Change and Continuity in Attitudes Toward Homosexuality Across the Lifespan

References

• Achen, C. H. (1992). Social psychology, demographic variables, and linear regression: Breaking the iron triangle in voting research. Political Behavior, 14(3), 195–211. doi:10.1007/BF00991978
   Google Scholar
• Aickin, M. (2009). Dealing with change: Using the conditional change model for clinical research. The Permanente Journal, 13(2), 80–84. doi:10.7812/tpp/08-070
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. New York, NY: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Alwin, D. F. (1994). Aging, personality, and social change: The stability of individual differences over the adult life span. In D. L. Featherman, R. M. Lerner, & M. Perlmutter (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (1 ed., pp. 135–185). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Alwin, D. F., Cohen, R. L., & Newcomb, T. M. (1991). Political attitudes over the life span: The Bennington women after fifty years. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Alwin, D. F., & Krosnick, J. A. (1991). Aging, cohorts, and the stability of sociopolitical orientations over the life span. American Journal of Sociology, 97(1), 169–195. doi:10.1086/229744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, R., & Fetner, T. (2008). Cohort differences in tolerance of homosexuality attitudinal change in Canada and the United States, 1981–2000. Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(2), 311–330. doi:10.1093/poq/nfn017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armenia, A., & Troia, B. (2017). Evolving opinions: Evidence on marriage equality attitudes from panel data. Social Science Quarterly, 98(1), 185–195. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12312
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels, L. M., & Jackman, S. (2014). A generational model of political learning. Electoral Studies, 33, 7–18. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2013.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, A., & Jones, K. (2013). The impossibility of separating age, period and cohort effects. Social Science & Medicine, 93, 163–165. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E., & Stokes, D. E. (1960). The American voter. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Caspi, A., & Roberts, B. W. (2001). Personality development across the life course: The argument for change and continuity. Psychological Inquiry, 12(2), 49–66. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1202_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Converse, P. E. (1974). Nonattitudes and American public opinion: Comment: The status of nonattitudes. The American Political Science Review, 68(2), 650–660. doi:10.1017/S0003055400117435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Converse, P. E. (1976). The dynamics of party support: Cohort-analyzing party identification. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Converse, P. E., & Markus, G. B. (1979). Plus ca change: The new CPS Election Study Panel. American Political Science Review, 73(1), 32–49. doi:10.2307/1954729
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen, J. M., Wright, L. W., Jr, & Alessandri, M. (2002). The personality variable openness to experience as it relates to homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(4), 119–134. doi:10.1300/J082v42n04_08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, R. S. (2019). The evolution of attitudes on same-sex marriage in the United States, 1988–2014. Social Science Quarterly, 100(5), 1651–1663. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danigelis, N. L., Hardy, M., & Cutler, S. J. (2007). Population aging, intracohort aging, and sociopolitical attitudes. American Sociological Review, 72(5), 812–830. doi:10.1177/000312240707200508
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckitt, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2007). Right wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation and the dimensions of generalized prejudice. European Journal of Personality, 21(2), 113–130. doi:10.1002/per.614
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlap, W. P., Chen, R., & Greer, T. (1994). Skew reduces test-retest reliability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(2), 310–313. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.2.310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaves, L. J., & Hatemi, P. K. (2008). Transmission of attitudes toward abortion and gay rights: Effects of genes, social learning and mate selection. Behavior Genetics, 38(3), 247–256. doi:10.1007/s10519-008-9205-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstam, D. (2021). The liberation of American attitudes to homosexuality and the impact of age, period, and cohort effects. Social Forces, Soaa131, 100(2), 905–929. doi:10.1093/sf/soaa131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkel, S. E. (1995). Causal analysis with panel data: Quantitative applications in the social sciences (1 ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Glenn, N. D. (1980). Values, attitudes, and beliefs. In J. Kagan & O. G. Brim (Eds.), Constancy and change in human development (pp. 596–640). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Glenn, N. D. (2005). Cohort analysis: Quantitative applications in the social sciences (2 ed.). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Gonsalkorale, K., Sherman, J. W., & Klauer, K. C. (2009). Aging and prejudice: Diminished regulation of automatic race bias among older adults. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(2), 410–414. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasso, M. T., Farrall, S., Gray, E., Hay, C., & Jennings, W. (2017). Thatcher’s children, Blair’s babies, political socialization and trickle-down value change: An age, period and cohort analysis. British Journal of Political Science, 49(1), 17–36. doi:10.1017/S0007123416000375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatemi, P. K., Funk, C. L., Medland, S. E., Maes, H. M., Silberg, J. L., Martin, N. G., & Eaves, L. J. (2009). Genetic and environmental transmission of political attitudes over a life time. Journal of Politics, 71(3), 1141–1156. doi:10.1017/S0022381609090938
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, P. J., & Sears, D. O. (2009). The crystallization of contemporary racial prejudice across the lifespan. Political Psychology, 30(4), 569–590. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2009.00715.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooghe, M., & Meeusen, C. (2012). Homophobia and the transition to adulthood: A three year panel study among Belgian late adolescents and young adults, 2008–2011. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(9), 1197–1207. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9786-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, cultural change, and democracy: The human development sequence. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Janssen, D. J., & Scheepers, P. (2018). How religiosity shapes rejection of homosexuality across the globe. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(14), 1974–2001. doi:10.1080/00918369.2018.1522809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, M. K. (1990). The crystallization of orientations. In J. W. van Deth & M. K. Jennings (Eds.), Continuities in political action (pp. 313–346). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Jennings, M. K., & Markus, G. B. (1984). Partisan orientations over the long haul: Results from the three-wave Political Socialization Panel Study. The American Political Science Review, 78(4), 1000–1018. doi:10.2307/1955804
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, M. K., & Stoker, L. (2004). Social trust and civic engagement across time and generations. Acta Politica, 39(4), 342–379. doi:10.1057/palgrave.ap.5500077
   Google Scholar
• Keiller, S. W. (2010). Abstract reasoning as a predictor of attitudes toward gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(7), 914–927. doi:10.1080/00918369.2010.493442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keleher, A., & Smith, E. R. (2012). Growing support for gay and lesbian equality since 1990. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(9), 1307–1326. doi:10.1080/00918369.2012.720540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinder, D. R., & Sanders, L. M. (1996). Divided by color: Racial politics and democratic ideals. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klaczynski, P. A., & Robinson, B. (2000). Personal theories, intellectual ability, and epistemological beliefs: Adult age differences in everyday reasoning biases. Psychology and Aging, 15(3), 400–416. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.15.3.400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krendl, A. C., & Kensinger, E. A. (2016). Does older adults’ cognitive function disrupt the malleability of their attitudes toward outgroup members?: An FMRI investigation. PLOS One, 11(4), e0152698. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krosnick, J. A., & Alwin, D. F. (1989). Aging and susceptibility to attitude change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(3), 416–425. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.3.416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krosnick, J. A., & Schuman, H. (1988). Attitude intensity, importance, and certainty and susceptibility to response effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 940–952. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.940
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H. Y., & Mutz, D. C. (2019). Changing attitudes toward same-sex marriage: A three-wave panel study. Political Behavior, 41(3), 701–722. doi:10.1007/s11109-018-9463-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludeke, S. G., & Krueger, R. F. (2013). Authoritarianism as a personality trait: Evidence from a longitudinal behavior genetic study. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(5), 480–484. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.04.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, J. (2017). Family and partisan socialization in red and blue America. Political Psychology, 38(2), 297–312. doi:10.1111/pops.12336
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, W. E., & Shanks, J. M. (1996). The new American voter. Cambridge, CA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nagoshi, J. L., Adams, K. A., Terrell, H. K., Hill, E. D., Brzuzy, S., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2008). Gender differences in correlates of homophobia and transphobia. Sex Roles, 59(7–8), 521–531. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9458-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NORC. (2018). General social survey three-wave panels Retrieved12 February 2021. https://gss.norc.org/get-the-data/stata
   Google Scholar
• Osborne, D., Sears, D. O., & Valentino, N. A. (2011). The end of the solidly Democratic south: The impressionable-years hypothesis. Political Psychology, 32(1), 81–108. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00796.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pampel, F. C. (2016). Cohort changes in the social distribution of tolerant sexual attitudes. Social Forces, 95(2), 753–777. doi:10.1093/sf/sow069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poteat, V. P., Espelage, D. L., & Green, H. D., Jr. (2007). The socialization of dominance: Peer group contextual effects on homophobic and dominance attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1040–1050. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126(1), 3–25. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwadel, P., & Garneau, C. R. H. (2014). An age–period–cohort analysis of political tolerance in the United States. The Sociological Quarterly, 55(2), 421–452. doi:10.1111/tsq.12058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears, D. O. (1975). Political socialization. In F. I. Greenstein & N. W. Polsby (Eds.), Handbook of political science (pp. 93–153). Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Sears, D. O. (1981). Life stage effects on attitude change, especially among the elderly. In S. B. Kiesler, J. N. Morgan, & V. K. Oppenheimer (Eds.), Aging: Social change (pp. 183–204). London, England: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sears, D. O. (1983). The persistence of early political predispositions. In L. Wheeler & P. Shaver (Eds.), Review of personality and social psychology (pp. 79–116). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Sears, D. O. (1993). Symbolic politics: A socio-psychological theory. In S. Iyengar & W. J. McGuire (Eds.), Explorations in political psychology (pp. 113–49). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sears, D. O., & Funk, C. L. (1999). Evidence of the long-term persistence of adults’ political predispositions. The Journal of Politics, 61(1), 1–28. doi:10.2307/2647773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears, D. O., & Levy, S. (2003). Childhood and adult political development. In D. O. Sears, L. Huddy, & R. Jervis (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political psychology (1 ed., pp. 60–109). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sears, D. O., & Valentino, N. A. (1997). Politics matters: Political events as catalysts for preadult socialization. American Political Science Review, 91(1), 45–65. doi:10.2307/2952258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherkat, D. E., Powell-Williams, M., Maddox, G., & De Vries, K. M. (2011). Religion, politics, and support for same-sex marriage in the United States, 1988–2008. Social Science Research, 40(1), 167–180. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.08.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, J. F. N. (2016). Same-sex marriage attitudes during the transition to early adulthood: A panel study of young Australians, 2008 to 2013. Journal of Family Issues, 37(15), 2163–2188. doi:10.1177/0192513X14560644
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, W. S., & Schapiro, B. (2017). General social surveys 2006–2014 panel codebook. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, NORC.
   Google Scholar
• Stoker, L., & Jennings, M. K. (2008). Of time and the development of partisan polarization. American Journal of Political Science, 52(3), 619–635. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00333.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twenge, J. M., Sherman, R. A., & Wells, B. E. (2016). Changes in American adults’ reported same-sex sexual experiences and attitudes, 1973–2014. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(7), 1713–1730. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0769-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, T. R., & Schuller, R. A. (1991). Aging and attitude change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(5), 689–697. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.5.689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verweij, K. J. H., Shekar, S. N., Zietsch, B. P., Eaves, L. J., Bailey, J. M., Boomsma, D. I., & Martin, N. G. (2008). Genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in attitudes toward homosexuality: An Australian twin study. Behavior Genetics, 38(3), 257–265. doi:10.1007/s10519-008-9200-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser, P. S., & Krosnick, J. A. (1998). Development of attitude strength over the life cycle: Surge and decline. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(6), 1389–1410. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westholm, A., & Niemi, R. G. (1992). Political institutions and political socialization: A cross-national study. Comparative Politics, 25(1), 25–41. doi:10.2307/422095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar