295
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

Knowledge and management of low back pain as running-related injuries among Italian physical therapists: findings from a national survey

ORCID Icon, , , , , & show all
Pages 278-288 | Received 31 Mar 2020, Accepted 24 Aug 2020, Published online: 30 Sep 2020

References

  • van Gent R, Siem D, van Middelkoop M, et al. Incidence and determinants of lower extremity running injuries in long distance runners: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:469–480.
  • van Der Worp MP, Ten Haaf DSM, van Cingel R, et al. Injuries in runners; a systematic review on risk factors and sex differences. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0114937.
  • van Middelkoop M, Kolkman J, Van Ochten J, et al. Prevalence and incidence of lower extremity injuries in male marathon runners. Scandinavian J Med Sci Sports. 2008;18:140–144.
  • Saragiotto BT, Yamato TP, Junior LCH, et al. What are the main risk factors for running-related injuries? Sports Med. 2014;44(8):1153–1163.
  • Nielsen RO, Buist I, Sorensen H, et al. Training errors and running related injuries: a systematic review. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2012 Feb;7(1):58–75.
  • Fields KB, Sykes JC, Walker KM, et al. Prevention of running injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2010 May-Jun;9(3):176–182.
  • Taunton JE, Ryan MB, Clement DB, et al. A retrospective case control analysis of 2002 running injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2002;36:95–101.
  • Hreljac A. Etiology, prevention, and early intervention of overuse injuries in runners: a biomechanical perspective. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2005;16:651–667.
  • Lopes AD, Hespanhol Júnior LC, Yeung SS, et al. What are the main running-related musculoskeletal injuries? A systematic review. Sports Med. 2012;42:891–905.
  • Yamato TP, Saragiotto BT, Lopes AD. A consensus definition of running-related injury in recreational runners: a modified delphi approach. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45(5):375–380.
  • van Der Worp MP, De Wijer A, Van Cingel R, et al. The 5- or 10-km Marikenloop Run: a prospective study of the etiology of running-related injuries in women. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016;46(6):462–470.
  • van Gent RN, Siem D, van Middelkoop M, et al. Incidence and determinants of lower extremity running injuries in long distance runners: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(8):469–480.
  • Walther M, Reuter I, Leonhard T, et al. Injuries and response to overload stress in running as a sport. Orthopade. 2005;34(5):399.
  • Arnold MJ, Moody AL. Common running injuries: evaluation and management. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Apr 15;97(8):510–516.
  • Ahamed NU, Kobsar D, Benson L, et al. Using wearable sensors to classify subject-specific running biomechanical gait patterns based on changes in environmental weather conditions. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(9):e0203839.
  • Hreljac A. Impact and overuse injuries in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(5):845–849.
  • Hoeberigs JH. Factors related to the incidence of running injuries. A Review Sports Med. 1992;13:408–422.
  • Satterthwaite P, Norton R, Larmer P, et al. Risk factors for injuries and other health problems sustained in a marathon. Br J Sports Med. 1999;33:22–26.
  • Bertelsen ML, Hulme A, Petersen J, et al. A framework for the etiology of running-related injuries. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017;27(11):1170–1180.
  • Borel WP, Filho JE, Mata Diz JB, et al. Prevalence of injuries in Brazilian recreational street runners: meta-analysis. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2019;25(2):161–167.
  • Pinshaw R, Atlas V, Noakes TD. The nature and response to therapy of 196 consecutive injuries seen at a runners’ clinic. S Afr Med J. 1984 Feb 25;65(8):291–298.
  • Rubin DI. Epidemiology and risk factors for spine pain. Neurol Clin. 2007;25(2):353–371.
  • Oliveira CB, Maher CG, Pinto RZ, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care: an updated overview. Eur Spine J. 2018 Nov;27(11):2791–2803.
  • Patatoukas D, Farmakides A, Aggeli V, et al. Disability-related injuries in athletes with disabilities. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2011;53(1):40–46.
  • Moradi V, Memari AH, ShayestehFar M, et al. Low back pain in athletes is associated with general and sport specific risk factors: a comprehensive review of longitudinal studies. Rehabil Res Pract. 2015;2015:850184.
  • Henschke N, Maher CG, Refshauge KM. Screening for malignancy in low back pain patients: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2007;16:1673–1679.
  • Henschke N, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, et al. Prevalence of and screening for serious spinal pathology in patients presenting to primary care settings with acute low back pain. Arthritis & Rheumatism. 2009 Oct;60(10):3072–3080.
  • Williams CM, Henschke N, Maher CG, et al. Red flags to screen for vertebral fracture in patients presenting with low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 1. Art. No: CD008643.
  • Piano L, Maselli F, Viceconti A, et al. Direct access to physical therapy for patient with musculoskeletal disorders, a literature review. J PhysTherapy. 2017;29(8):1463–1471.
  • Premkumar A, Godfrey W, Gottschalk MB, et al. Red flags for low back pain are not always really red: a prospective evaluation of the clinical utility of commonly used screening questions for low back pain. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018 Mar 7;100(5):368–374.
  • Farahbakhsh F, Rostami M, Noormohammadpour P, et al. Prevalence of low back pain among athletes: a systematic review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2018;31(5):901–916.
  • Fett D, Trompeter K, Platen P. Prevalence of back pain in a group of elite athletes exposed to repetitive overhead activity. PLoS One. 2019 Jan 24;14(1):e0210429.
  • d’Hemecourt PA, Gerbino PG 2nd, Micheli LJ. Back injuries in the young athlete. Clin Sports Med. 2000 Oct;19(4):663–679.
  • Trainor TJ, Wiesel SW. Epidemiology of back pain in the athlete. Clin Sports Med. 2002 Jan;21(1):93–103.
  • Maselli F, Ciuro A, Mastrosimone R, et al. Low back pain among Italian rowers: a cross-sectional survey. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2015;28(2):365–376.
  • Ng L, Perich D, Burnett A, et al. Self-reported prevalence, pain intensity and risk factors of low back pain in adolescent rowers. J Sci Med Sport. 2014;17:266–270.
  • Cole MH, Grimshaw PN. The biomechanics of the modern golf swing: implications for lower back injuries. Sports Med. 2016;46:339–351.
  • Smith JA, Hawkins A, Grant-Beuttler M, et al. Risk factors associated with low back pain in golfers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Health. 2018 Nov-Dec;10(6):538–546.
  • Valat JP, Goupille P, Védere V. Low back pain: risk factors for chronicity. Revue Du Rhumatisme (English Ed). 1997;64(3):189–194.
  • Walker BF. The prevalence of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature from 1966 to 1998. Clin Spine Surg. 2000;13(3):205–217.
  • Hoy D, Brooks P, Blyth F, et al. The epidemiology of low back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24(6):769–781.
  • Hoy D, Brooks P, Woolf A, et al. Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65(9):934–939.
  • Maselli F, Storari L, Barbari V, et al. Prevalence and incidence of low back pain among runners: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020. 3. 21(1):343.
  • Childs JD, Whitman JM, Pugia ML, et al. Knowledge in managing musculoskeletal conditions and educational preparation of physical therapists in the uniformed services. Mil Med. 2007 Apr;172(4):440–445.
  • Childs JD, Whitman JM, Sizer PS, et al. A description of physical therapists’ knowledge in managing musculoskeletal conditions. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005;6:32.
  • Downie F, McRitchie C, Monteith W, et al. Physiotherapist as an alternative to a GP for musculoskeletal conditions: a 2-year service evaluation of UK primary care data. Br J Gen Pract. 2019 May;69(682):e314–e320.
  • Eysenbach G. Improving the quality of web surveys: the checklist for reporting results of internet ESurveys (CHERRIES). J Med Internet Res. 2004;6(3):e34.
  • von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, et al. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. BMJ. 2007;335(7624):806–808.
  • Beeton K, Langendoen J, Maffey L, et al. Educational standards in orthopaedic manipulative therapy [Internet]. 2008 [updated 2013; cited 2017 Jan 20]. http://www.ifompt.org/site/ifompt/files/pdf/XXIFOMPTEducStandardsIMDocMerged.pdf.
  • Woolf SK, Barfield WR, Nietert PJ, et al. The Cooper river bridge run study of low back pain in runners and walkers. J South Orthop Assoc. Fall 2002;11(3):136–143.
  • Teixeira RN, Lunardi A, Da Silva RA, et al. Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in marathon runners who compete at the elite level. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2016 Feb;11(1):126–131.
  • Malliaropoulos N, Mertyri D, Tsaklis P. Prevalence of injury in ultra trail running. Human Movement. 2015;16(2):52–59.
  • Chang WL, Shih YF, Wen-Chen WY. Running injuries and associated factors in participants of ING Taipei Marathon. Phys Ther Sport. 2012 Aug;13(3):170–174.
  • Service National Statistical. 2018 Dec 29. https://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3310114.nsf/home/Sample+Size+Calculator
  • de Leeuw D, Hox J, Dillman D. International handbook of survey methodology (European Association of Methodology Series). 1st ed ed. New York: Taylor and Francis group; 2008.
  • Fan W, Yan Z. Factors affecting response rates of the web survey: a systematic review. Comput Human Behav. 2010;26(2):132–139.
  • Lau C, Chitussi D, Elliot S, et al. Facilitating community-based exercise for people with stroke: cross-sectional e-survey of physical therapist practice and perceived needs. Phys Ther. 2016;96(4):469–478.
  • R Development Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2015.
  • Revelle W. psych: procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research. Evanston, Illinios: Northwestern University; 2016.
  • Wickham H. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2009.
  • Brisby H, Wei AQ, Molloy T, et al. The effect of running exercise on intervertebral disc extracellular matrix production in a rat model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010;35:1429–1436.
  • Belavy´ DL, Albracht K, Bruggemann GP, et al. Can exercise positively influence the intervertebral disc? Sports Med. 2016;46:473–485.
  • Belavy´ DL, Quittner MJ, Ridgers N, et al. Running exercise strengthens the intervertebral disc. Sci Rep. 2017 Apr;19(7):45975.
  • Besomi M, Leppe J, Mauri-Stecca MV, et al. Training volume and previous injury as associated factors for running-related injuries by race distance: a cross-sectional study. J Human Sport Exercise. 2019;14(3):549–559.
  • Buist I, Bredeweg SW, Bessem B, et al. Incidence and risk factors of running-related injuries during preparation for a 4-mile recreational running event. Br J Sports Med. 2010 Jun;44(8):598–604.
  • Lysholm J, Wiklander J. Injuries in runners. Am J Sports Med. 1987 Mar-Apr;15(2):168–171.
  • Passigli S, Capacci P, Volpi E. The effects of a multimodal rehabilitation program on pain, kinesiophobia and function in a runner with patellofemoral pain. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2017 Aug;12(4):670–682.
  • Esculier JF, Bouyer LJ, Roy JS. The effects of a multimodal rehabilitation program on symptoms and ground-reaction forces in runners with patellofemoral pain syndrome. J Sport Rehabil. 2016;25(1):23–30.
  • Barton CJ, Bonanno DR, Carr J, et al. Running retraining to treat lower limb injuries: a mixed methods study of current evidence synthesised with expert opinion. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(9):513–526.
  • Lenhart RL, Thelen DG, Wille CM, et al. Increasing running step rate reduces patellofemoral joint forces. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46(3):557–564.
  • Lluch Girbés E, Meeus M, Baert I, et al. “Hands-on” with “hands-off” physical therapy interventions for the treatment of central sensitization pain in osteoarthritis. Man Ther. 2015;20(2):349–352.
  • Louw A, Nijs J, Puentedura EJ. A clinical perspective on a pain neuroscience education approach to manual therapy. J Man Manip Ther. 2017;25(3):160–168.
  • Louw A, Zimney K, Puentedura EJ, et al. The efficacy of pain neuroscience education on musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review of the literature. Physiother Theory Pract. 2016;32(5):332–355.
  • Moseley GL, Zalucki NM, Wiech K. Tactile discrimination, but not tactile stimulation alone, reduces chronic limb pain. Pain. 2008;137(3):600–608.
  • Moseley GL. Distorted body image in complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology. 2005;65(5):773.
  • Louw A, Diener I, Butler DS, et al. The effect of neuroscience education on pain, disability, anxiety, and stress in chronic musculoskeletal pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(12):2041–2056.
  • Pires D, Cruz EB, Caeiro C. Aquatic exercise and pain neurophysiology education versus aquatic exercise alone for patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2015;29(6):538–547.
  • Beltran-Alacreu H, López-de-Uralde-Villanueva I, Fernández-Carnero J, et al. Manual therapy, therapeutic patient education, and therapeutic exercise, an effective multimodal treatment of nonspecific chronic neck pain: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;94(10 Suppl 1):887–897.
  • Nijs J, Roussel N, Paul van Wilgen C, et al. Thinking beyond muscles and joints: therapists’ and patients’ attitudes and beliefs regarding chronic musculoskeletal pain are key to applying effective treatment. Manual Ther. 2013;18:96–102.
  • Nijs J, Lluch Girbés E, Lundberg M, et al. Exercise therapy for chronic musculoskeletal pain: innovation by altering pain memories. Manual Ther. 2015;20:216–220.
  • Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Exercise as medicine – evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25:1–72.
  • Gaught AMH, Carneiro KA. Evidence for determining the exercise prescription in patients with osteoarthritis. Phys Sportsmed. 2013;41(1):58–65.
  • Malfliet A, Kregel J, Coppieters I, et al. Effect of pain neuroscience education combined with cognition-targeted motor control training on chronic spinal pain. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(7):808–817.
  • Collins NJ, Barton CJ, van Middelkoop M, et al. 2018 Consensus statement on exercise therapy and physical interventions (orthoses, taping and manual therapy) to treat patellofemoral pain: recommendations from the 5th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Gold Coast, Australia, 2017. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Sep;52(18):1170–1178.
  • Aguilar MB, Abián-Vicén J, Halstead J, et al. Effectiveness of neuromuscular taping on pronated foot posture and walking plantar pressures in amateur runners. J Sci Med Sport. 2016 Apr;19(4):348–353.
  • Chen TL, Wong DW, Peng Y, et al. Prediction on the plantar fascia strain offload upon Fascia taping and Low-Dye taping during running. J Orthop Translat. 2019 Aug;7(20):113–121.
  • Deschamps K, Matricali GA, Dingenen B, et al. Foot and ankle kinematics in chronic ankle instability subjects using a midfoot strike pattern when running, including influence of taping. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2018 May;54:1–7.
  • Al-Shareef AT, Omar MT, Ibrahim AH. Effect of kinesio taping on pain and functional disability in chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2016 Jul 15;41(14):E821–8.
  • Added MA, Costa LO, de Freitas DG, et al. Kinesio taping does not provide additional benefits in patients with chronic low back pain who receive exercise and manual therapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2016 Jul;46(7):506–513.
  • Bernardelli RS, Scheeren EM, Fuentes Filho AR, et al. Effects of Kinesio Taping on postural balance in patients with low back pain, a randomized controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2019 Jul;23(3):508–514.
  • Nelson NL. Kinesio taping for chronic low back pain: a systematic review. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2016 Jul;20(3):672–681.
  • Franklyn-Miller A, Wilson C, Bilzon J, et al. Foot orthoses in the prevention of injury in initial military training: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2011 Jan;39(1):30–37.
  • McMillan A, Payne C. Effect of foot orthoses on lower extremity kinetics during running: a systematic literature review. J Foot Ankle Res. 2008 Nov 17;1(1):13.
  • Bonanno DR, Murley GS, Munteanu SE, et al. Effectiveness of foot orthoses for the prevention of lower limb overuse injuries in naval recruits: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Mar;52(5):298–302.
  • Murley GS, Landorf KB, Menz HB, et al. Effect of foot posture, foot orthoses and footwear on lower limb muscle activity during walking and running: a systematic review. Gait Posture. 2009 Feb;29(2):172–187.
  • Razeghi M, Batt ME. Biomechanical analysis of the effect of orthotic shoe inserts: a review of the literature. Sports Med. 2000 Jun;29(6):425–438.
  • Sinclair J, Janssen J, Richards JD, et al. Effects of a 4-week intervention using semi-custom insoles on perceived pain and patellofemoral loading in targeted subgroups of recreational runners with patellofemoral pain. Phys Ther Sport. 2018;34:21–27.
  • Wilke J, Vogel O, Vogt L. Why are you running and does it hurt? Pain, motivations and beliefs about injury prevention among participants of a large-scale public running event. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Oct 7;16(19):E3766.
  • Troev T, Papathanasiou J. Essentials of physical and rehabilitation medicine for undergraduate medical students. Plovdiv (BG): Lax Book; 2016.
  • Stanton TR, Latimer J, Maher CG, et al. A modified Delphi approach to standardize low back pain recurrence terminology. Eur Spine J. 2011;20:744–752.
  • Blanchard S, Glasgow P. A theoretical model to describe progressions and regressions for exercise rehabilitation. Phys Ther Sport. 2014;15(3):131–135.
  • Maher C, Underwood M, Buchbinder R. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2017 Feb 18;389(10070):736–747.
  • Hilde G, Hagen KB, Jamtvedt G, et al. Advice to stay active as a single treatment for low-back pain and sciatica. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul;18(2):CD003632.
  • Liddle SD, Gracey JH, Baxter GD. Advice for the management of low back pain: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Man Ther. 2007 Nov;12(4):310–327.
  • Schubert AG, Kempf J, Heiderscheit BC. Influence of stride frequency and length on running mechanics: a systematic review. Sports Health. 2014 May;6(3):210–217.
  • Downie AS, Hancock MJ, Rzewuska M, et al. Trajectories of acute low back pain: a latent class growth analysis. Pain. 2016 Jan;157(1):225–234.
  • Rossettini G, Rondoni A, Schiavetti I, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of thumb pain in Italian manual therapists: an observational cross-sectional study. Work. 2016;54(1):159–169.
  • FI AI. Ecco il censimento AIFI: in Italia 65.000 fisioterapisti [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jan 16th].
  • Peek K, Carey M, Sanson-Fisher R, et al. Physiotherapists’ perceptions of patient adherence to prescribed self-management strategies: a cross-sectional survey of Australian physiotherapists. Disabil Rehabil. 2017;39(19):1932–1938.
  • Schmidt WC. World-Wide Web survey research: benefits, potential problems, and solutions. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput. 1997;29(2):274–279.
  • Dallinga J, Van Rijn R, Stubbe J, et al. Injury incidence and risk factors: a cohort study of 706 8-km or 16-km recreational runners. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2019 Mar 7;5(1):e000489.
  • Gabbe BJ, Finch CF, Bennell KL, et al. How valid is a self reported 12 month sports injury history? Br J Sports Med. 2003;37:545–547.
  • Smits D-W, Backx F, Van Der Worp H, et al. Validity of injury self reports by novice runners: comparison with reports by sports medicine physicians. Res Sports Med. 2019;27(1):72–87.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.