;11(3):212–219.
  • Duzel E, van Praag H, Sendtner M. Can physical exercise in old age improve memory and hippocampal function? Brain. 2016;139(Pt 3):662–673.
  • Song J-H, Yu J-T, Tan L. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Alzheimer’s disease: risk, mechanisms, and therapy. Mol Neurobiol. 2015;52(3):1477–1493.
  • Deak F, Kapoor N, Prodan C, et al. Memory loss: five new things. Neurol Clin Pract. 2016;6(6):523–529.
  • Chen W-W, Zhang X, Huang W-J. Role of physical exercise in Alzheimer’s disease. Biomed Rep. 2016;4(4):403–407.
  • Mirochnic S, Wolf S, Staufenbiel M, et al. Age effects on the regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis by physical activity and environmental enrichment in the APP23 mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Hippocampus. 2009;19(10):1008–1018.
  • Lazarov O, Mattson MP, Peterson DA, et al. When neurogenesis encounters aging and disease. Trends Neurosci. 2010;33(12):569–579.
  • Lazarov O, Marr RA. Neurogenesis and Alzheimer’s disease: at the crossroads. Exp Neurol. 2010;223(2):267–281.
  • Marlatt MW, Lucassen PJ. Neurogenesis and Alzheimer’s disease: biology and pathophysiology in mice and men. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2010;7(2):113–125.
  • Dorszewska J, Prendecki M, Oczkowska A, et al. Molecular basis of familial and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2016;13(9):952–963.
  • Alzheimer’s statistics. [cited 2017 Nov 1]. Available from: https://www.alzheimers.net/resources/alzheimers-statistics/
  • 2017 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. [cited 2017 Nov 1]. Available from: https://www.alz.org/documents_custom/2017-facts-and-figures.pdf
  • Roberson ED, Hesse JH, Rose KD, et al. Frontotemporal dementia progresses to death faster than Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2005;65(5):719–725.
  • Yiannopoulou KG, Papageorgiou SG. Current and future treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2013;6(1):19–33.
  • Crews L, Masliah E. Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2010;19(R1):R12–R20.
  • Vassar R. BACE1: the beta-secretase enzyme in Alzheimer’s disease. J Mol Neurosci. 2004;23(1–2):105–114.
  • Ohno M, Chang L, Tseng W, et al. Temporal memory deficits in Alzheimer’s mouse models: rescue by genetic deletion of BACE1. Eur J Neurosci. 2006;23(1):251–260.
  • Krishnaswamy S, Verdile G, Groth D, et al. The structure and function of Alzheimer’s gamma secretase enzyme complex. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2009;46(5–6):282–301.
  • Müller WE, Kirsch C, Eckert GP. Membrane-disordering effects of beta-amyloid peptides. Biochem Soc Trans. 2001;29(Pt 4):617–623.
  • Kayed R, Lasagna-Reeves CA. Molecular mechanisms of amyloid oligomers toxicity. J Alzheimer’s Disease. 2013;33(Suppl 1):S67–S78.
  • Capetillo-Zarate E, Gracia L, Tampellini D, et al. Intraneuronal Abeta accumulation, amyloid plaques, and synapse pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurodegener Dis. 2012;10(1–4):56–59.
  • Gouras GK, Tampellini D, Takahashi RH, et al. Intraneuronal beta-amyloid accumulation and synapse pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2010;119(5):523–541.
  • Hasegawa M. Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and tauopathies-prion-like seeded aggregation and phosphorylation. Biomolecules. 2016;6:2.
  • Yin R-H, Tan L, Jiang T, et al. Prion-like mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2014;11(8):755–764.
  • Goedert M, Clavaguera F, Tolnay M. The propagation of prion-like protein inclusions in neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Neurosci. 2010;33(7):317–325.
  • Armstrong RA. The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: a reevaluation of the “amyloid cascade hypothesis”. Int J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2011;2011:630865.
  • Wu H-Y, Hudry E, Hashimoto T, et al. Amyloid beta induces the morphological neurodegenerative triad of spine loss, dendritic simplification, and neuritic dystrophies through calcineurin activation. J Neurosci. 2010;30(7):2636–2649.
  • LaFerla FM, Green KN, Oddo S. Intracellular amyloid-beta in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007;8(7):499–509.
  • Kessels HW, Nabavi S, Malinow R. Metabotropic NMDA receptor function is required for beta-amyloid-induced synaptic depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(10):4033–4038.
  • Loprinzi PD, Edwards MK, Frith E. Potential avenues for exercise to activate episodic memory-related pathways: a narrative review. Eur J Neurosci. 2017;46(5):2067–2077.
  • Snyder EM, Nong Y, Almeida CG, et al. Regulation of NMDA receptor trafficking by amyloid-beta. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8(8):1051–1058.
  • Almeida CG, Tampellini D, Takahashi RH, et al. Beta-amyloid accumulation in APP mutant neurons reduces PSD-95 and GluR1 in synapses. Neurobiol Dis. 2005;20(2):187–198.
  • Cole G, Dobkins KR, Hansen LA, et al. Decreased levels of protein kinase C in Alzheimer brain. Brain Res. 1988;452(1–2):165–174.
  • Alkon DL, Sun M-K, Nelson TJ. PKC signaling deficits: a mechanistic hypothesis for the origins of Alzheimer’s disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2007;28(2):51–60.
  • Reinders NR, Pao Y, Renner MC, et al. Amyloid-beta effects on synapses and memory require AMPA receptor subunit GluA3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113(42):E6526–E6534.
  • Bomfim TR, Forny-Germano L, Sathler LB, et al. An anti-diabetes agent protects the mouse brain from defective insulin signaling caused by Alzheimer’s disease-associated Abeta oligomers. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(4):1339–1353.
  • Hernández SS, Sandreschi PF, da Silva FC, et al. What are the benefits of exercise for Alzheimer’s disease? A systematic review of the past 10 years. J Aging Phys Act. 2015;23(4):659–668.
  • Yan Y, Wang C. Abeta42 is more rigid than Abeta40 at the C terminus: implications for Abeta aggregation and toxicity. J Mol Biol. 2006;364(5):853–862.
  • Lambert MP, Barlow AK, Chromy BA, et al. Diffusible, nonfibrillar ligands derived from Abeta1-42 are potent central nervous system neurotoxins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(11):6448–6453.
  • Cleary JP, Walsh DM, Hofmeister JJ, et al. Natural oligomers of the amyloid-beta protein specifically disrupt cognitive function. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8(1):79–84.
  • Zhang L, Fang Y, Lian Y, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor ameliorates learning deficits in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease induced by abeta1-42. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0122415.
  • Weggen S, Beher D. Molecular consequences of amyloid precursor protein and presenilin mutations causing autosomal-dominant Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Res Ther. 2012;4(2):9.
  • Leissring MA, Akbari Y, Fanger CM, et al. Capacitative calcium entry deficits and elevated luminal calcium content in mutant presenilin-1 knockin mice. J Cell Biol. 2000;149(4):793–798.
  • De Strooper B, Annaert W. Novel research horizons for presenilins and gamma-secretases in cell biology and disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2010;26:235–260.
  • Wang Y, Mandelkow E. Tau in physiology and pathology. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016;17(1):5–21.
  • Dawson HN, Cantillana V, Jansen M, et al. Loss of tau elicits axonal degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience. 2010;169(1):516–531.
  • Salter MW, Kalia LV. Src kinases: a hub for NMDA receptor regulation. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004;5(4):317–328.
  • Pigino G, Morfini G, Atagi Y, et al. Disruption of fast axonal transport is a pathogenic mechanism for intraneuronal amyloid beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(14):5907–5912.
  • Dixit R, Ross JL, Goldman YE, et al. Differential regulation of dynein and kinesin motor proteins by tau. Science. 2008;319(5866):1086–1089.
  • Honer WG. Pathology of presynaptic proteins in Alzheimer’s disease: more than simple loss of terminals. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24(8):1047–1062.
  • Schmitt U, Tanimoto N, Seeliger M, et al. Detection of behavioral alterations and learning deficits in mice lacking synaptophysin. Neuroscience. 2009;162(2):234–243.
  • Wood JG, Mirra SS, Pollock NJ, et al. Neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer disease share antigenic determinants with the axonal microtubule-associated protein tau (tau). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83(11):4040–4043.
  • de Calignon A, Fox LM, Pitstick R, et al. Caspase activation precedes and leads to tangles. Nature. 2010;464(7292):1201–1204.
  • Nelson PT, Alafuzoff I, Bigio EH, et al. Correlation of Alzheimer disease neuropathologic changes with cognitive status: a review of the literature. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2012;71(5):362–381.
  • Fujioka H, Akema T. Lipopolysaccharide acutely inhibits proliferation of neural precursor cells in the dentate gyrus in adult rats. Brain Res. 2010;1352:35–42.
  • Solito E, Sastre M. Microglia function in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Pharmacol. 2012;3:14.
  • Verkhratsky A, Olabarria M, Noristani HN, et al. Astrocytes in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurotherapeutics. 2010;7(4):399–412.
  • Norton S, Matthews FE, Barnes DE, et al. Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: an analysis of population-based data. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(8):788–794.
  • Stephen R, Hongisto K, Solomon A, et al. Physical activity and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. J Gerontol. 2017;72(6):733–739.
  • Guure CB, Ibrahim NA, Adam MB, et al. Impact of physical activity on cognitive decline, dementia, and its subtypes: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:1–13.
  • Beckett MW, Ardern CI, Rotondi MA. A meta-analysis of prospective studies on the role of physical activity and the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease in older adults. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15:9.
  • Aarsland D, Sardahaee FS, Anderssen S, et al.; Alzheimer’s Society Systematic Review g. Is physical activity a potential preventive factor for vascular dementia? A systematic review. Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(4):386–395.
  • Hamer M, Chida Y. Physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative disease: a systematic review of prospective evidence. Psychol Med. 2009;39(1):3–11.
  • Dougherty RJ, Schultz SA, Boots EA, et al. Relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness, hippocampal volume, and episodic memory in a population at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Behav. 2017;7(3):e00625.
  • Abbott RD, White LR, Ross GW, et al. Walking and dementia in physically capable elderly men. JAMA. 2004;292(12):1447–1453.
  • Erickson KI, Raji CA, Lopez OL, et al. Physical activity predicts gray matter volume in late adulthood: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Neurology. 2010;75(16):1415–1422.
  • Rovio S, Spulber G, Nieminen LJ, et al. The effect of midlife physical activity on structural brain changes in the elderly. Neurobiol Aging. 2010;31(11):1927–1936.
  • Bugg JM, Head D. Exercise moderates age-related atrophy of the medial temporal lobe. Neurobiol Aging. 2011;32(3):506–514.
  • Kwo-On-Yuen PF, Newmark RD, Budinger TF, et al. Brain N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid in Alzheimer’s disease: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Brain Res. 1994;667(2):167–174.
  • Xi G, Hui J, Zhang Z, et al. Learning and memory alterations are associated with hippocampal N-acetylaspartate in a rat model of depression as measured by 1H-MRS. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28686.
  • Erickson KI, Weinstein AM, Sutton BP, et al. Beyond vascularization: aerobic fitness is associated with N-acetylaspartate and working memory. Brain Behav. 2012;2(1):32–41.
  • Smith JC, Nielson KA, Woodard JL, et al. Interactive effects of physical activity and APOE-epsilon4 on BOLD semantic memory activation in healthy elders. NeuroImage. 2011;54(1):635–644.
  • Adlard PA, Perreau VM, Pop V, et al. Voluntary exercise decreases amyloid load in a transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci. 2005;25(17):4217–4221.
  • Zhao G, Liu HL, Zhang H, et al. Treadmill exercise enhances synaptic plasticity, but does not alter beta-amyloid deposition in hippocampi of aged APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neuroscience. 2015;298:357–366.
  • Marlatt MW, Potter MC, Bayer TA, et al. Prolonged running, not fluoxetine treatment, increases neurogenesis, but does not alter neuropathology, in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2013;15:313–340.
  • Lazarov O, Robinson J, Tang Y-P, et al. Environmental enrichment reduces Abeta levels and amyloid deposition in transgenic mice. Cell. 2005;120(5):701–713.
  • Liang KY, Mintun MA, Fagan AM, et al. Exercise and Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in cognitively normal older adults. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(3):311–318.
  • Baker LD, Frank LL, Foster-Schubert K, et al. Effects of aerobic exercise on mild cognitive impairment: a controlled trial. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(1):71–79.
  • Cho JY, Um HS, Kang EB, et al. The combination of exercise training and alpha-lipoic acid treatment has therapeutic effects on the pathogenic phenotypes of Alzheimer’s disease in NSE/APPsw-transgenic mice. Int J Mol Med. 2010;25(3):337–346.
  • Leem Y-H, Lim H-J, Shim S-B, et al. Repression of tau hyperphosphorylation by chronic endurance exercise in aged transgenic mouse model of tauopathies. J Neurosci Res. 2009;87(11):2561–2570.
  • Um HS, Kang EB, Leem YH, et al. Exercise training acts as a therapeutic strategy for reduction of the pathogenic phenotypes for Alzheimer’s disease in an NSE/APPsw-transgenic model. Int J Mol Med. 2008;22(4):529–539.
  • Herring A, Münster Y, Metzdorf J, et al. Late running is not too late against Alzheimer’s pathology. Neurobiol Dis. 2016;94:44–54.
  • Zhang Z, Wu H, Huang H. Epicatechin plus treadmill exercise are neuroprotective against moderate-stage amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 mice. Pharmacogn Mag. 2016;12(Suppl 2):S139–S146.
  • Kang EB, Cho JY. Effects of treadmill exercise on brain insulin signaling and beta-amyloid in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced-memory impairment in rats. J Exerc Nutr Biochem. 2014;18(1):89–96.
  • Walker JM, Klakotskaia D, Ajit D, et al. Beneficial effects of dietary EGCG and voluntary exercise on behavior in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. J Alzheimer’s Disease. 2015;44(2):561–572.
  • Ke H-C, Huang H-J, Liang K-C, et al. Selective improvement of cognitive function in adult and aged APP/PS1 transgenic mice by continuous non-shock treadmill exercise. Brain Res. 2011;1403:1–11.
  • Li S, Feig LA, Hartley DM. A brief, but repeated, swimming protocol is sufficient to overcome amyloid beta-protein inhibition of hippocampal long-term potentiation. Eur J Neurosci. 2007;26(5):1289–1298.
  • Head D, Bugg JM, Goate AM, et al. Exercise engagement as a moderator of the effects of APOE genotype on amyloid deposition. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(5):636–643.
  • Cho J, Shin M-K, Kim D, et al. Treadmill running reverses cognitive declines due to Alzheimer disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(9):1814–1824.
  • Kang E-B, Kwon I-S, Koo J-H, et al. Treadmill exercise represses neuronal cell death and inflammation during Abeta-induced ER stress by regulating unfolded protein response in aged presenilin 2 mutant mice. Apoptosis. 2013;18(11):1332–1347.
  • Liu H-L, Zhao G, Zhang H, et al. Long-term treadmill exercise inhibits the progression of Alzheimer’s disease-like neuropathology in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Behav Brain Res. 2013;256:261–272.
  • Miners JS, Baig S, Palmer J, et al. Clearance of Abeta from the brain in Alzheimer’s disease: Abeta-degrading enzymes in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Pathol. 2008;18:240–252.
  • Moore KM, Girens RE, Larson SK, et al. A spectrum of exercise training reduces soluble Abeta in a dose-dependent manner in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2016;85:218–224.
  • Maliszewska-Cyna E, Lynch M, Oore JJ, et al. The benefits of exercise and metabolic interventions for the prevention and early treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2017;14(1):47–60.
  • Wu C, Yang L, Tucker D, et al. Beneficial effects of exercise pretreatment in a sporadic Alzheimer’s rat model. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;1. DOI:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001519
  • Lu Y, Dong Y, Tucker D, et al. Treadmill exercise exerts neuroprotection and regulates microglial polarization and oxidative stress in a streptozotocin-induced rat model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Disease. 2017;56(4):1469–1484.
  • Bernardo TC, Marques-Aleixo I, Beleza J, et al. Physical exercise and brain mitochondrial fitness: the possible role against Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Pathol. 2016;26(5):648–663.
  • Moreira PI, Carvalho C, Zhu X, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a trigger of Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology. Biochem Biophys Acta. 2010;1802(1):2–10.
  • Steiner JL, Murphy EA, McClellan JL, et al. Exercise training increases mitochondrial biogenesis in the brain. J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(4):1066–1071.
  • Edwards MK, Loprinzi PD. Experimentally increasing sedentary behavior results in increased anxiety in an active young adult population. J Affect Disord. 2016;204:166–173.
  • Machado A, Herrera AJ, de Pablos RM, et al. Chronic stress as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. Rev Neurosci. 2014;25(6):785–804.
  • Dao AT, Zagaar MA, Levine AT, et al. Comparison of the effect of exercise on late-phase LTP of the dentate gyrus and CA1 of Alzheimer’s disease model. Mol Neurobiol. 2016;53(10):6859–6868.
  • Liu H-L, Zhao G, Cai K, et al. Treadmill exercise prevents decline in spatial learning and memory in APP/PS1 transgenic mice through improvement of hippocampal long-term potentiation. Behav Brain Res. 2011;218(2):308–314.
  • Hüttenrauch M, Brauss A, Kurdakova A, et al. Physical activity delays hippocampal neurodegeneration and rescues memory deficits in an Alzheimer disease mouse model. Transl Psychiatry. 2016;6:e800.
  • He X-F, Liu D-X, Zhang Q, et al. Voluntary exercise promotes glymphatic clearance of amyloid beta and reduces the activation of astrocytes and microglia in aged mice. Front Mol Neurosci. 2017;10:144.
  • Belarbi K, Burnouf S, Fernandez-Gomez F-J, et al. Beneficial effects of exercise in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease-like Tau pathology. Neurobiol Dis. 2011;43(2):486–494.
  • Xiong JY, Li SC, Sun YX, et al. Long-term treadmill exercise improves spatial memory of male APPswe/PS1dE9 mice by regulation of BDNF expression and microglia activation. Biol Sport. 2015;32(4):295–300.
  • Chao F, Zhang L, Luo Y, et al. Running exercise reduces myelinated fiber loss in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2015;12(4):377–383.
  • Yuede CM, Zimmerman SD, Dong H, et al. Effects of voluntary and forced exercise on plaque deposition, hippocampal volume, and behavior in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2009;35(3):426–432.
  • Rodríguez JJ, Noristani HN, Olabarria M, et al. Voluntary running and environmental enrichment restores impaired hippocampal neurogenesis in a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2011;8(7):707–717.
  • Kim D-Y, Jung S-Y, Kim K, et al. Treadmill exercise ameliorates Alzheimer disease-associated memory loss through the Wnt signaling pathway in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Exerc Rehab. 2016;12(4):276–283.
  • Tapia-Rojas C, Aranguiz F, Varela-Nallar L, et al. Voluntary running attenuates memory loss, decreases neuropathological changes and induces neurogenesis in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Pathol. 2016;26(1):62–74.
  • Lin T-W, Shih Y-H, Chen S-J, et al. Running exercise delays neurodegeneration in amygdala and hippocampus of Alzheimer’s disease (APP/PS1) transgenic mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2015;118:189–197.
  • Hoveida R, Alaei H, Oryan S, et al. Treadmill running improves spatial memory in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. Behav Brain Res. 2011;216(1):270–274.
  • Souza LC, Jesse CR, Del Fabbro L, et al. Swimming exercise prevents behavioural disturbances induced by an intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid-beta1-42 peptide through modulation of cytokine/NF-kappaB pathway and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase in mouse brain. Behav Brain Res. 2017;331:1–13.
  • Özbeyli D, Sarı G, Özkan N, et al. Protective effects of different exercise modalities in an Alzheimer’s disease-like model. Behav Brain Res. 2017;328:159–177.
  • Deeny SP, Poeppel D, Zimmerman JB, et al. Exercise, APOE, and working memory: MEG and behavioral evidence for benefit of exercise in epsilon4 carriers. Biol Psychol. 2008;78(2):179–187.
  • Nichol K, Deeny SP, Seif J, et al. Exercise improves cognition and hippocampal plasticity in APOE epsilon4 mice. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 2009;5(4):287–294.
  • Baek S-S, Kim S-H. Treadmill exercise ameliorates symptoms of Alzheimer disease through suppressing microglial activation-induced apoptosis in rats. J Exerc Rehab. 2016;12(6):526–534.
  • Dao AT, Zagaar MA, Levine AT, et al. Treadmill exercise prevents learning and memory impairment in Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2013;10(5):507–515.
  • Dao AT, Zagaar MA, Alkadhi KA. Moderate treadmill exercise protects synaptic plasticity of the dentate gyrus and related signaling cascade in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurobiol. 2015;52(3):1067–1076.
  • Hosseini N, Alaei H, Reisi P, et al. The effect of treadmill running on passive avoidance learning in animal model of Alzheimer disease. Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(2):187–192.
  • Nichol KE, Parachikova AI, Cotman CW. Three weeks of running wheel exposure improves cognitive performance in the aged Tg2576 mouse. Behav Brain Res. 2007;184(2):124–132.
  • Wang Q, Xu Z, Tang J, et al. Voluntary exercise counteracts Abeta25-35-induced memory impairment in mice. Behav Brain Res. 2013;256:618–625.
  • Jee Y-S, Ko I-G, Sung Y-H, et al. Effects of treadmill exercise on memory and c-Fos expression in the hippocampus of the rats with intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin. Neurosci Lett. 2008;443(3):188–192.
  • Hosseini N, Alaei H, Reisi P, et al. The effect of treadmill running on memory before and after the NBM-lesion in rats. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2013;17(4):423–429.
  • Maliszewska-Cyna E, Xhima K, Aubert I. A comparative study evaluating the impact of physical exercise on disease progression in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Disease. 2016;53(1):243–257.
  • Richter H, Ambrée O, Lewejohann L, et al. Wheel-running in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease: protection or symptom? Behav Brain Res. 2008;190(1):74–84.
  • Choi D-H, Lee K-H, Lee J. Effect of exercise-induced neurogenesis on cognitive function deficit in a rat model of vascular dementia. Mol Med Rep. 2016;13(4):2981–2990.
  • Heo Y-M, Shin M-S, Kim S-H, et al. Treadmill exercise ameliorates disturbance of spatial learning ability in scopolamine-induced amnesia rats. J Exerc Rehab. 2014;10(3):155–161.
  • Sim Y-J. Treadmill exercise alleviates impairment of spatial learning ability through enhancing cell proliferation in the streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer’s disease rats. J Exerc Rehab. 2014;10(2):81–88.
  • Kim B-K, Shin M-S, Kim C-J, et al. Treadmill exercise improves short-term memory by enhancing neurogenesis in amyloid beta-induced Alzheimer disease rats. J Exerc Rehab. 2014;10(1):2–8.
  • Morris JK, Vidoni ED, Johnson DK, et al. Aerobic exercise for Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized controlled pilot trial. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0170547.
  • Burns JM, Cronk BB, Anderson HS, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and brain atrophy in early Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2008;71(3):210–216.
  • Vidoni ED, Honea RA, Billinger SA, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with atrophy in Alzheimer’s and aging over 2 years. Neurobiol Aging. 2012;33(8):1624–1632.
  • Öhman H, Savikko N, Strandberg TE, et al. Effects of exercise on cognition: the Finnish Alzheimer Disease Exercise Trial: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64(4):731–738.
  • Liu-Seifert H, Siemers E, Sundell K, et al. Cognitive and functional decline and their relationship in patients with mild Alzheimer’s dementia. J Alzheimer’s Disease. 2015;43(3):949–955.
  • Ascher-Svanum H, Chen Y-F, Hake A, et al. Cognitive and functional decline in patients with mild Alzheimer dementia with or without comorbid diabetes. Clin Therapeut. 2015;37(6):1195–1205.
  • Teri L, Gibbons LE, McCurry SM, et al. Exercise plus behavioral management in patients with Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2003;290(15):2015–2022.
  • Bossers WJ, van der Woude LH, Boersma F, et al. Comparison of effect of two exercise programs on activities of daily living in individuals with dementia: a 9-week randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64(6):1258–1266.
  • Arcoverde C, Deslandes A, Moraes H, et al. Treadmill training as an augmentation treatment for Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot randomized controlled study. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2014;72(3):190–196.
  • Mavros Y, Gates N, Wilson GC, et al. Mediation of cognitive function improvements by strength gains after resistance training in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: outcomes of the study of mental and resistance training. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65(3):550–559.
  • Garuffi M, Costa JL, Hernandez SS, et al. Effects of resistance training on the performance of activities of daily living in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2013;13(2):322–328.
  • Cadore EL, Moneo AB, Mensat MM, et al. Positive effects of resistance training in frail elderly patients with dementia after long-term physical restraint. Age. 2014;36(2):801–811.
  • Ahn N, Kim K. Effects of an elastic band resistance exercise program on lower extremity muscle strength and gait ability in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(6):1953–1955.
  • Sampaio A, Marques EA, Mota J, et al. Effects of a multicomponent exercise program in institutionalized elders with Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia. 2016. DOI:10.1177/1471301216674558
  • Hess NC, Smart NA. Isometric exercise training for managing vascular risk factors in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:48.
  • Laver K, Dyer S, Whitehead C, et al. Interventions to delay functional decline in people with dementia: a systematic review of systematic reviews. BMJ Open. 2016;6(4):e010767.
  • Tavares BB, Moraes H, Deslandes AC, et al. Impact of physical exercise on quality of life of older adults with depression or Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2014;36(3):134–139.
  • Williams PT. Lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease mortality with exercise, statin, and fruit intake. J Alzheimer’s Disease. 2015;44(4):1121–1129.
  • Frith E, Loprinzi PD. Fitness fatness index and Alzheimer-specific mortality. Eur J Intern Med. 2017;42:51–53.
  • Loprinzi PD. Need for increased promotion of physical activity among adults at risk for Alzheimer’s disease: a brief report. J Phys Act Health. 2015;12(12):1601–1604.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.