Ambiguous genitalia, gender-identity problems, and sex reassignment

References

• Oesch , IL , Pinter , A and Ransley , PG . 1987 . Penile agenesis: A report of six cases . J Ped Surg , 22 : 172 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisa , L , Hanak , J , Cerny , M , Faflova , H , Kafka , V and Braza , J . 1973 . Agenesis of the penis . J Ped Surg , 8 : 327 – 328 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor , TA , LaCour , ML , Friedlander , ER and Thomas , R . 1983 . Penile agenesis associated with urethral and bilateral renal agenesis . Urol , 41 : 564 – 565 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupprecht , T , Deeg , KH , Böhles , HJ and Stehr , K . 1989 . Penisagenesie . Klin Pädiat, [Penile agenesis] , 201 : 409 – 411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gautier , T , Salient , J , Pena , S , Imperato‐McCinley , J and Peterson , RE . 1981 . Testicular function in 2 cases of penile agenesis . J Urol , : 556 – 557 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolar , Cjh , Wiener , Es , Hensle , Tw , Silen , Ml , Sukarochana , K , Sieber , Wk , Goldstein , Hr and Pettit , J . 1987 . Reconstruction of penile agenesis by a posterior sagittal approach . J Ped Surg , 22 : 1076 – 1080 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , WO and McLaughlin , AP . 1973 . Agenesis of penis, embryology and management . Urol , 1 : 226 – 229 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pohlandt , F , Kühn , H , Teller , W and Thomä , H . 1974 . Penisagenesie. Weibliche Geschlechtszuweisung unter psychotherapeutischer Betreuung der Eltern. [Penile agenesis: Female sex assignment under psychotherapeutic guidance of the parents] . Deutsche Med Wochenschr , 99 : 2166 – 2172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skoog , SJ and Belman , AB . 1989 . Aphallia: Its classification and management . J Urol , 141 : 589 – 592 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan , VC , McKay , RJ and Behrmann , RE . 1979 . “ Anomalies of the male external genitalia ” . In Nelson textbook of pediatrics , Edited by: Vaughan , VC , McKay , RJ and Behrmann , RE . 1569 – 1571 . Philadelphia : Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Dittmann , RW . 1989 . Pränatal wirksame Hormone und Verhaltensmrkmale von Patientinnen mit den beiden klassischen Varianten des 21‐Hydroxylase‐Defektes , Frankfurt : Peter Lang . [Preantal hormones and behavior of female patients with the two classical variants of 21‐hydroxylase deficiency]
   Google Scholar
• Josso , N . 1981 . The intersex child , Basel, , Switzerland : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , SA . 1990 . Clinical pediatric endocrinology , Philadelphia : Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• Sinnecker , Ghg . 1993 . “ Störungen der Keimdrüsen und der sexuellen Entwicklung. [Disorders of the gonads and the sexual development] ” . In Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Stuttgart, Germany, Ferdinand Enke Edited by: Kruse , K . 132 – 187 .
   Google Scholar
• DeVries , Gj , DeBruin , C , Wings , Hbm and Corner , Ma . 1984 . Sex differences in the brain , Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Naftolin , F and Butz , E . 1981 . Sexual dimorphism . Science , 211 : 1261 – 1324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dittmann , RW , Kappes , MH , Kappes , ME , Börger , D , Stegner , H , Willig , RH and Wallis , H . 1990 . Congenital adrenal hyperplasia I: Gender‐related behavior and attitudes in female patients and sisters . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 15 : 401 – 420 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dittmann , Rw , Kappes , Mh , Börger , D , Meyer‐Bahlburg , Hfl , Stegner , H , Willig , Rh and Wallis , H . 1990 . Congenital adrenal hyperplasia II: Gender‐related behavior and attitudes in female salt‐wasting and simple‐virilizing patients . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 15 : 421 – 434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dittmann , RW . 1993 . “ Psychoendokrinologische Aspekte und Ergebnisse bei chromosomalen und hormonalen Störungen ” . In Gefährdung der kindlichen Entwicklung , Edited by: Poustka , F and Lehmkuhl , U . 121 – 135 . München : Quintessenz . [Psychoendocrinological aspects and findings in chromosomal and hormonal disorders]
   Google Scholar
• Dittman , RW , Kappes , MH and Kappes , ME . 1993 . Cognitive functioning in 21‐hydroxylase deficiency . Eur Child Adol Psychiat , 2 : 34 – 43 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dittman , RW , Kappes , ME and Kappes , MH . 1992 . Sexual behavior in adolescent and adult females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia . Psychoneuroendocrinology , 17 : 153 – 170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrhardt , Aa and Meyer‐Bahlburg , Hfl . 1981 . Effects of prenatal sex hormones on gender‐related behavior . Science , 211 : 1312 – 1318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Money , J and Ehrhardt , AA . 1972 . Man and woman. Boy and girl , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wallis , H and Dittmann , RW . 1982 . Intersexualiät, Diagnose und Therapie: Psychologische Aspekte, [Intersexuality, diagnosis and therapy: Psychological aspects] . Monatsschr Kinderheilk , 130 : 445 – 449 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Money , J and Norman , BF . 1987 . Gender identity and gender transposition: Longitudinal outcome study of 24 male hermaphrodites assigned as boys . J Sex Marital Ther , 13 : 75 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Money , J and Lobato , C . 1988 . Matched pair of siblings concordant for 46, XYhermaphroditism with female sex assignment, and discordant for erotosexual outcome . Psychiatry , 51 : 65 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer‐Bahlburg , Hfl . 1994 . Intersexuality and the diagnosis of gender identity disorder . Arch Sex Behav , 23 : 21 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Money , J , Devore , H and Norman , BF . 1986 . Gender identity and gender transposition: Longitudinal outcome study of 32 male hermaphrodites assigned as girls . J Sex Marital Ther , : 165 – 181 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gooren , L and 181Cohen‐Kettenis , PT . 1991 . Development of male gender identity/role and a sexual orientation towards women in a 46, XY subject with an incomplete form of the androgen insensitivity syndrome . Arch Sex Behav , 20 : 459 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zucker , KJ , Bradley , SJ and Hughes , HE . 1987 . Gender dysphoria in a child with true hermaphroditism . Can J Psychiatry , 32 : 602 – 609 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallis , H . 1975 . Psychische Situation von Kindern mit Störungen der körperlichen Sexualität, [Psychological situation of children with physical sexual disorders] . Endokrinologische Aspekte im Kindes‐ und Jugendalter, Köln, Tropon , : 10 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Masica , DN , Money , J and Ehrhardt , AA . 1971 . Fetal feminization and female gender identity in the testicular feminizing syndrome of androgen insensitivity . Arch Sex Behav , 1 : 131 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massica , DN , Money , J , Ehrhardt , AA and Lewis , VG . 1969 . IQ, fetal sex hormones and cognitive patterns: Studies in the testicular feminizing syndrome of androgen insensitivity . Johns Hopkins Med J , 123 : 105 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Imperato‐McGinley , J , Peterson , RE , Gautier , T and Sturla , E . 1979 . Male pseudohermaphroditism secondary to 5‐alpha‐reductase deficiency‐model for the role of androgens in both the development of the male phenotype and the evolution of male gender identity . J Ster Biochem , 11 : 637 – 645 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Méndez , JP , Ulloa‐Aguirre , A , Imperato‐McGinley , J , Brugmann , A , Delfin , M , Chkvez , B , Shackleton , C , Kofman‐Alfaro , S and Pérez‐Palacias , G . 1995 . Male pseudohermaphroditism due to primary 5‐reductase deficiency: Variation in gender identity reversal in seven Mexican patients from five different pedigrees . J Endocrol Invest , 18 : 205 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farkas , A and Rösler , A . 1993 . Ten years experience with masculinizing genitoplasty in male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency . Eur J Pediat , 152 : 88 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rösler , NA and Kohn , G . 1983 . Male pseudohermaphroditism due to 17‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency: Studies on the natural history of the defect and effect of androgens on gender role . J Ster Biochem , 19 : 663 – 674 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alkin , T , Büyükgebiz , A and Baykara , A . 1994 . Psychosocial considerations in the management of late‐diagnosed male pseudohermaphroditism . Turk J Pediat , 36 : 303 – 308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsayed , SM , Reggiardo , D , Sklar , C and David , R . 1988 . Psychological aspects of intersex in Saudi patients . Acta Psychiat Scand , 77 : 297 – 300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herdt , GH and Davidson , J . 1988 . The Sambia “Turnim‐man:” Socio‐cultural and clinical aspects of gender formation in male pseudo‐hermaphrodites with 5‐alpha‐reductase deficiency in Papua New Guinea . Arch Sex Behav , 17 : 33 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , RT , Reinisch , JM and Haskett , RF . 1981 . Postnatal gonadal steroid effects on human behavior . Science , 21 : 1318 – 1324 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taha , SA . 1994 . Male pseudohermaphroditism: Factors determining the gender of rearing in Saudi Arabia . Ped Urol , 43 : 370 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gooren , L . 1984 . “ Sexual dimorphism and transsexuality: Clinical observations ” . In Sex differences in the brain. Progress in brain research , Edited by: De Vries , Gj , De Bruin , Pc , Uylings , Hbm and Corner , Ma . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Windgassen , K , Szukaj , M and Michael , N . 1997 . Änderung der Geschlechtsidentität bei Pseudohermaphroditismus masculinus. Zur Differential diagnose von Transsexualiat und Intersexualität, [Change of gender identity in pseudohermaphroditism masculinus. On the differential diagnosis of transsexuality and intersexuality] . Nertvenarzt , 68 : 917 – 919 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurtig , AL . 1992 . The psychosocial effects of ambiguous genitalia . Comp Ther , 18 : 22 – 25 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Money , J . 1991 . Biographies of gender and hermaphroditism in paired comparisons , Amsterdam : Elsevier .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , SW . 1981 . “ Psychological management of intersex children ” . In The intersex child , Edited by: Josso , N . 261 – 269 . New York : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Meyers‐Seifer , CH and Charest , NJ . 1992 . Diagnosis and management of patients with ambiguous genitalia . Sem Perinatol , 16 : 332 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , MM and Donahoe , PK . 1994 . “ Ambiguous genitalia ” . In Current therapy in endocrinology and mtabolism , 5th ed , Edited by: Bardin , CW . St. Louis, MO : Mosby .
   Google Scholar