3,402
Views
69
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Anti-Gay Sentiment Among Adolescents in Belgium and Canada: A Comparative Investigation into the Role of Gender and Religion

, , , &
Pages 384-400 | Published online: 04 Mar 2010

REFERENCES

  • Aba-Laban , Y. and Gabriel , C. 2002 . Selling diversity. Immigration, multiculturalism, employment equity, and globalization , Peterborough, ON, , Canada : Broadview Press .
  • Adamczyk , A. and Pitt , C. 2009 . Shaping Attitudes about Homosexuality. The role of religion and cultural context . Social Science Research , 38 : 338 – 351 .
  • Adolfsen , A. , Keuzenkamp , S. and Kuyper , L. 2006 . “ ‘Opinieonderzoek onder de bevolking’ [Opinion research among the population] ” . In Gewoon doen. Acceptatie van homoseksualiteit in Nederland , 27 – 55 . [Acting Normally. The acceptance of homosexuality in the Netherlands] Den Haag: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau .
  • Alwin , D. , Cohen , R. and Newcomb , T. 1991 . Political attitudes over the life span: The Bennington women after fifty years , Madison : University of Wisconsin Press .
  • Alwin , D. and Krosnick , J. A. 1991 . Aging, cohorts and the stability of sociopolitical orientations over the life span . American Journal of Sociology , 67 : 495 – 521 .
  • Andertsen , R. and Fetner , T. 2008 . Cohort differences in tolerance of homosexuality. Attitudinal change in Canada and the United States, 1981–2000 . Public Opinion Quarterly , 72 : 311 – 330 .
  • Bamforth , N. 2005 . Sex rights: The Oxford Amnesty Lectures 2002 , Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
  • Beatty , K. and Walter , O. 1984 . Religious preference and practice: Reevaluating their impact on political tolerance . Public Opinion Quarterly , 48 : 318 – 329 .
  • Brewer , P. 2003 . The shifting foundations of public opinion about gay rights . Journal of Politics , 65 : 1208 – 1220 .
  • Cohen , S. and Liebman , C. 1997 . American Jewish liberalism. Unraveling the strands . Public Opinion Quarterly , 61 : 405 – 430 .
  • Cowan , G. , Heiple , B. , Marquez , C. , Khatchadourian , D. and McNevin , M. 2003 . Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward hate crimes and hate speech against gays and lesbians: Old-fashioned and modern heterosexism . Journal of Homosexuality , 49 : 67 – 82 .
  • Crockett, A., & Voas, D. (2003). A divergence of views: Attitude change and the religious crisis over homosexuality. Sociological Research Online, 8(4). http://www.socresonline.org.uk/8/4/crockett.html
  • Ellis , S. , Kitzinger , C. and Wilkinson , S. 2002 . Attitudes towards lesbians and gay men and support for lesbian and gay human rights among psychology students . Journal of Homosexuality , 44 : 121 – 138 .
  • Ellison , C. and Musick , M. 1993 . Southern intolerance: A fundamentalist effect? . Social Forces , 20 : 579 – 585 .
  • Finlay , B. and Walther , C. S. 2003 . The relation of religious affiliation, service attendance, and other factors to homophobic attitudes among university students . Review of Religious Research , 44 : 370 – 393 .
  • Ford , T. , Brignall , T. , VanValey , T. and Macaluso , M. 2009 . The unmaking of prejudice. How Christian beliefs relate to attitudes toward homosexuals . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 48 : 146 – 160 .
  • Franklin , K. 2000 . Antigay behaviors among young adults. Prevalence, patterns, and motivators in a noncriminal population . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 15 : 339 – 362 .
  • Gay , D. and Ellison , C. 1993 . Religious subcultures and political tolerance: Do denominations still matter? . Review of Religious Research , 34 : 311 – 332 .
  • Gelbal , S. and Duyan , V. 2006 . Attitudes of University students toward lesbians and gay men in Turkey . Sex Roles , 55 : 573 – 579 .
  • Gençöz , T. and Yüksel , M. 2006 . Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Internalized Homophobia Scale . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 35 : 597 – 602 .
  • Gibson , J.L. 2007 . “ Political intolerance ” . In Oxford handbook of political behavior , Edited by: Dalton , R. and Klingemann , H.-D. 323 – 341 . Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
  • Hekma , G. 2002 . Imams and homosexuality. A post-gay debate in the Netherlands . Sexualities , 5 : 237 – 248 .
  • Hellevik , O. 2002 . Age differences in value orientation—Life cycle or cohort effects? . International Journal of Public Opinion Research , 14 : 286 – 302 .
  • Herek , G. , Cogan , J. and Gillis , J. 2002 . Victim experiences in hate crimes based on sexual orientation . Journal of Social Issues , 58 : 319 – 339 .
  • Hooghe , M. , Trappers , A. , Meuleman , B. and Reeskens , T. 2008 . Migration to European countries. A structural explanation of patterns, 1980–2004 . International Migration Review , 42 : 476 – 501 .
  • Hooghe , M. , Quintelier , E. and Stolle , D. 2006 . Comparative Youth Survey 2006: Dataset , Leuven : University of Leuven/Montreal: McGill University .
  • Inglehart , R. and Welzel , C. 2005 . “ Modernization, cultural change and democracy ” . In The Human development sequence , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Janoff , D. 2005 . Pink blood. Homophobic violence in Canada , Toronto, ON, , Canada : University of Toronto Press .
  • Jaspers , E. , Lubbers , M. and de Graaf , N. D. 2007 . “Horrors of Holland”: Explaining attitude change towards euthanasia and homosexuals in the Netherlands, 1970–1998 . International Journal of Public Opinion Research , 19 : 434 – 450 .
  • Kimmel , M. 1994 . “ Masculinity as homophobia: Fear, shame, and silence in the construction of gender identity ” . In Theorizing masculinities , Edited by: Brod , H. and Kaufman , M. 119 – 141 . London : Sage .
  • Kite , M. and Whitley , B. 1996 . Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexual persons, behaviors and civil rights: A meta-analysis . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 22 : 336 – 353 .
  • Kollman , K. 2007 . Same-sex unions. The globalization of an idea . International Studies Quarterly , 51 : 329 – 357 .
  • LaMar , L. and Kite , M. 1998 . Sex differences in attitudes toward gay man and lesbians. A multidimensional perspective . Journal of Sex Research , 35 : 189 – 196 .
  • Lambert , E. , Ventura , L. , Hall , D. and Cluse-Tolar , T. 2006 . College students’ view on gay and lesbian issues. Does education make a difference? . Journal of Homosexuality , 50 : 1 – 30 .
  • Lewis , G. 2003 . Black-white differences in attitudes toward homosexuality and gay rights . Public Opinion Quarterly , 67 : 59 – 78 .
  • Loftus , J. 1993 . America's liberalization in attitudes toward homosexuality, 1973 to 1998 . American Sociological Review , 66 : 762 – 782 .
  • Miller , S. and Sears , D. O. 1986 . Stability and change in social tolerance: A test of the persistence hypothesis . American Journal of Political Science , 30 : 214 – 236 .
  • Morrison , T. and Bearden , A. 2007 . The construction and validation of the Homopositivity Scale. An instrument measuring endorsement of positive stereotypes about gay men . Journal of Homosexuality , 52 : 63 – 89 .
  • Newman , B. 1989 . The relative importance of gender role attitudes to male and female attitudes toward lesbians . Sex Roles , 21 : 451 – 465 .
  • Newman , B. 2002 . Religion and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men . Journal of Lesbian Studies , 6 : 87 – 98 .
  • Newman , B. 2007 . College students’ attitudes about lesbians. What difference does 16 years make? . Journal of Homosexuality , 52 : 249 – 265 .
  • Nunn , C. , Crockett , H. and Williams , A. 1978 . Tolerance for nonconformity , San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
  • Olson , L. , Cadge , W. and Harrison , J. 2006 . Religion and public opinion about same-sex marriage . Social Science Quarterly , 87 : 340 – 360 .
  • Raja , S. and Stokes , J. 1998 . Assessing attitudes toward lesbians and gay men . International Journal of Sexuality and Gender Studies , 3 : 113 – 134 .
  • Rosik , C. , Griffith , L. and Cruz , Z. 2007 . Homophobia and conservative religion. Toward a more nuanced understanding . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 77 : 10 – 19 .
  • Schulte , L. and Battle , J. 2004 . The relative importance of ethnicity and religion in predicting attitudes toward gays and lesbians . Journal of Homosexuality , 47 : 127 – 142 .
  • Schwartz , J. and Lindley , L. 2005 . Religious fundamentalism and attachment. prediction of homophobia . International Journal for the Psychology of Religio,n , 15 : 145 – 157 .
  • Solomon , S. E. , Rothblum , E. D. and Balsam , K. 2005 . Money, housework, sex, and conflict. Same-sex couples in civil unions, those not in civil unions, and heterosexual married siblings . Sex Roles , 52 : 561 – 575 .
  • Sotelo , M. 2000 . Political tolerance among adolescents toward homosexuals in Spain . Journal of Homosexuality , 39 : 95 – 105 .
  • Stenner , K. 2005 . The authoritarian dynamic , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
  • Stevens , L. and Hooghe , M. 2003 . The swing of the pendulum. The detraditionalisation of the regulation of sexuality and intimacy and belgium (1973–2003) . International Journal of the Sociology of Law , 31 : 131 – 151 .
  • Sullivan , J. , Marcus , G. , Feldman , S. and Piereson , J. 1981 . The sources of political tolerance: A multivariate analysis . American Political Science Review , 75 : 92 – 106 .
  • Whitley , B. and Ægisdóttir , S. 2000 . The gender belief system, authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and heterosexuals’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men . Sex Roles , 42 : 947 – 967 .
  • Yip , A. K. T. 2005 . Queering religious texts: An exploration of british non-heterosexual christians’ and muslims’ strategy of constructing sexuality-affirming hermeneutics . Sociology , 39 : 47 – 65 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.