Expressed Emotion in Mothers of Boys with Gender Identity Disorder

REFERENCES

• Achenbach , T. M. 1985 . Assessment and taxonomy of child and adolescent psychopathology , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach , T. M. 1991 . Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4–18 and 1991 profiles , Burlington : Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th ed. , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Asarnow , J. R. , Goldstein , M. J. , Tompson , M. and Guthrie , D. 1993 . One-year outcomes of depressive disorders in child psychiatric in-patients: Evaluation of the prognostic power of a brief measure of expressed emotion . Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry , 34 : 129 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asarnow , J. R. , Tompson , M. , Hamilton , E. B. , Goldstein , M. J. and Guthrie , D. 1994 . Family-expressed emotion, childhood-onset depression, and childhood-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Is expressed emotion a nonspecific correlate of child psychopathology or a specific risk factor for depression? . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 22 : 129 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber , B. K. and Buehler , C. 1996 . Family cohesion and enmeshment: Different constructs, different effects . Journal of Marriage & Family , 58 : 433 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassarath , L. 2001 . Conduct disorder: A biopsychosocial review . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 46 : 609 – 616 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton , C. , Calam , R. , Barrowclough , C. , Peters , S. , Roberts , J. Wearden , A. 2003 . Expressed emotion, attributions and depression in mothers of children with problem behavior . Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry , 44 : 242 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. W. , Birley , J. L. T. and Wing , J. K. 1972 . Influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic disorders: A replication . British Journal of Psychiatry , 121 : 241 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspi , A. , Moffitt , T. E. , Morgan , J. , Rutter , M. , Taylor , A. Arseneault , L. 2004 . Maternal expressed emotion predicts children's antisocial behavior problems: Using monozygotic-twin differences to identify environmental effects on behavioral development . Developmental Psychology , 40 : 149 – 161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambless , D. L. , Bryan , A. D. , Aiken , L. S. , Steketee , G. and Hooley , J. M. 1999 . The structure of expressed emotion: A three-construct representation . Psychological Assessment , 11 : 67 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Coates , S. 1997 . “ Gender identity disorder in boys: The search for a constitutional factor ” . In A queer world , Edited by: Duberman , M. 108 – 133 . New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Coates , S. and Person , E. S. 1985 . Extreme boyhood femininity: Isolated behavior or pervasive disorder? . Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry , 24 : 702 – 709 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dingman Boger , K. , Tompson , M. C. , Briggs-Gowan , M. J. , Escott Pavlis , L. and Carter , A. S. 2008 . Parental expressed emotion toward children: Prediction from early family functioning . Journal of Family Psychology , 22 : 784 – 788 .
   Google Scholar
• Green , R. J. and Werner , P. D. 1996 . Intrusiveness and closeness-caregiving: Rethinking the concept of family “enmeshment.” . Family Process , 35 : 115 – 136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbs , E. D. , Hamburger , S. D. , Kruesi , M. J. P. and Lenane , M. 1993 . Factors affecting expressed emotion in parents of ill and normal children . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 63 : 103 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbs , E. D. , Hamburger , S. D. , Lenane , M. , Rapoport , J. L. , Kruesi , M. J. P. Keysor , C. S. 1991 . Determinants of expressed emotion in families of disturbed and normal children . Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry , 32 : 757 – 770 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirshfeld , D. R. , Biederman , J. , Brody , L. , Faraone , S. V. and Rosenbaum , J. F. 1997 . Expressed emotion toward children with behavioral inhibition: Associations with maternal anxiety disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 36 : 910 – 917 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodes , M. , Dare , C. , Dodge , E. and Eisler , I. 1999 . The assessment of expressed emotion in a standardised family interview . Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry , 40 : 617 – 625 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingshead , A. B. 1975 . Four-factor index of social status , New Haven, CT : Unpublished manuscript, Department of Sociology, Yale University .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen , T. , Hibbs , E. and Ziegenhain , U. 2000 . Maternal expressed emotion related to attachment disorganization in early childhood: A preliminary report . Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry , 41 : 899 – 906 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagan , J. 1997 . Temperament and the reactions to unfamiliarity . Child Development , 68 : 139 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kershner , J. G. , Cohen , N. J. and Coyne , J. C. 1996 . Expressed emotion in families of clinically referred and nonreferred children: Toward a further understanding of the Expressed Emotion Index . Journal of Family Psychology , 10 : 97 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liakopoulou , M. , Alifieraki , T. , Katideniou , A. , Peppa , M. , Maniati , M. Tzikas , D. 2001 . Maternal expressed emotion and metabolic control of children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus . Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics , 70 : 78 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magaña-Amato , A. , Goldstein , J. M. , Karno , M. , Miklowitz , D. J. , Jenkins , J. and Falloon , I. R. 1986 . A brief method for assessing expressed emotion in relatives of psychiatric patients . Psychiatry Research , 17 : 203 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Magaña-Amato , A. 1993 . Manual for Coding Expressed Emotion From the Five-Minute Speech Sample , Los Angeles, CA : Unpublished manual .
   Google Scholar
• Marantz , S. A. 1984 . Mothers of extremely feminine boys: Psychopathology and childrearing patterns , New York : Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New York University .
   Google Scholar
• Marantz , S. A. and Coates , S. 1991 . Mothers of boys with gender identity disorder: A comparison of matched controls . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , 30 : 310 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer-Bahlberg , H. F. L. 2002 . Gender identity disorder in young boys: A parent- and peer-based treatment protocol . Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 7 : 360 – 377 .
   Google Scholar
• Minuchin , S. 1975 . A conceptual model of psychosomatic illness in children: Family organization and family therapy . Archives of General Psychiatry , 32 : 1031 – 1038 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , D. R. , Hammen , C. , Brennan , P. A. and Ullman , J. B. 2003 . The impact of maternal depression on adolescent adjustment: The role of expressed emotion . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 71 : 935 – 944 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen-Anderson , A. 2006 . I know what he is feeling because it is like I am inside of him”. Examining sensory sensitivities, empathy, and expressed emotion in boys with gender identity disorder and their mothers: A comparison to clinical control boys and community control boys and girls , Ontario, , Canada : Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto .
   Google Scholar
• Owen-Anderson , A. , Jenkins , J. M. , Bradley , S. J. and Zucker , K. J. 2008 . Empathy in boys with gender identity disorder: A comparison to externalizing clinical control boys and community control boys and girls . Child Psychiatry & Human Development , 39 : 67 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson , P. , Birchwood , M. and Cochrane , R. 2000 . Preventing the entrenchment of high expressed emotion in first episode psychosis: Early developmental attachment pathways . Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 34 ( Suppl. ) : S191 – S197 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peris , T. S. and Baker , B. L. 2000 . Applications of the expressed emotion construct to young children with externalizing behavior: Stability and prediction over time . Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry , 41 : 457 – 462 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogosch , F. A. , Cicchetti , D. and Toth , S. L. 2004 . Expressed emotion in multiple subsystems of the families of toddlers with depressed mothers . Developmental Psychopathology , 16 : 689 – 709 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoller , R. J. 1974 . Symbiosis anxiety and the development of masculinity . Archives of General Psychiatry , 30 : 164 – 172 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stubbe , D. E. , Zahner , G. E. P. , Goldstein , M. J. and Leckman , J. F. 1993 . Diagnostic specificity of a brief measure of expressed emotion: A community study of children . Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry , 34 : 139 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summers , F. 1978 . Manual for the measurement of symbiosis in human relationships . Psychological Reports , 43 : 663 – 670 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomasgard , M. and Metz , W. P. 1993 . Parental overprotection revisited . Child Psychiatry & Human Development , 24 : 67 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughn , C. E. 1989 . Annotation: Expressed emotion in family relationships . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines , 30 : 13 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vostanis , P. and Nicholls , J. 1992 . Expressed emotion in parents of non-referred children aged 6–11 years from two school populations: A pilot study . Child Care & Health Development , 18 : 249 – 257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wamboldt , F. S. , O'Connor , S. L. , Wamboldt , M. Z. , Gavin , L. A. and Klinnert , M. D. 2000 . The Five-Minute Speech Sample in children with asthma: Deconstructing the construct of expressed emotion . Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry , 41 : 887 – 898 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe , S. M. 1990 . Psychopathology and psychodynamics of parents of boys with a gender identity disorder of childhood , Unpublished doctoral dissertation, City University of New York .
   Google Scholar
• Zucker , K. J. and Bradley , S. J. 1995 . Gender identity disorder and psychosexual problems in children and adolescents , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zucker , K. J. and Bradley , S. J. 2000 . “ Gender identity disorder ” . In Handbook of infant mental health , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Zeanah , C. H. 412 – 424 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zucker , K. J. , Owen , A. , Bradley , S. J. and Ameeriar , L. 2002 . Gender-dysphoric children and adolescents: A comparative analysis of demographic characteristics and behavioral problems . Clinical Child Psychology & Psychiatry , 7 : 398 – 411 .
   Google Scholar