References
- Baams, L., Grossman, A. H., & Russell, S. T. (2015). Minority stress and mechanisms of risk for depression and suicidal ideation among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Developmental Psychology, 51(5), 688–696. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038994
- Baiden, P., den Dunnen, W., & Fallon, B. (2017). Examining the independent effect of social support on unmet mental healthcare needs among Canadians: Findings from a population-based study. Social Indicators Research, 130(3), 1229–1246. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1224-y
- Balsam, K. F., Beadnell, B., & Molina, Y. (2013). The daily heterosexist experiences questionnaire: Measuring minority stress among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adults. Measurement and Evaluation in Counselling and Development, 46, 3–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175612449743
- Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
- Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., & McCabe, S. E. (2010). Dimensions of sexual orientation and the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 100(3), 468–475. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.152942
- Bränström, R. (2017). Minority stress factors as mediators of sexual orientation disparities in mental health treatment: A longitudinal population-based study. Journal of Epidemiological Community Health, 71(5), 446–452. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2016-207943
- Brennan, D. J., Ross, L. E., Dobinson, C., Veldhuizen, S., & Steele, L. S. (2010). Men’s sexual orientation and health in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 101(3), 255–258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03404385
- Caron, J. (1996). The scale of social provisions: Their validation in Quebec. Sante Mentale Au Quebec, 21(2), 158–180. doi:https://doi.org/10.7202/032403ar
- Caron, J., & Liu, A. (2011). Factors associated with psychological distress in the Canadian population: A comparison of low-income and non low-income sub-groups. Community Mental Health Journal, 47, 318–330. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-010-9306-4
- Chakraborty, A., McManus, S., Brugha, T. S., Bebbington, P., & King, M. (2011). Mental health of the non-heterosexual population of England. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 198(2), 143–148. doi:https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.082271
- Cheung, F., & Lucas, R. E. (2014). Assessing the validity of single-item life satisfaction measures: Results from three large samples. Quality of Life Research, 23(10), 2809–2818. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-014-0726-4
- Clair, J. A., Beatty, J., & MacLean, T. (2005). Out of sight but not out of mind: Managing invisible social identities in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 78–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2005.15281431
- Cochran, S. D., Sullivan, J. G., & Mays, V. M. (2003). Prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress, and mental health services use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(1), 53–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.1.53
- Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310–357. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
- Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1987). The provisions of social relationships and adaptation to stress. In W. H. Jones & D. Perlman Eds., Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 1, pp. 37–67). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
- Dean, L., Meyer, I. H., Robinson, K., Sell, R. L., Sember, R., Silenzio, V. M. B., … Xavier, J. (2000). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health: Findings and concerns. Journal of the Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 4, 102–151.
- Dooley, B., Fitzgerald, A., & Giollabhui, N. M. (2015). The risk and protective factors associated with depression and anxiety in a national sample of Irish adolescents. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 32(1), 93–105. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2014.83
- Durden, E. D., Hill, T. D., & Angel, R. J. (2007). Social demands, social supports, and psychological distress among low-income women. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(3), 343–361. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/026540757077226
- Edwards, K. J., Hershberger, P. J., Russell, R. K., & Markert, R. J. (2010). Stress, negative social exchange, and health symptoms in university students. Journal of American College Health, 50(2), 75–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480109596010
- Everett, B. G., & Onge, J. S. (2016). Effects of minority status and perceived discrimination on mental health. Population Research and Policy Review, 35(4), 445–469. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-016-9391-3
- Ferlatte, O., Dulai, J., Hottes, T. S., Trussler, T., & Marchand, R. (2015). Suicide related ideation and behaviour among Canadian gay and bisexual men: A syndemic analysis. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1961-5
- Findlay, L. (2017). Depression and suicidal ideation among Canadians aged 15 to 24. Statistics Canada Health Reports, 28, 3–11.
- Fowler, K., Wareham-Fowler, S., & Barnes, C. (2013). Social context and depression severity and duration in Canadian men and women: Exploring the influence of social support and sense of community belongingness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 85–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12050
- Fyrand, L. (2010). Reciprocity: A predictor of mental health and continuity in elderly people’s relationships? A review. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, (2010, 1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/340161
- Ghazwin, M. Y., Kavian, M., Ahmadloo, M., Jarchi, A., Javadi, S. G., Latifi, S., … Ghajarzadeh, M. (2016). The association between life satisfaction and the extent of depression, anxiety, and stress among Iranian nurses: A multicenter study. The Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 11, 120–127.
- Gonzales, G., & Henning-Smith, C. (2017). Health disparities by sexual orientation: Results and implications from the behavioural risk factor surveillance system. Journal of Community Health, 42, 1163–1172. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-017-0366-z
- Gottlieb, B. H., & Bergen, A. E. (2010). Social support concepts and measures. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69(5), 511–520. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.10.001
- Hafeez, H., Zeshan, M., Tahir, M., Jahan, N., & Naveed, S. (2017). Health care disparities among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: A literature review. Cureus, 9, 1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1184
- Health Canada: A report on mental illnesses in Canada. (2002). Ottawa. ISBN H39-643/2002E.
- Herek, G. M., & Garnets, L. D. (2007). Sexual orientation and mental health. The Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3(1), 353–375. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091510
- Hicks, R., & Tingley, D. (2012). Causal mediation analysis. The Stata Journal, 11(4), 605–619. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1201100407
- Hsieh, N. (2014). Explaining the mental health disparity by sexual orientation: The importance of social resources. Society and Mental Health, 4(2), 129–146. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869314524959
- Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Rodgers, B., Jacomb, P. A., & Christensen, H. (2002). Sexual orientation and mental health: Results from a community survey of young and middle-aged adults. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180(5), 423–427. doi:https://doi.org/10.1192/bip.180.5.423
- Kleiman, E. M., Riskind, J. H., Schaefer, K. E., & Weingarden, H. (2012). The moderating role of social support on the relationship between impulsivity and suicide risk. Crisis, 33(5), 273–279. doi:https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000136
- Knoll, A. D., & MacLennan, R. N. (2017). Prevalence and correlates of depression in Canada: Findings from the Canadian community health survey. Canadian Psychology, 58(2), 116–123. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400606
- Krause, N. (1995). Negative interaction and satisfaction with social support among older adults. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 50, 59–73.
- Krause, N. (2005). Negative interaction and heart disease in late life: Exploring variations by socioeconomic status. Journal of Aging and Health, 17(1), 28–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264304272782
- Krause, N. (2007). Longitudinal study of social support and meaning in life. Psychology and Aging, 22(3), 456–469. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.3.456
- Lincoln, K. D. (2000). Social support, negative social interactions, and psychological well-being. Social Service Review, 74(2), 231–252. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/514478
- Logie, C. H., Lacombe-Duncan, A., Poteat, T., & Wagner, A. C. (2017). Syndemic factors mediate the relationship between sexual stigma and depression among sexual minority women and gender minorities. Women’s Health Issues, 27(5), 592–599. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2017.05.003
- Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2012). Estimating the reliability of single-item life satisfaction measures: Results from four national panel studies. Social Indicators Research, 105(3), 323–331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9783-z
- Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 27(1), 38–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2137286
- Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
- Mickelson, K. D. (2001). Perceived stigma, social support, and depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(8), 1046–1056. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201278011
- Mizzi, R. C., & Walton, G. (2014). Catchalls and conundrums: Theorizing “sexual minority” in social, cultural, and political contexts. Paideusis, 22, 81–90.
- Nes, R. B., Czajkowski, N. O., Roysamb, E., Orstavik, R. E., Tambs, K., & Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2013). Major depression and life satisfaction: A population-based twin study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 144(1–2), 51–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.060
- Newsom, J. T., Rook, K. S., Nishishiba, M., Sorkin, D. H., & Mahan, T. L. (2005). Understanding the relative importance of positive and negative social exchanges: Examining specific domains and appraisals. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60(6), 304–312. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/60.6.P304
- Pakula, B., Carpiano, R. M., Ratner, P., & Shoveller, J. A. (2016). Life stress as a mediator and community belonging as a moderator of mood and anxiety disorders and co-occurring disorders with heavy drinking of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual Canadians. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(8), 1181–1192. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1236-1
- Pakula, B., Shoveller, J., Ratner, P. A., & Carpiano, R. (2016). Prevalence and co-occurrence of heavy drinking and anxiety and mood disorders among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual Canadians. American Journal of Public Health Research, 106(6), 1042–1048. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303083
- Pakula, B., & Shoveller, J. A. (2013). Sexual orientation and self-reported mood disorder diagnosis among Canadian adults. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-209
- Peter, T. (2017). Mind the gap: Predicting the positive mental health of adult sexual minority Canadians. Health Promotion International, 33(4), 665–675. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dax016
- Ploderl, M., & Tremblay, P. (2015). Mental health of sexual minorities: A systematic review. International Review of Psychiatry, 27(5), 367–385. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2015.1083949
- Puckett, J. A., Woodward, E. N., Mereish, E. H., & Pantalone, D. W. (2014). Parental rejection following sexual orientation disclosure: Impact on internalized homophobia, social support, and mental health. LGBT Health, 2, 1–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2013.0024
- Pumariega, A. J., Rothe, E., & Pumariega, J. B. (2005). Mental health of immigrants and refugees. Community Mental Health Journal, 41(5), 581–597. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-005-6363-1
- Puyat, J. H. (2013). Is the influence of social support on mental health the same for immigrants and non-immigrants? Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 15, 598–605. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-012-9658-7
- Rodrigues, C. C., Leite, F., & Queiros, M. (2017). Sexual minorities: The terminology. European Psychiatry, 41(S1), S848. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1680
- Rood, B. A., Reisner, S. L., Surace, F. I., Puckett, J. A., Maroney, M. R., & Pantalone, D. W. (2016). Expecting rejection: Understanding the minority stress experiences of transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals. Transgender Health, 1(1), 151–164. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2016.0012
- Ross, L. E., Bauer, G. R., MacLeod, M. A., Robinson, M., & MacKay, J. (2014). Mental health and substance use among bisexual youth and non-youth in Ontario, Canada. PLOS One, 9(8), 1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101604
- Saunders, S. A., & Roy, C. (1999). The relationship between depression, satisfaction with life, and social interest. South Pacific Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 9–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0257543400000717
- Scott, R. L., Lasiuk, G., & Norris, C. M. (2016). Sexual orientation and depression in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 107(6), 545–549. doi:https://doi.org/10.17269/CJPH.107.5506
- Singer, M. (1994). AIDS and the health crisis of the U.S. urban poor: The perspective of critical medical anthrolpology. Social Science & Medicine, 39(7), 931–948. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90205-4
- Singer, M. (1996). A dose of drugs, a touch of violence, a case of AIDS: Conceptualizing the SAVA Syndemic. Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology, 24, 99–110.
- Singer, M. (2009). Introduction to syndemics: A critical systems approach to public and community health. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Skerrett, D. M., Kolves, K., & De Leo, D. (2016). Factors related to suicide in LGBT populations: A psychological autopsy case-control study in Australia. Crisis, 37(5), 361–369. doi:https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000423
- Smalley, K. B., Warren, J. C., & Barefoot, K. N. (2016). Variations in psychological distress between gender and sexual minority groups. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 20(2), 99–115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2015.1135843
- Spencer, S. M., & Patrick, J. H. (2009). Social support and personal mastery as protective resources during emerging adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 16(4), 191–198. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-009-9064-0
- Srivastava, A. (2016). Relationship between life satisfaction and depression among working and non-working married women. International Journal of Education and Psychological Research, 5, 1–7.
- Statistics Canada. (2011). Canadian community health survey (CCHS)– Mental health [questionnaire]. Statistics Canada. Retrieved from http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=5015
- Statistics Canada. (2013). Canadian community health survey (CCHS)– Mental health [User guide microdata files]. Statistics Canada. Retrieved from http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=5015
- Statistics Canada. (2014). Canadian community health survey (CCHS) – Mental health [Derived variables (DV) specifications]. Retrieved from (http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=5015) Statistics Canada
- Steele, L. S., Ross, L. E., Dobinson, C., Veldhuizen, S., & Tinmouth, J. M. (2009). Women’s sexual orientation and health: Results from a Canadian population-based survey. Women & Health, 49(5), 353–367. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03630240903238685
- Sunderland, A., & Findlay, L. C. (2013). Perceived need for mental health care in Canada: Results from the 2012 Canadian community health survey- Mental health. Health Reports, 24, 3–9.
- Tavares, R. E., Jesus, M. C. P., Cordeiro, S. M., Machado, D. R., Braga, V. A., & Merighi, M. A. B. (2017). Knowledge produced on the health of low-income older women: An integrative review. Revista Brasileira De Enfermagem, 70(4), 875–884. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0024
- Thoits, P. A. (2011). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 52(2), 145–161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510395592
- Tjepkema, M. (2008). Health care use among gay, lesbian and bisexual Canadians. Statistics Canada Health Reports, 19, 53–64.
- Uchino, B. N., Bowen, K., Carlisle, M., & Birmingham, W. (2012). Psychological pathways linking social support to health outcomes: A visit with the “ghosts” of research past, present, and future. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 74(7), 949–957. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.023
- Wareham, S., Fowler, K., & Pike, A. (2007). Determinants of depression severity and duration in Canadian adults: The moderating effects of gender and social support. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(12), 2951–2979. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00289.x
- Williams, T., Connolley, J., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. (2005). Peer victimization, social support and psychosocial adjustment of sexual minority adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(5), 471–482. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-7264-x
- Wu, Z., Noh, S., Kaspar, V., & Schimmele, C. M. (2003). Race, ethnicity and depression in Canadian society. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 44, 426–441. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1519788
- Yanos, P. T., Rosenfield, S., & Horwitz, A. V. (2001). Negative and supportive social interactions and quality of life among persons diagnosed with severe mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 37(5), 405–419. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017528029127
- Yildiz, E. (2018). Suicide in sexual minority populations: A systematic review of evidence-based studies. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(4), 650–659. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2018.03.003