The Influence of Media Role Models on Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Identity

REFERENCES

• Basow , S. A. and Howe , K. G. 1980 . Role-model influence: Effects of sex and sex-role attitude in college students . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 4 : 558 – 572 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boon , S. D. and Lomore , C. D. 2001 . Admirer-celebrity relationships among young adults: Explaining perceptions of celebrity influence on identity . Human Communication Research , 27 : 432 – 465 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun , V. and Clarke , V. 2006 . Using thematic analysis in psychology . Qualitative Research in Psychology , 3 : 77 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Bringaze , T. B. and White , L. J. 2001 . Living out proud: Factors contributing to healthy identity development in lesbian leaders . Journal of Mental Health Counseling , 23 : 162 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• Capsuto , S. 2000 . Alternate channels: The uncensored story of gay and lesbian images on radio and television , New York, NY : Balantine Books .
   Google Scholar
• Cheng , S. T. 1997 . Psychological determinants of idolatry in adolescents . Adolescence , 32 : 687 – 692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung , C. and Yue , X. D. 2003 . Adolescent modeling after luminary and star idols and development of self-efficacy . International Journal of Adolescence and Youth , 11 : 251 – 267 .
   Google Scholar
• Clum , J. M. 2000 . Still acting gay , New York, NY : St Martin's Griffin .
   Google Scholar
• Dobinson , C. and Young , K. 2000 . Popular cinema and lesbian interpretive strategies . Journal of Homosexuality , 4 ( 2 ) : 97 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dow , B. J. 2001 . Ellen, television, and the politics of gay and lesbian visibility . Critical Studies in Media Communication , 18 : 123 – 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duck , J. M. 1990 . Children's ideals: The role of real-life versus media figures . Australian Journal of Psychology , 42 ( 1 ) : 19 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer , R. 1986 . Heavenly bodies: Film stars and society , London, , UK : British Film Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Dyer , R. 2000 . The matter of images , 2nd , London, , UK : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Farmer , B. 2000 . Spectacular passions: Cinema, fantasy, gay male spectatorships , Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Feilitzen , C. and Linne , O. 1975 . Identifying with television characters . Journal of Communication , 25 : 51 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frable , D. E. S. , Wortman , C. and Joseph , J. 1997 . Predicting self-esteem, well-being, and distress in a cohort of gay men: The importance of cultural stigma, personal visibility, community networks, and positive identity . Journal of Personality , 65 : 599 – 624 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fryberg , S. A. and Townsend , S. S. M. 2008 . “ The psychology of invisibility ” . In Commemorating Brown: The social psychology of racism and discrimination , Edited by: Adams , G. , Biernat , M. , Branscombe , N. R. , Crandall , C. S. and Wrightsman , L. S. 173 – 193 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Giles , D. C. and Maltby , J. 2004 . The role of media figures in adolescent development: Relations between autonomy, attachment, and interest in celebrities . Personality and Individual Differences , 36 : 813 – 822 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuliano , T. A. , Turner , K. L. , Lundquist , J. C. and Knight , J. L. 2007 . Gender and the selection of public athletic role models . Journal of Sport Behavior , 30 : 161 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Gross , L. 1994 . “ What is wrong with this picture? Lesbian women and gay men on television ” . In Queer words, queer images: Communication and the construction of homosexuality , Edited by: Ringer , R. J. 143 – 156 . New York, NY : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gross , L. 2001 . Up from visibility: Lesbians, gay men, and the media in America , New York, NY : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hammack , P. L. 2005 . The life course development of human sexual orientation: An integrative paradigm . Human Development , 48 : 267 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart , K. R. 2000 . Representing gay men on American television . Journal of Men's Studies , 9 : 59 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Hubert , S. J. 1999 . What's wrong with this picture? The politics of Ellen's coming out party . Journal of Popular Culture , 33 : 31 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karunanayake , D. and Nauta , M. M. 2004 . The relationship between race and students' identified career role models and perceived role model influence . Career Development Quarterly , 52 : 225 – 234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsey , A. , Pomeroy , W. and Martin , C. 1948 . Sexual behaviour in the human male , Philadelphia, PA : Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Kivel , B. D. and Kleiber , D. A. 2000 . Leisure in the identity formation of lesbian/gay youth: Personal, but not social . Leisure Sciences , 22 : 215 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levina , M. , Waldo , C. R. and Fitzgerald , L. F. 2000 . We're here, we're queer, we're on TV: The effects of visual media on heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay men and lesbians . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 30 : 738 – 758 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood , P. 2006 . “Someone like me can be successful”: Do college students need same-gender role models? . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 30 : 36 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood , P. and Kunda , Z. 1997 . Superstars and me: Predicting the impact of role models on the self . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 73 : 91 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews , D. 2003 . Media memories: The first cable/VCR generation recalls their childhood and adolescent media viewing . Mass Communication and Society , 6 : 219 – 241 .
   Google Scholar
• McCarn , S. R. and Fassinger , R. E. 1996 . Revisioning sexual minority identity formation: A new model of lesbian identity and its implication for counseling and research . The Counseling Psychologist , 24 : 508 – 534 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna , K. Y. A. and Bargh , J. A. 1998 . Coming out in the age of the Internet: Identity ‘‘demarginalization’’ through virtual group participation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 75 : 681 – 694 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauta , M. M. , Saucier , A. M. and Woodard , L. E. 2001 . Interpersonal influences on students’ academic and career decisions: The impact of sexual orientation . Career Development Quarterly , 49 : 352 – 362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochman , J. M. 1996 . The effects of nongender-role stereotyped, same-sex role models in storybooks on the self-esteem of children in grade three . Sex Roles , 35 : 711 – 736 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks , C. A. 1999 . Lesbian identity development: An examination of differences across generations . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 69 : 347 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman , Q. and Wilson , G. D. 2003 . Born gay? The psychobiology of human sexual orientation . Personality and Individual Differences , 34 : 1337 – 1382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseborough , D. 2003 . Conceptions of gay male life-span development: Past and present . Journal of Human Behavior and the Social Environment , 8 ( 2–3 ) : 29 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Russo , V. , ed. 1987 . The celluloid closet , New York, NY : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , C. C. and Boxer , A. M. 1998 . Coming out in primetime: The mental health impact of Ellen's “debut.” . Cultural Diversity and Mental Health , 4 ( 2 ) : 135 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Schiappa , E. , Gregg , P. B. and Hewes , D. E. 2005 . The parasocial contact hypothesis . Communication Monographs , 72 : 92 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinfield , A. 1994 . Cultural politics: Queer reading , Philadelphia, PA : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tracy , K. 1999 . The real story of Ellen , Toronto, ON : Birch Lane Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tversky , A. and Kahneman , D. 1973 . Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability . Cognitive Psychology , 5 : 207 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weeks , J. , Heaphy , B. and Donovan , C. , eds. 2001 . Same sex intimacies, Families of choice and other life experiments , London, , UK : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Weston , K. 1991 . Families we choose: Lesbians, gays, kinship , New York, NY : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wills , T. A. , ed. 1990 . “ Social support in social and clinical psychology [Special Issue] ” . In Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9
   Google Scholar
• Wohlford , K. E. , Lochman , J. E. and Barry , T. D. 2004 . The relation between chosen role models and the self-esteem of men and women . Sex Roles , 50 : 575 – 582 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar