Social media may cause emergent SARMs abuse by athletes: a content quality analysis of the most popular YouTube videos

References

• Bhasin S, Jasuja R. Selective androgen receptor modulators as function promoting therapies. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009;12(3):232–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayanan R, Mohler ML, Bohl CE, et al. Selective androgen receptor modulators in preclinical and clinical development. Nucl Recept Signal. 2008;6(1):e010.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Machek SB, Cardaci TD, Wilburn DT, et al. Considerations, possible contraindications, and potential mechanisms for deleterious effect in recreational and athletic use of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) in lieu of anabolic androgenic steroids: a narrative review. Steroids. 2020;164:108753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsey E, Ajazi E, Wang X, et al. Predictors of physical and functional loss in advanced-stage lung cancer patients receiving platinum chemotherapy. J Thorac Oncol Off Publ Int Assoc Study Lung Cancer. 2018;13(9):1294–1301.
   Google Scholar
• Dobs AS, Boccia RV, Croot CC, et al. Effects of enobosarm on muscle wasting and physical function in patients with cancer: a double-blind, randomised controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(4):335–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basaria S, Collins L, Dillon EL, et al. The safety, pharmacokinetics, and effects of LGD-4033, a novel nonsteroidal oral, selective androgen receptor modulator, in healthy young men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(1):87–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearbey JD, Gao W, Narayanan R, et al. Selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) treatment prevents bone loss and reduces body fat in ovariectomized rats. Pharm Res. 2007;24(2):328–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbara M, Dhingra S, Mindikoglu AL. Ligandrol (LGD-4033)-induced liver injury. ACG Case Rep J. 2020;7(6):e00370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbara M, Dhingra S, Mindikoglu AL. Drug-induced liver injury associated with alpha bolic (RAD-140) and alpha elite (RAD-140 and LGD-4033). ACG Case Rep J. 2020;7(6):e00409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedi H, Hammond C, Sanders D, et al. Drug-induced liver injury from enobosarm (Ostarine), a selective androgen receptor modulator. ACG Case Rep J. 2021;8(1):e00518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores JE, Chitturi S, Walker S. Drug-induced liver injury by selective androgenic receptor modulators. Hepatol Commun. 2020;4(3):450–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller T, Vrbova P, Meciarova I, et al. Liver injury associated with the use of selective androgen receptor modulators and post-cycle therapy: two case reports and literature review. World J Clin Cases. 2021;9(16):4062–4071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LoRusso P, Hamilton E, Ma C, et al. A first-in-human phase 1 study of a novel selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), RAD140, in ER+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer. 2022;22(1):67–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padappayil RP, Chandini Arjun A, Vivar Acosta J, et al. Acute myocarditis from the use of selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) RAD-140 (Testolone). Cureus. 2022;14(1):e21663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency. 2016 anti-doping testing figures. World Anti-Doping Agency [WADA]; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency. 2017 Anti‐Doping Testing Figures. World Anti-Doping Agency [WADA]; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency. 2018 anti‐doping testing figures. World Anti-Doping Agency [WADA]; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency. 2019 anti‐doping testing figures. World Anti-Doping Agency [WADA]; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2021-22 NCAA banned substances. National Collegiate Athletic Association [NCAA]; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• House of Representatives. Steroid use in sports, part II: examining the national football league’s policy on anabolic steroids and related substances: hearing before the committee on government reform. House of Representatives; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Hilkens L, Cruyff M, Woertman L, et al. Social media, body image and resistance training: creating the perfect “me” with dietary supplements, anabolic steroids and SARM’s. Sports Med - Open. 2021;7(1):81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Efimenko IV, Chertman W, Masterson TA, et al. Analysis of the growing public interest in selective androgen receptor modulators. Andrologia. 2021;53(11):e14238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahamyan HA, Vasireddi N, and Voos JE, et al. Social media’s impact on widespread SARMs abuse. Phys Sportsmed. 2022. DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2022.2078679.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efimenko IV, Valancy D, Dubin JM, et al. Adverse effects and potential benefits among selective androgen receptor modulators users: a cross-sectional survey. Int J Impot Res. Published online Sept 2021. DOI:10.1038/s41443-021-00465-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. Internet/broadband fact sheet. Pew Research Center; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Stocking G, Kessel PV, Barthel M, et al. YouTube news consumers about as likely to use the site for opinions as for facts. Pew Research Center; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Diaz JA, Griffith RA, Ng JJ, et al. Patients’ use of the Internet for medical information. J Gen Intern Med. 2002;17(3):180–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdem MN, Karaca S. Evaluating the accuracy and quality of the information in kyphosis videos shared on YouTube. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018;43(22):E1334–E1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunze KN, Cohn MR, Wakefield C, et al. YouTube as a source of information about the posterior cruciate ligament: a content-quality and reliability analysis. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2019;1(2):e109–e114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ng MK, Emara AK, Molloy RM, et al. YouTube as a source of patient information for total knee/hip arthroplasty: quantitative analysis of video reliability, quality, and content. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2021;29(20):e1034–e1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silberg WM, Lundberg GD, Musacchio RA. Assessing, controlling, and assuring the quality of medical information on the internet: caveant lector et viewor–Let the reader and viewer beware. JAMA. 1997;277(15):1244–1245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoy L, Bailey A, Huynh D, et al. YouTube as a source of information on COVID-19: a pandemic of misinformation? BMJ Glob Health. 2020;5(5). DOI:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002604
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeydanli EO, Alkan AA. Era of “Dr. YouTube”: evaluation of youtube videos as a valid source for patient education on Keratoconus. Eye Contact Lens. 2021;47(9):526–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard A, Langille M, Hughes S, et al. A systematic review of patient inflammatory bowel disease information resources on the world wide web. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(9):2070–2077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Addar A, Marwan Y, Algarni N, et al. Assessment of “YouTube” content for distal radius fracture immobilization. J Surg Educ. 2017;74(5):799–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks FM, Lawrence H, Jones A, et al. YouTubeTM as a source of patient information for lumbar discectomy. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2014;96(2):144–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crutchfield CR, Frank JS, Anderson MJ, et al. A systematic assessment of YouTube content on femoroacetabular impingement: an updated review. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021;9(6):23259671211016340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etzel CM, Bokshan SL, Forster TA, et al. A quality assessment of YouTube content on shoulder instability. Phys Sportsmed. Published online Jun 2021;1–6. 10.1080/00913847.2021.1942286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gokcen HB, Gumussuyu G. A quality analysis of disc herniation videos on YouTube. World Neurosurg. Published online Feb 2019;124:e799–e804
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jildeh TR, Abbas MJ, Abbas L, et al. YouTube is a poor-quality source for patient information on rehabilitation and return to sports after hip arthroscopy. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil. 2021;3(4):e1055–e1063.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Springer B, Bechler U, Koller U, et al. Online videos provide poor information quality, reliability, and accuracy regarding rehabilitation and return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2020;36(12):3037–3047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staunton PF, Baker JF, Green J, et al. Online curves. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015;40(23):1857–1861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manganello JA. Health literacy and adolescents: a framework and agenda for future research. Health Educ Res. 2007;23(5):840–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieder B, Matamoros-Fernández A, Ò C. From ranking algorithms to ‘ranking cultures. Converg Int J Res New Media Technol. 2018;24(1):50–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sillence E, Briggs P, Harris PR, et al. How do patients evaluate and make use of online health information? Soc Sci Med. 2007;64(9):1853–1862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy JT, Fitzgerald E, Cassidy ES, et al. YouTube provides poor information regarding anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(3):840–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celik H, Polat O, Ozcan C, et al. Assessment of the quality and reliability of the information on rotator cuff repair on YouTube. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2020;106(1):31–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigonney F, Steltzlen C, Bouché PA, et al. A quality analysis of the YouTube video content on meniscus repair surgery. Orthop J Sports Med. 2021;9(2_suppl):2325967121S0001.
   Google Scholar
• Ward P, Chang P, Radtke L, et al. Clinical implications of bone bruise patterns accompanying anterior cruciate ligament tears. Sports Health. Published online 2021 Jul 7;19417381211029584. doi:10.1177/19417381211029583.
   Google Scholar
• Ademiluyi G, Rees CE, Sheard CE. Evaluating the reliability and validity of three tools to assess the quality of health information on the internet. Patient Educ Couns. 2003;50(2):151–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot D, Goldberg L. Intervention and prevention of steroid use in adolescents. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24(6 Suppl):S46–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murugiah K, Vallakati A, Rajput K, et al. YouTube as a source of information on cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2011;82(3):332–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar