Suicidal and Help-Seeking Behaviors Among Youth in an Online Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Questioning Social Network

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Pub.
   Google Scholar
• Bearman, P. S., & Moody, J. (2004). Suicide and friendships among American adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 89–95. doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.1.89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent, D. A., & Mann, J. J. (2005). Family genetic studies, suicide, and suicidal behavior. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C, 133, 13–24. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cash, S. J., & Bridge, J. A. (2009). Epidemiology of youth suicide and suicidal behavior. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 21, 613. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32833063e1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cigularov, K., Chen, P. Y., Thurber, B. W., & Stallones, L. (2008). What prevents adolescents from seeking help after a suicide education program? Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 38, 74–86. doi:10.1521/suli.2008.38.1.74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements-Nolle, K., Marx, R., & Katz, M. (2006). Attempted suicide among transgender persons: The influence of gender-based discrimination and victimization. Journal of Homosexuality, 51, 53–69. doi:10.1300/J082v51n03_04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daine, K., Hawton, K., Singaravelu, V., Stewart, A., Simkin, S., & Montgomery, P. (2013). The power of the web: A systematic review of studies of the influence of the internet on self-harm and suicide in young people. PLoS One, 8(10), e77555. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewey, C. (2015). Inside Tumblr’s teen suicide epidemic. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2015/02/24/inside-tumblrs-teen-suicide-epidemic/?utm_term=.b2173da234d1
   Google Scholar
• Doty, N. D., Willoughby, B. L., Lindahl, K. M., & Malik, N. M. (2010). Sexuality related social support among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1134–1147. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9566-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dweyer, K. (2015). Transgender woman posts powerful suicide note to social media before taking her own life. Retrieved from http://www.teenvogue.com/story/transgender-woman-suicide-note-ashley-hallstrom
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, D., Gollust, S. E., Golberstein, E., & Hefner, J. L. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 534–542. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, M. E., & Resnick, M. D. (2006). Suicidality among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth: The role of protective factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 662–668. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.04.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhai, J. D., Schweinle, W., & Anderson, S. M. (2008). Reliability and validity of the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale–Short Form. Psychiatry Research, 159, 320–329. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.04.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, N. B., Baldwin, L. M., & Bishop, D. S. (1983). The McMaster family assessment device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9, 171–180. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, E., Hawton, K., & Rodham, K. (2004). Factors associated with suicidal phenomena in adolescents: a systematic review of population-based studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(8), 957–979. doi:10.1521/suli.2005.35.3.239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigelman, W., & Gorman, B. S. (2008). Assessing the effects of peer suicide on youth suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 38, 181–194. doi:10.1521/suli.2008.38.2.181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, E. H., & Farina, A. (1995). Attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help: A shortened form and considerations for research. Journal of College Student Development, 36(4), 368–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grov, C., Bimbi, D. S., Nanín, J. E., & Parsons, J. T. (2006). Race, ethnicity, gender, and generational factors associated with the coming-out process among gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Sex Research, 43, 115–121. doi:10.1080/00224490609552306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas, A. P., Eliason, M., Mays, V. M., Mathy, R. M., Cochran, S. D., D’Augelli, A. R., … Russell, S. T. (2010). Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: Review and recommendations. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(1), 10–51. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.534038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckathorn, D. D. (2002). Respondent-driven sampling II: Deriving valid population estimates from chain-referral samples of hidden populations. Social Problems, 49(1), 11–34.
   Google Scholar
• Hillier, L., & Harrison, L. (2007). Building realities less limited than their own: Young people practising same-sex attraction on the internet. Sexualities, 10(1), 82–100.
