The Effects of Body Image Perceptions and Sociocommunicative Orientations on Self-Esteem, Depression, and Identification and Involvement in the Gay Community

REFERENCES

• Allon , N. 1982 . “ The stigma of overweight in everyday life ” . In Psychological aspects of obesity: A handbook , Edited by: Wolman , B. 130 – 174 . New York : Van Nostran Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Allport , G. W. 1954 . The nature of prejudice , 25th Anniversary , Cambridge, MA : Perseus Books .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association , ed. 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , C. M. , Martin , M. M. , Zhong , M. and West , D. 1997 . Reliability, separation of factors, and sex differences on the assertiveness-responsiveness measure: A Chinese sample . Communication Research Reports , 14 : 58 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Atkins , D. , ed. 1998 . Looking queer: Body image and identity in lesbian, bisexual, gay, and transgender communities , New York : Harrington Park Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barry , A. and Lippman , S. B. 1990 . Anorexia nervosa in males . Postgraduate Medicine , 87 : 161 – 165 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , M. J. , McCroskey , J. C. and Valencic , K. M. 2001 . The biology of communication: A communibiological perspective , Cresskill, NJ : Hampton Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bem , S. L. 1974 . The measurement of psychological androgyny . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 47 : 155 – 162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blotcher , J. 1998 . “ Justify my love handles: How the queer community trims the fat ” . In Looking queer: Body image and identity in lesbian, bisexual, gay, and transgender communities , Edited by: Atkins , D. 359 – 366 . New York : Harrington Park Press . (Reprinted from OutWeek, January 23, 38–43).
   Google Scholar
• Blotcher , J. 1991 . A matter of gravity: How the queer community trims the fat . Outweek , 23 January : 38 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Boroughs , M. and Thompson , J. K. 2002 . Exercise status and sexual orientation as moderators of body image disturbance and eating disorders in males . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 31 : 307 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand , P. A. , Rothblum , E. D. and Solomon , L. J. 1992 . A comparison of lesbians, gay men, and heterosexuals, on weight and restrained eating . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 11 : 253 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , L. S. 1987 . “ Lesbians, weight, and eating: New analyses and perspectives ” . In Lesbian Psychologies , Edited by: Boston Lesbian Psychologies Collective . 294 – 310 . Chicago : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cass , B. C. 1984 . Homosexual identity formation: Testing a theoretical model . Journal of Sex Research , 20 : 143 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cass , V. C. 1979 . Homosexual identity formation: A theoretical model . Journal of Homosexuality , 4 : 219 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christophel , D. M. 1996 . Russian communication orientations: A cross-cultural examination . Communication Research Reports , 13 : 43 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Crandall , C. S. 1994 . Prejudice against fat people: Ideology and self-interest . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 66 : 882 – 894 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crandall , C. S. and Biernat , M. R. 1990 . The ideology of antifat attitudes . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 20 : 227 – 243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillman , D. A. 2000 . Mail and internet surveys: The tailored design method , New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Fichter , M. and Daser , C. 1987 . Symptomatology, psychosexual development, and gender identity in 42 male anorexics . Psychological Medicine , 17 : 409 – 418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles , P. 1998 . “ A matter of size ” . In Looking queer: Body image and identity in lesbian, bisexual, gay, and transgender communities , Edited by: Atkins , D. 355 – 357 . New York : Harrington Park Press . (Reprinted from OutWeek, October 24, 32–33).
   Google Scholar
• Giles , P. 1990 . A matter of size . Outweek , 24 October : 32 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg , D. P. 1972 . The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire , Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goldfield , A. and Chrisler , J. C. 1995 . Body stereotyping and stigmatization of obese persons by first graders . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 77 : 451 – 456 .
   Google Scholar
• Guo-Ming , C. and Starosta , W. J. 1998 . Foundations of intercultural communication , Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , M. B. , Harris , R. J. and Bochner , S. 1982 . Fat, four-eyed, and female: Stereotypes of obesity, glasses, and gender . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 6 : 503 – 516 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog , D. B. , Newman , K. L. , Yeh , C. J. and Warshaw , M. 1992 . Body image satisfaction in homosexual and heterosexual women . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 11 : 391 – 396 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larkin , J. C. and Pines , H. A. 1979 . No fat persons need apply: Experimental studies of the overweight stereotype and hiring preference . Sociology of Work and Occupations , 6 : 312 – 327 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. 1966 . Experimental studies of the effects of ethos and evidence in persuasive communication , Pennsylvania State University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation.
   Google Scholar
• Millman , M. 1980 . Such a pretty face: Being fat in America , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Morrison , M. A. , Morrison , T. G. and Sager , C. L. 2004 . Does body satisfaction differ between gay men and lesbians and heterosexual men and women? A meta-analytic review . Body Image , 1 : 127 – 138 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrison , T. G. and O'Connor , W. E. 1999 . Psychometric properties of a scale measuring negative attitudes toward overweight individuals . Journal of Social Psychology , 139 : 436 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller , S. M. , Dennis , D. L. , Schneider , S. R. and Joyner , R. L. 2004 . Muscle dysmorphia among selected male college athletes: An examination of the Lantz, Rhea, and Mayhew model . International Sports Journal , 11 Summer : 9 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Nir , Z. and Neumann , L. 1991 . Self-esteem, internal-external locus of control, and their relationship to weight reduction . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 47 : 568 – 575 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patient , Notes. 2005 . Understanding body mass index . Post Graduate Medicine , 117 ( 2 ) : 46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , K. A. 1991 . Body dysmorphic disorder: The distress of imagined ugliness . American Journal of Psychiatry , 148 : 1138 – 1149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , K. A. 2005 . The broken mirror: Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder , New York : Oxford University Press . (Revised and Expanded Ed.)
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , K. A. and Diaz , S. F. 1997 . Gender differences in body dysmorphic disorder . Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases , 185 : 570 – 577 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , K. A. , Gunderson , C. G. , Mallya , G. , McElroy , S. L. and Carter , W. 1998 . A comparison study of body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 59 : 568 – 575 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prytula , R. E. , Wellford , C. D. and DeMonbreun , B. G. 1979 . Body self-image and homosexuality . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 35 : 567 – 572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. and Martin , M. M. 1998 . “ Sociocommunicative style and sociocommunicative orientation ” . In Communication and personality: Trait perspectives , Edited by: McCroskey , J. C. , Daly , J. A. , Martin , M. M. and Beatty , M. J. 133 – 148 . Cresskill, NJ : Hampton Press .
   Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. and McCroskey , J. C. 1985 . Communication: Apprehension, avoidance, and effectiveness , Scottsdale, AZ : Gorsuch Scarisbrick .
   Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. and McCroskey , J. C. 2004 . Nonverbal behavior in interpersonal relations , 5th , Boston, MA : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. and Valencic , K. M. . Image Fixation Measure . Paper presented at the Eastern Communication Association's Annual Conference . Pittsburgh, PA. April ,
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , B. E. , Bacon , J. G. and O'Reilly , J. 1993 . Fat phobia: Measuring, understanding and changing antifat attitudes . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 14 : 467 – 480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , S. 1965 . Society and the adolescent self-image , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rothblum , E. D. , Brand , P. A. , Miller , C. T. and Oetjen , H. A. 1990 . The relationship among obesity, employment discrimination, and employment-related victimization . Journal of Vocational Behavior , 37 : 251 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , C. J. and Keel , P. K. 2002 . Homosexuality as a specific risk factor for eating disorders in men . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 31 : 300 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saltzer , E. B. 1982 . The Weight Locus of Control (WLOC) Scale: A specific measure for obesity research . Journal of Personality Assessment , 46 : 620 – 628 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siever , M. 1994 . Sexual orientation and gender as factors in socioculturally acquired vulnerability to body dissatisfaction and eating disorders . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 62 : 252 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes , J. P. , McKiran , D. J. and Burzette , R. G. 1993 . Sexual behavior, condom use, disclosure of sexuality of sexual orientation in bisexual men . Journal of Sex Research , 30 : 202 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Striegel-Moore , R. H. , Tucker , N. and Hsu , J. 1990 . Body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating in lesbian college students . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 9 : 493 – 500 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. G. and Fidell , L. S. 2001 . Using multivariate statistics , 4th , Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , C. A. , Ishii , S. and Klopf , D. W. 1990 . Japanese and Americans compared on assertiveness/responsiveness . Psychological Reports , 66 : 829 – 830 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thourlby , W. 1980 . You are what you wear , New York : New American Library .
   Google Scholar
• Tiggemann , M. and Rothblum , E. D. 1988 . Gender differences in social consequences of perceived overweight in the United States and Australia . Sex Roles , 18 : 75 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ting-Toomey , S. 1999 . Communicating across cultures , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Veale , D. , Kinderman , P. , Riley , S. and Lambrou , C. 2003 . Self-discrepancy in body dysmorphic disorder . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 42 : 157 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincke , J. and van Herringen , K. 2004 . Summer holiday camps for gay and lesbian young adults: An evaluation of their impact on social support and mental well-being . Journal of Homosexuality , 47 : 33 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson , I. and Hartley , P. 1998 . British research into the increased vulnerability of young gay men to eating disturbance and body dissatisfaction . European Eating Disorders Review , 6 : 160 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrench , J. S. 2001 . Intercultural communication: Power in context , Acton, MA : Tapestry Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wrench , J. S. 2002 . The impact of sexual orientation and temperament on physical and verbal aggression . Journal of Intercultural Communication Research , 31 : 85 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Wrench , J. S. 2004 . Weight locus of control . Wellness Bridge Connection , 4 : 8
   Google Scholar
• Wrench , J. S. 2005 . Development and validity testing of the homonegativity short form . Journal of Intercultural Communication Research , 34 : 152 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Wrench , J. S. and McCroskey , J. C. 2003 . A communibiological explanation of ethnocentrism and homophobia . Communication Research Reports , 20 : 24 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Wrench , J. S. and Valencic , K. . The relationship of body dysmorphia with communication apprehension, communication competence, nonverbal immediacy, and willingness to communicate . Paper presented at the Ohio Communication Association's Convention . Dayton, OH. October ,
   Google Scholar
• Wright , L. K. 1997 . The bear book: Readings in the history and evolution of a gay male subculture , Binghamton, NY : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , L. K. 2000 . The bear book II: Further readings in the history and evolution of a gay male subculture , Binghamton, NY : Haworth Press .
   Google Scholar