1,419
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Body Image Among Sexual and Gender Minorities: An Intersectional Analysis

, BAORCID Icon & , PhDORCID Icon

References

  • Alvy, L. M. (2013). Do lesbian women have a better body image? Comparisons with heterosexual women and model of lesbian-specific factors. Body Image, 10(4), 524–534. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.06.002
  • Amodeo, A. L., Esposito, C., Antuoni, S., Saracco, G., & Bacchini, D. (2022). Muscle dysmorphia: What about transgender people? Culture, Health & Sexuality, 24(1), 63–78. doi:10.1080/13691058.2020.1814968
  • Anderson, A. D., Irwin, J. A., Brown, A. M., & Grala, C. L. (2020). “Your picture looks the same as my picture”: An examination of passing in transgender communities. Gender Issues, 37(1), 44–60. doi:10.1007/s12147-019-09239-x
  • Badenes-Ribera, L., Fabris, M. A., & Longobardi, C. (2018). The relationship between internalized homonegativity and body image concerns in sexual minority men: A meta-analysis. Psychology & Sexuality, 9(3), 251–268. doi:10.1080/19419899.2018.1476905
  • Baril, A., & Trevenen, K. (2014). Exploring ableism and cisnormativity in the conceptualization of identity and sexuality “disorders. Annual Review of Critical Psychology, 11, 389–416.
  • Bauer, G. R., Hammond, R., Travers, R., Kaay, M., Hohenadel, K. M., & Boyce, M. (2009). “I don’t think this is theoretical; This is our lives”: How erasure Impacts health care for transgender people. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 20(5), 348–361. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2009.07.004
  • Becker, I., Nieder, T. O., Cerwenka, S., Briken, P., Kreukels, B. P. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., … Richter-Appelt, H. (2016). Body image in young gender dysphoric adults: A European multi-center study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(3), 559–574. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0527-z
  • Beischel, W. J., Schudson, Z. C., Hoskin, R. A., & van Anders, S. M. (2022). The gender/sex 3×3: Measuring and categorizing gender/sex beyond binaries. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1–18. doi:10.1037/sgd0000558
  • Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(2), 155–162. doi:10.1037/h0036215
  • Bergeron, S. M., & Senn, C. Y. (1998). Body image and sociocultural norms: A comparison of heterosexual and lesbian women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22(3), 385–401. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00164.x
  • Blashill, A. J. (2011). Gender roles, eating pathology, and body dissatisfaction in men: A meta-analysis. Body Image, 8(1), 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.09.002
  • Bowleg, L. (2008). When Black + lesbian + woman ≠ Black lesbian woman: The methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research. Sex Roles, 59(5–6), 312–325. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9400-z
  • Brewster, M. E., Velez, B. L., Breslow, A. S., & Geiger, E. F. (2019). Unpacking body image concerns and disordered eating for transgender women: The roles of sexual objectification and minority stress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(2), 131–142. doi:10.1037/cou0000333
  • Broverman, I. K., Vogel, S. R., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E., & Rosenkrantz, P. S. (1972). Sex-role stereotypes: A current appraisal. Journal of Social Issues, 28(2), 59–78. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00018.x
  • Burnette, C. B., Kwitowski, M. A., Trujillo, M. A., & Perrin, P. B. (2019). Body appreciation in lesbian, bisexual, and queer women: Examining a model of social support, resilience, and self-esteem. Health Equity, 3(1), 238–245. doi:10.1089/heq.2019.0003
  • Carlson, M., & Kiemele, R. (2016). In the looking glass: An examination of body image and identity development through research and poetry. The Vermont Connection, 37(5). https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/tvc/vol37/iss1/5
  • Cole, E. (2009). Intersectionality and research in psychology. The American Psychologist, 64(3), 170–180. doi:10.1037/a0014564
  • Cole, E. R. (2020). Demarginalizing women of color in intersectionality scholarship in psychology: A Black feminist critique. Journal of Social Issues, 76(4), 1036–1044. doi:10.1111/josi.12413
  • Collins, P. H. (1990). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (1st ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203900055
  • Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 140, 139–167. http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8
  • Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. doi:10.2307/1229039
  • Cusack, C. E., & Galupo, M. P. (2021). Body checking behaviors and eating disorder pathology among nonbinary individuals with androgynous appearance ideals. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 26(6), 1915–1925. doi:10.1007/s40519-020-01040-0
  • Cusack, C. E., Morris, E. R., & Galupo, M. P. (2020). ‘A blank slate body:’ Cis individuals’ descriptions of their androgynous body ideals. Psychology & Sexuality, 1–17. doi:10.1080/19419899.2020.1837920
  • Diemer, E. W., Grant, J. D., Munn-Chernoff, M. A., Patterson, D. A., & Duncan, A. E. (2015). Gender identity, sexual orientation, and eating-related pathology in a national sample of college students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(2), 144–149. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.03.003
  • Else-Quest, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2016a). Intersectionality in quantitative psychological research: I. Theoretical and epistemological issues. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(2), 155–170. doi:10.1177/0361684316629797
  • Else-Quest, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2016b). Intersectionality in quantitative psychological research: II. Methods and techniques. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(3), 319–336. doi:10.1177/0361684316647953
  • Ewan, L. A., Middleman, A. B., & Feldmann, J. (2014). Treatment of anorexia nervosa in the context of transsexuality: A case report. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(1), 112–115. doi:10.1002/eat.22209
  • Feingold, A., & Mazzella, R. (1998). Gender differences in body image are increasing. Psychological Science, 9(3), 190–195. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00036
  • Fiani, C. N., & Han, H. J. (2018). Navigating identity: Experiences of binary and non-binary transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) adults. The International Journal of Transgenderism, 20(2–3), 181–194. doi:10.1080/15532739.2018.1426074
  • Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173–206. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
  • Galupo, M. P., Cusack, C. E., & Morris, E. R. (2021). “Having a non-normative body for me is about survival”: Androgynous body ideal among trans and nonbinary individuals. Body Image, 39, 68–76. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.06.003
  • Gordon, A. R., Austin, S. B., Krieger, N., White Hughto, J. M., & Reisner, S. L. (2016). “I have to constantly prove to myself, to people, that I fit the bill”: Perspectives on weight and shape control behaviors among low-income, ethnically diverse young transgender women. Social Science & Medicine, 165, 141–149. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.07.038
  • Grzanka, P. R. (2020). From buzzword to critical psychology: An invitation to take intersectionality seriously. Women & Therapy, 43(3–4), 244–261. doi:10.1080/02703149.2020.1729473
  • Guan, M., Lee, F., & Cole, E. R. (2012). Complexity of culture: The role of identity and context in bicultural individuals’ body ideals. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(3), 247–257. doi:10.1037/a0028730
  • Hawkins, R. C., Turell, S., & Jackson, L. J. (1983). Desirable and undesirable masculine and feminine traits in relation to students’ dieting tendencies and body image dissatisfaction. Sex Roles, 9(6), 705–718. doi:10.1007/BF00289799
  • He, J., Sun, S., Lin, Z., & Fan, X. (2020). Body dissatisfaction and sexual orientations: A quantitative synthesis of 30 years research findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 81, 101896. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101896
  • Henrichs-Beck, C., & Szymanski, D. (2017). Gender expression, body–gender identity incongruence, thin ideal internalization, and lesbian body dissatisfaction. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4. doi:10.1037/sgd0000214
  • Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan, J. C. (2009). Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: Insights from a social psychological perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 32–43. doi:10.1037/a0014672
  • Hospers, H. J., & Jansen, A. (2005). Why homosexuality is a risk factor for eating disorders in males. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(8), 1188–1201. doi:10.1521/jscp.2005.24.8.1188
  • Hyde, J. S., Bigler, R. S., Joel, D., Tate, C. C., & van Anders, S. M. (2018). The future of sex and gender in psychology: Five challenges to the gender binary. American Psychologist, 74(2), 171. doi:10.1037/amp0000307
  • Jones, B. A., Bouman, P. W., Haycraft, E., & Arcelus, J. (2019). Gender congruence and body satisfaction in nonbinary transgender people: A case control study. International Journal of Transgenderism, 20(2–3), 263–274. doi:10.1080/15532739.2018.1538840
  • Koff, E., Lucas, M., Migliorini, R., & Grossmith, S. (2010). Women and body dissatisfaction: Does sexual orientation make a difference? Body Image, 7(3), 255–258. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.03.001
  • Lakkis, J., Ricciardelli, L. A., & Williams, R. J. (1999). Role of sexual orientation and gender-related traits in disordered eating. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 41(1/2), 1–16. doi:10.1023/A:1018829506907
  • Lamke, L. K. (1982). The impact of sex-role orientation on self-esteem in early adolescence. Child Development, 53(6), 1530–1535. doi:10.2307/1130080
  • Massey, C. J., Keener, E., & McGraw, J. S. (2020). The role of masculinity and femininity in body objectification: Comparison of heterosexual and gay communities. Gender Issues. doi:10.1007/s12147-020-09263-2
  • McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2003). Sociocultural influences on body image and body changes among adolescent boys and girls. The Journal of Social Psychology, 143(1), 5–26. doi:10.1080/00224540309598428
  • McCreary, D. R., & Sasse, D. K. (2000). An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls. Journal of American College Health, 48(6), 297–304. doi:10.1080/07448480009596271
  • McCreary, D. R., Sasse, D. K., Saucier, D. M., & Dorsch, K. D. (2004). Measuring the drive for muscularity: Factorial validity of the drive for muscularity scale in men and women. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5(1), 49–58. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.5.1.49
  • McCreary, D. R., Saucier, D. M., & Courtenay, W. H. (2005). The drive for muscularity and masculinity: Testing the associations among gender-role traits, behaviors, attitudes, and conflict. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 6(2), 83–94. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.6.2.83
  • McGuire, J. K., Doty, J. L., Catalpa, J. M., & Ola, C. (2016). Body image in transgender young people: Findings from a qualitative, community based study. Body Image, 18, 96–107. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.06.004
  • McKinley, N. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1996). The objectified body consciousness scale: Development and validation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20(2), 181–215. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00467.x
  • Mofradidoost, R., & Abolghasemi, A. (2020). Body image concern and gender identities between transgender and cisgender persons from Iran. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 46(3), 260–268. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2019.1683665
  • Moradi, B., & Grzanka, P. R. (2017). Using intersectionality responsibly: Toward critical epistemology, structural analysis, and social justice activism. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(5), 500–513. doi:10.1037/cou0000203
  • Morrison, M. A., Morrison, T. G., & Sager, C. L. (2004). Does body satisfaction differ between gay men and lesbian women and heterosexual men and women? A meta-analytic review. Body Image, 1(2), 127–138. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.01.002
  • Murray, S. B., & Touyz, S. W. (2012). Masculinity, femininity and male body image: A recipe for future research. International Journal of Men’s Health, 11(3), 227–239. doi:10.3149/jmh.1103.227
  • Oswald, D. L., Franzoi, S. L., & Frost, K. A. (2012). Experiencing sexism and young women’s body esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31(10), 1112–1137. doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.10.1112
  • Owen-Smith, A. A., Gerth, J., Sineath, R. C., Barzilay, J., Becerra-Culqui, T. A., Getahun, D., … Goodman, M. (2018). Association between gender confirmation treatments and perceived gender congruence, body image satisfaction, and mental health in a cohort of transgender individuals. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 15(4), 591–600. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.01.017
  • Owen, R., & Spencer, R. M. C. (2013). Body ideals in women after viewing images of typical and healthy weight models. Body Image, 10(4), 489–494. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.04.005
  • Peplau, L. A., Frederick, D. A., Yee, C., Maisel, N., Lever, J., & Ghavami, N. (2009). Body image satisfaction in heterosexual, gay, and lesbian adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(5), 713–725. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9378-1
  • Pyne, J. (2011). Unsuitable bodies: Trans people and cisnormativity in shelter services. Canadian Social Work Review/Revue Canadienne de Service Social, 28(1), 129–137. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41658838
  • Quathamer, N. (Nat), & Joy, P. (2021). Being in a queer time: Exploring the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on LGBTQ+ body image. Nutrition & Dietetics, 79(3). doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12699
  • Romito, M., Salk, R. H., Roberts, S. R., Thoma, B. C., Levine, M. D., & Choukas-Bradley, S. (2021). Exploring transgender adolescents’ body image concerns and disordered eating: Semi-structured interviews with nine gender minority youth. Body Image, 37, 50–62. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.01.008
  • Schroeder, K. M., & Liben, L. S. (2020). Felt pressure to conform to cultural gender roles: Correlates and consequences. Sex Roles. doi:10.1007/s11199-020-01155-9
  • Smith, M. L., Telford, E., & Tree, J. J. (2019). Body image and sexual orientation: The experiences of lesbian and bisexual women. Journal of Health Psychology, 24(9), 1178–1190. doi:10.1177/1359105317694486
  • Smolak, L. (2006). Body image. In J. Worell & C. D. Goodheart (Eds.), Handbook of girls’ and women’s psychological health: Gender and well-being across the lifespan (pp. 69–76). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Smolak, L., & Murnen, S. K. (2008). Drive for leanness: Assessment and relationship to gender, gender role and objectification. Body Image, 5(3), 251–260. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.03.004
  • Soulliard, Z. A., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2019). Validation of the Body Appreciation Scale-2 and relationships to eating behaviors and health among sexual minorities. Body Image, 31, 120–130. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.09.003
  • Steele, S. M., Belvy, L., Veldhuis, C. B., Martin, K., Nisi, R., & Hughes, T. L. (2019). Femininity, masculinity, and body image in a community-based sample of lesbian and bisexual women. Women & Health, 59(8), 829–844. doi:10.1080/03630242.2019.1567645
  • Stewart, A. J., & McDermott, C. (2004). Gender in psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 55(1), 519–544. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141537
  • Strübel, J., Sabik, N. J., & Tylka, T. L. (2020). Body image and depressive symptoms among transgender and cisgender adults: Examining a model integrating the tripartite influence model and objectification theory. Body Image, 35, 53–62. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.08.004
  • Swami, V., & Tovée, M. J. (2006). The influence of body mass index on the physical attractiveness preferences of feminist and nonfeminist heterosexual women and lesbians. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(3), 252–257. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00293.x
  • Szymanski, D. M., Kashubeck-West, S., & Meyer, J. (2008). Internalized heterosexism: Measurement. Psychological Correlates, and Research Directions. The Counseling Psychologist, 36(4), 525–574. doi:10.1177/0011000007309489
  • Tiggemann, M. (2004). Body image across the adult life span: Stability and change. Body Image, 1(1), 29–41. doi:10.1016/S1740-1445(03)00002-0
  • Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). The Body Appreciation Scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 12, 53–67. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.006
  • Vocks, S., Stahn, C., Loenser, K., & Legenbauer, T. (2009). Eating and body image disturbances in male-to-female and female-to-male transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(3), 364–377. doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9424-z
  • Watson, L. B. (2019). Gender identity and expression in LGBTQ+ communities: Implications for the practice of psychology. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 43(3), 298–302. doi:10.1177/0361684319846498

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.