   Google Scholar
• Kertzner, R. M., Meyer, I. H., Frost, D. M., & Stirratt, M. J. (2009). Social and psychological well–being in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals: The effects of race, gender, age, and sexual identity. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79(4), 500–510.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Borges, G., Nock, M., & Wang, P. S. (2005). Trends in suicide ideation, plans, gestures, and attempts in the United States, 1990–1992 to 2001–2003. JAMA, 293, 2487–2495. doi:10.1001/jama.293.20.2487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenhart, A., Maddenn, M., & Hitlin, P. (2005). Teens and technology: Youth are leading the transition to a fully wired and mobile nation. Washington, DC: Pew Internet and American Life Project.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, R. T., & Mustanski, B. (2012). Suicidal ideation and self-harm in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42, 221–228. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lytle, M. C., DeLuca, S., & Blosnich, J. (2014). The influence of intersecting identities on self-harm, suicidal behaviors, and depression among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Suicide and Life Threating Behavior, 44, 384–391. doi:10.1111/sltb.12083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maczewski, M. (2002, April). Exploring identities through the Internet: Youth experiences online. Child and Youth Care Forum, 31, 111–129.
   Google Scholar
• McConnell, E. A., Birkett, M. A., & Mustanski, B. (2016). Typologies of social support and associations with mental health outcomes among LGBT youth. LGBT Health, 2, 55–61. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2014.0051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott, E. (2014). Asking for help online: Lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans youth, self-harm and articulating the “failed” self. Health, 19, 561–577. doi:10.1177/1363459314557967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott, E., & Roen, K. (2012). Youth on the virtual edge: Researching marginalized sexualities and genders online. Qualitative Health Research, 22, 560–570. doi:10.1177/1049732311425052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muehlenkamp, J., Brausch, A., Quigley, K., & Whitlock, J. (2013). Interpersonal features and functions of nonsuicidal self-injury. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 43, 67–80. doi:10.1111/sltb.2013.43.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisner, S. L., Biello, K., Rosenberger, J. G., Austin, S. B., Haneuse, S., Perez-Brumer, A., … Mimiaga, M. J. (2014). Using a two-step method to measure transgender identity in Latin America/the Caribbean, Portugal, and Spain. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 1503. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0314-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renn, K. A. (2010). LGBT and queer research in higher education: The state and status of the field. Educational Researcher, 39, 132–141. doi:10.3102/0013189X10362579
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, S. T., & Joyner, K. (2001). Adolescent sexual orientation and suicide risk: Evidence from a national study. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1276–1281. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.8.1276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, C., Huebner, D., Diaz, R. M., & Sanchez, J. (2009). Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in White and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. Pediatrics, 123, 346–352. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, C., Russell, S. T., Huebner, D., Diaz, R., & Sanchez, J. (2010). Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23, 205–213. doi:10.1111/jcap.2010.23.issue-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saewyc, E. M., Bauer, G. R., Skay, C. L., Bearinger, L. H., Resnick, M. D., Reis, E., & Murphy, A. (2004). Measuring sexual orientation in adolescent health surveys: Evaluation of eight school-based surveys. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35, 345–e1. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.06.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Savin-Williams, R. C. (2014). An exploratory study of the categorical versus spectrum nature of sexual orientation. Journal of Sex Research, 51, 446–453. doi:10.1080/00224499.2013.871691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silenzio, V. M., Pena, J. B., Duberstein, P. R., Cerel, J., & Knox, K. L. (2007). Sexual orientation and risk factors for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among adolescents and young adults. American Journal of Public Health, 97(11), 2017–2019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wejnert, C., & Heckathorn, D. D. (2008). Web-based network sampling efficiency and efficacy of respondent-driven sampling for online research. Sociological Methods & Research, 37, 105–134. doi:10.1177/0049124108318333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitlock, J., Eckenrode, J., & Silverman, D. (2006). Self-injurious behaviors in a college population. Pediatrics, 117, 1939–1948. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitlock, J., & Knox, K. L. (2007). The relationship between self-injurious behavior and suicide in a young adult population. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161, 634. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.7.634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (1993). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research (vol. 2). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Wyman, P. A., Brown, C. H., Inman, J., Cross, W., Schmeelk-Cone, K., Guo, J., & Pena, J. B. (2008). Randomized trial of a gatekeeper program for suicide prevention: 1-year impact on secondary school staff. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 104. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyman, P. A., Brown, C. H., LoMurray, M., Schmeelk-Cone, K., Petrova, M., Yu, Q., & Wang, W. (2010). An outcome evaluation of the Sources of Strength suicide prevention program delivered by adolescent peer leaders in high schools. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 1653–1661. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.190025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30–41. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar