Physicochemical and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation of polymeric drugs for combination cancer therapy

References

• Cancer. 2016. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer (accessed January 16, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Pinto, A. C.; Moreira, J. N.; Simões, S. Combination chemotherapy in cancer: Principles, evaluation and drug delivery strategies. In: Current Cancer Treatment - Novel beyond Conventional Approaches, Ozdemir, O. Ed.; Croatia: InTech, 2011; 693–715.
   Google Scholar
• Abotaleb, M.; Kubatka, P.; Caprnda, M.; Varghese, E.; Zolakova, B.; Zubor, P.; Opatrilova, R.; Kruzliak, P.; Stefanicka, P.; Büsselberg, D. Chemotherapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer: An Update. Biomed. Pharmacother 2018, 1, 458–477. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.108.
   Google Scholar
• Mross, K.; Kratz, F. Limits of Conventional Cancer Chemotherapy. In: In Drug Delivery in Oncology: From Basic Research to Cancer Therapy, Kratz, F.; Senter, P.; Steinhagen, H., Eds., Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011; 1–31.
   Google Scholar
• Sanchis, J.; Canal, F.; Lucas, R.; Vicent, M. J. Polymer-Drug Conjugates for Novel Molecular Targets. Nanomedicine 2010, 5, 915–935. DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aderibigbe, B. A; Mukaya, H.E. Nanobiomaterials architectured for improved delivery of antimalaria drugs. In: Nanoarchitectonic for Smart Delivery and Drug Targeting, 1st ed.; Holban, A. A.; Gremezescu, A. M., Eds., Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2016; pp 169–200.
   Google Scholar
• Aderibigbe, B. A. Design and therapeutic efficacy of polymer based drug delivery systems for antimalarials. In: Polymer Science: Research Advances, Practical Applications and Educational Aspects, 1st ed.; Méndez-Vilas, A.; Solano-Martín, A., Eds.; Spain: Formatex Research Center, 2016; pp 188–198.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, D. The Problem with Platinum. Nature 2015, 527, S218–S219. DOI: 10.1038/527S218a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oun, R.; Moussa, Y. E.; Wheate, N. J. The Side Effects of Platinum-Based Chemotherapy Drugs: A Review for Chemists. Dalton Trans. 2018, 47, 6645–6653. DOI: 10.1039/C8DT00838H.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckstein, N. Platinum Resistance in Breast and Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2011, 30, 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dasari, S.; Tchounwou, P. B. Cisplatin in Cancer Therapy: molecular Mechanisms of Action. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2014, 740, 364–378. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn, D. W.; Kim, S. R.; Ha, D. H.; Kim, S. H. Mechanism of Amelioration of Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity by Procaine Treatment in Mice. Korean J. Anesthesiol. 2007, 52, 318–327. DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2007.52.3.318.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, M. S.; Farah, M. A.; Al-Lohedan, H. A.; Al-Anazi, K. M. Comprehensive Exploration of the Anticancer Activities of Procaine and Its Binding with Calf Thymus DNA: A Multi Spectroscopic and Molecular Modelling Study. RSC Adv. 2018, 8, 9083–9093. DOI: 10.1039/C7RA13647A.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viale, M.; Vannozzi, M. O.; Pastrone, I.; Mariggio, M. A.; Zicca, A.; Cadoni, A.; Cafaggi, S.; Tolino, G.; Lunardi, G.; Civalleri, D.; et al. Reduction of Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity by Procainamide: Does the Formation of a Cisplatin-Procainamide Complex Play a Role? J. Pharmacol. Exper. Ther. 2000, 293, 829–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C.; Gao, S.; Li, X.; Li, C.; Ma, L. Procaine Inhibits the Proliferation and Migration of Colon Cancer Cells through Inactivation of the ERK/MAPK/FAK Pathways by Regulation of RhoA. Oncol. Res. 2018, 26, 209–217. DOI: 10.3727/096504017X14944585873622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villar-Garea, A.; Fraga, M. F.; Espada, J.; Esteller, M. Procaine Is a DNA-Demethylating Agent with Growth-Inhibitory Effects in Human Cancer Cells. Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 4984–4989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, T.; Liverani, C.; Mercatali, L.; Sacanna, E.; Zanoni, M.; Fabbri, F.; Zoli, W.; Amadori, D. Cisplatin in Combination with Zoledronic Acid: A Synergistic Effect in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Int. J. Oncol. 2013, 42, 1263–1270. DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murayama, T.; Kawasoe, Y.; Yamashita, Y.; Ueno, Y.; Minami, S.; Yokouchi, M.; Komiya, S. Efficacy of the Third-Generation Bisphosphonate Risedronate Alone and in Combination with Anticancer Drugs against Osteosarcoma Cell Lines. Anticancer Res. 2008, 28, 2147–2154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers, P. A.; Healey, J. H.; Chou, A. J.; Wexler, L. H.; Merola, P. R.; Morris, C. D.; Laquaglia, M. P.; Kellick, M.; G; Abramson, S. J.; Gorlick, R. Addition of Pamidronate to Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Osteosarcoma. Cancer 2011, 117, 1736–1744. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, P.; Sun, L.; Zhou, D.; S; Zhang, P.; Wang, Y. H.; Li, D.; Li, Q. H.; Feng, R. J. Development of Alendronate-Conjugated Poly (Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid)-Dextran Nanoparticles for Active Targeting of Cisplatin in Osteosarcoma. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 17387. DOI: 10.1038/srep17387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santini, D.; Stumbo, L.; Spoto, C.; D’Onofrio, L.; Pantano, F.; Iuliani, M.; Fioramonti, M.; Zoccoli, A.; Ribelli, G.; Virzì, V.; et al. Bisphosphonates as Anticancer Agents in Early Breast Cancer: preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Breast Cancer Res. 2015, 17, 7. DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0634-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shmeeda, H.; Amitay, Y.; Gorin, J.; Tzemach, D.; Mak, L.; Stern, S. T.; Barenholz, Y.; Gabizon, A. Co-Encapsulation of Alendronate and Doxorubicin in Pegylated Liposomes: A Novel Formulation for Chemoimmunotherapy of Cancer. J. Drug Target 2016, 24, 878–889. DOI: 10.1080/1061186X.2016.1191081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satchi-Fainaro, R.; Miller, K.; Shabat, D.; Erez, R. Conjugates of a polymer, a bisphosphonate and an anti-angiogenesis agent and uses thereof in the treatment and monitoring of bone related diseases. United States Patent US 8,658,149. Feb 25, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Hodgins, N. O.; Al-Jamal, W. T.; Wang, J. T.-W.; Parente-Pereira, A. C.; Liu, M.; Maher, J.; Al-Jamal, K. T. In Vitro Potency, in Vitro and in Vivo Efficacy of Liposomal Alendronate in Combination with γδ T Cell Immunotherapy in Mice. J. Control Release 2016, 241, 229–241. DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vichai, V.; Kirtikara, K. Sulforhodamine B Colorimetric Assay for Cytotoxicity Screening. Nat. Protoc. 2006, 1, 1112–1116. DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrecht, C. F.; Stander, M. A.; Grobbelaar, M. C.; Colling, J.; Kossmann, J.; Hills, P. N.; Makunga, N. P. LC–MS-Based Metabolomics Assists with Quality Assessment and Traceability of Wild and Cultivated Plants of Sutherlandia Frutescens (Fabaceae). S. Afr. J. Bot. 2012, 1, 33–45. DOI: 10.1016/j.sajb.2012.07.018.
   Google Scholar
• Kuljanin, J.; Janković, I.; Nedeljković, J.; Prstojević, D.; Marinković, V. Spectrophotometric Determination of Alendronate in Pharmaceutical Formulations via Complex Formation with Fe (III) Ions. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2002, 28, 1215–1220. DOI: 10.1016/S0731-7085(02)00021-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aderibigbe, B. A.; Sadiku, E. R.; Ray, S. S.; Mbianda, X. Y.; Fotsing, M. C.; Jayaramudu, J.; Owonubi, S. J. Synthesis, Characterization and the Release Kinetics of Antiproliferative Agents from Polyamidoamine Conjugates. J. Microencapsul. 2015, 35, 432–442.
   Google Scholar
• Aderibigbe, B. A.; Sadiku, E. R.; Sinha Ray, S.; Mbianda, X. Y.; Fotsing, M. C.; Agwuncha, S. C.; Owonubi, S. J. One-Pot Synthesis and Characterization of Polyamidoamine Conjugates Containing Neridronic Acid. Polym. Bull. 2015, 72, 417–439. DOI: 10.1007/s00289-014-1286-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuliaş, A.; Ledeţi, I.; Vlase, G.; Popoiu, C.; Hegheş, A.; Bilanin, M.; Vlase, T.; Gheorgheosu, D.; Craina, M.; Ardelean, S.; et al. Behaviour of Procaine and Benzocaine Part II: compatibility Study with Some Pharmaceutical Excipients Used in Solid Dosage Forms. Chem. Central J. 2013, 7, 140. DOI: 10.1186/1752-153X-7-140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang, X.; Li, Z.; Wang, N.; Li, L.; Song, L.; He, T.; Sun, L.; Wang, Z.; Wu, Q.; Luo, N.; Yi, C. Curcumin-Encapsulated Polymeric Micelles Suppress the Development of Colon Cancer in Vitro and in Vivo. Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anwar, M.; Warsi, M. H.; Mallick, N.; Akhter, S.; Gahoi, S.; Jain, G. K.; Talegaonkar, S.; Ahmad, F. J.; Khar, R. K. Enhanced Bioavailability of Nano-Sized Chitosan–Atorvastatin Conjugate after Oral Administration to Rats. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2011, 44, 241–249. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.08.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dey, S.; Sreenivasan, K. Conjugating Curcumin to Water Soluble Polymer Stabilized Gold Nanoparticles via pH Responsive Succinate Linker. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2015, 3, 824–833. DOI: 10.1039/C4TB01731E.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolishetti, N.; Dhar, S.; Valencia, P. M.; Lin, L. Q.; Karnik, R.; Lippard, S. J.; Langer, R.; Farokhzad, O. C. Engineering of Self-Assembled Nanoparticle Platform for Precisely Controlled Combination Drug Therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010, 107, 17939–17944. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1011368107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, X.; Li, J.; Lin, W.; Huang, Y.; Jing, X.; Xie, Z. Paclitaxel Prodrug Nanoparticles Combining Chemical Conjugation and Physical Entrapment for Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy. RSC Adv. 2014, 4, 38405–38411. DOI: 10.1039/C4RA06270A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, L.; Zhang, J.; Watanabe, W. Physical and Chemical Stability of Drug Nanoparticles. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2011, 63, 456–469. DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.02.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, H.; Li, G.; Chi, H.; Wang, D.; Tu, C.; Pan, L.; Zhu, L.; Qiu, F.; Guo, F.; Zhu, X. Alendronate-Conjugated Amphiphilic Hyperbranched Polymer Based on Boltorn H40 and Poly (Ethylene Glycol) for Bone-Targeted Drug Delivery. Bioconjugate Chem. 2012, 23, 1915–1924. DOI: 10.1021/bc3003088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assadi, A.; Najafabadi, V. S.; Shandiz, S. A.; Boroujeni, A.; S; Ashrafi, S.; Vaziri, A. Z.; Ghoreishi, S. M.; Aghasadeghi, M. R.; Ebrahimi, S. E.; Pirali-Hamedani, M.; et al. Novel Chlorambucil-Conjugated Anionic Linear-Globular PEG-Based Second-Generation Dendrimer: In Vitro/in Vivo Improved Anticancer Activity. Ott. 2016, 9, 5531–5543. DOI: 10.2147/OTT.S103487.
   Google Scholar
• Ozlem, Y.; Sabri, B. Biological Subtypes of Breast Cancer: Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications. World J. Clin. Oncol 2014, 5, 412–424.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Margiotta, N.; Ostuni, R.; Piccinonna, S.; Natile, G.; Zanellato, I.; Boidi, C. D.; Bonarrigo, I.; Osella, D. Platinum–Bisphosphonate Complexes Have Proven to Be Inactive Chemotherapeutics Targeted for Malignant Mesothelioma Because of Inappropriate Hydrolysis. J. Inorg. Biochem 2011, 105, 548–557. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.12.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viale, M.; Vannozzi, M.; O; Merlo, F.; Cafaggi, S.; Parodi, B.; Esposito, M. Cisplatin Combined with the New Cisplatin-Crocaine Complex DPR: In Vitro and in Ito Studies. Eur. J. Cancer 1996, 32, 2327–2333. DOI: 10.1016/S0959-8049(96)00354-1.
   Google Scholar
• Duangjai, A.; Luo, K.; Zhou, Y.; Yang, J.; Kopeček, J. Combination Cytotoxicity of Backbone Degradable HPMA Copolymer Gemcitabine and Platinum Conjugates toward Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm 2014, 87, 187–196. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.11.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, Z.; Huang, J.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Teng, Y.; Huang, C.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, H.; Sun, W. Co-Delivery of Cisplatin and Paclitaxel by Folic Acid Conjugated Amphiphilic PEG-PLGA Copolymer Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Non-Small Lung Cancer. Oncotarget 2015, 6, 42150–42168. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, D.; Xiao, H.; Meng, F.; Li, X.; Li, Y.; Jing, X.; Huang, Y. A Polymer–(Tandem Drugs) Conjugate for Enhanced Cancer Treatment. Adv. Healthc. Mater 2013, 2, 822–827. DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J.; Li, Z.; Li, M.; Zhang, H.; Xie, Z. Synergistic Effect and Drug-Resistance Relief of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin Caused by Co-Delivery Using Polymeric Micelles. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 1–9. DOI: 10.1002/app.41440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sang-Min, L.; Thomas, V. O.; SonBinh, T. N. Polymer-Caged Nanobins for Synergistic Cisplatin − Doxorubicin Combination Chemotherapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 17130–17138. DOI: 10.1021/ja107333g.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai, L.; Xu, G.; Shi, C.; Guo, D.; Wang, X.; Luo, J. Telodendrimer Nanocarrier for co-Delivery of Paclitaxel and Cisplatin: A Synergistic Combination Nanotherapy for Ovarian Cancer Treatment. Biomaterials 2015, 37, 456–468. DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.10.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holowka, E.; Sujata, K. B. Controlled release system. In Drug Delivery: Materials Design and Clinical Perspective, Bellomo, E.G., Ed.; New York: Springer, 2014.
   Google Scholar