Placebo and Nocebo Effects in Sexual Medicine: An Experimental Approach

REFERENCES

• Andreotti, A.C., Pianezzola, E., Persiani, S., Pacciarini, M.A., Strolin Benedetti, M., & Pontiroli, A.E. (1995). Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of cabergoline, a prolactin-lowering drug, after administration of increasing oral doses (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 milligrams) in healthy male volunteers. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 80(3), 841–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach, A.K., Brown, T.A., & Barlow, D.H. (1999). The effects of false negative feedback on efficacy expectancies and sexual arousal in sexually functional males. Behavior Therapy, 30(1), 79–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bancroft, J. (2008). Human sexuality and its problems (A. Taylor Ed. 3rd ed.). UK: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, J.G., & Barlow, D.H. (1986). The effects of anxiety and attentional focus on sexual responding—I: Physiological patterns in erectile dysfunction. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24(1), 9–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behnia, B., Heinrichs, M., Bergmann, W., Jung, S., Germann, J., Schedlowski, M.,... Krüger, T.H. (2014). Differential effects of intranasal oxytocin on sexual experiences and partner interactions in couples. Horm Behav, 65(3), 308–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedetti, F. (2008). Mechanisms of placebo and placebo-related effects across diseases and treatments. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 48(1), 33–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson, H. (1997). The nocebo effect: History and physiology. Preventive Medicine, 26(5), 612–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, A., & Meston, C. (2007). Correlates of placebo response in the treatment of sexual dysfunction in women: A preliminary report. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 4(5), 1345–1351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, A., & Meston, C.M. (2009). Placebo response in the treatment of women's sexual dysfunctions: A review and commentary. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 35(3), 164–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, A., & Meston, C.M. (2011). Behavior and symptom change among women treated with placebo for sexual dysfunction. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8(1), 191–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braunert, S., & Kaiser, D. (2010). Acute Sexual Experiences Scale. Weiterentwicklung und psychometrische Überprufung eines Fragebogens zum sexuellen Erleben. (Diploma), Technischen Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Braunschweig.
   Google Scholar
• Brody, S., & Kruger, T.H. (2006). The post-orgasmic prolactin increase following intercourse is greater than following masturbation and suggests greater satiety. Biological Psychology, 71(3), 312–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burri, A., Heinrichs, M., Schedlowski, M., & Kruger, T.H. C. (2008). The acute effects of intranasal oxytocin administration on endocrine and sexual function in males. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33(5), 591–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carani, C., Bancroft, J., Del Rio, G., Granata, A.R. M., Facchinetti, F., & Marrama, P. (1990). The endocrine effects of visual erotic stimuli in normal men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 15(3), 207–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C.S., Scheier, M.F., & Segerstrom, S.C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 879–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cranston-Cuebas, M.A., & Barlow, D.H. (1990). Cognitive and affective contributions to sexual functioning. Annual Review of Sex Research, 1(1), 119–161.
   Google Scholar
• De Araujo, A.C., Da Silva, F.G., Salvi, F., Awad, M.C., Da Silva, E.A., & Damião, R. (2009). ORIGINAL RESEARCH—ED PHARMACOTHERAPY: The management of erectile dysfunction with placebo only: Does it work? The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(12), 3440–3448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enck, P., Benedetti, F., & Schedlowski, M. (2008). New insights into the placebo and nocebo responses. Neuron, 59(2), 195–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exton, M.S., Kruger, T.H., Koch, M., Paulson, E., Knapp, W., Hartmann, U., & Schedlowski, M. (2001). Coitus-induced orgasm stimulates prolactin secretion in healthy subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 26(3), 287–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedoroff, J.P. (1993). Serotonergic drug treatment of deviant sexual interests. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 6(2), 105–121.
   Google Scholar
• Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M.F., & Buss, A.H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43(4), 522–527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuliano, F., & Rampin, O. (2000). Central neural regulation of penile erection. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 24(5), 517–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graf, H., Walter, M., Metzger, C.D., & Abler, B. (2014). Antidepressant-related sexual dysfunction—perspectives from neuroimaging. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 121, 138–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, D.M., & Bradford, J.M. W. (1997). Treatment of the paraphilic disorders: A review of the role of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 9(4), 349–360.
   Google Scholar
• Haake, P., Exton, M.S., Haverkamp, J., Kramer, M., Leygraf, N., Hartmann, U.,... Krueger, T.H. (2002). Absence of orgasm-induced prolactin secretion in a healthy multi-orgasmic male subject. International Journal of Impotence Research, 14(2), 133–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn, R.A. (1997). The nocebo phenomenon: Concept, evidence, and implications for public health. Preventive Medicine, 26(5), 607–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinemann, W. (1979). The assessment of private and public self-consciousness: A German replication. European Journal of Social Psychology, 9(3), 331–337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holder, E.E., & Levi, D.J. (1988). Mental health and locus of control: SCL-90-R and Levenson's IPC scales. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(5), 753–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandeel, F.R., Koussa, V.K. T., & Swerdloff, R.S. (2001). Male sexual function and its disorders: Physiology, pathophysiology, clinical investigation, and treatment. Endocrine Reviews, 22(3), 342–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaptchuk, T.J. (2001). The double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial: Gold standard or golden calf? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 54(6), 541–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsey, Alfred C., Pomeroy, Wardell Baxter, & Martin, Clyde E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.
   Google Scholar
• Krüger, T., Exton, M.S., Pawlak, C., von zur Mühlen, A., Hartmann, U., & Schedlowski, M. (1998). Neuroendocrine and cardiovascular response to sexual arousal and orgasm in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23(4), 401–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger, T.H. C., Haake, P., Chereath, D., Knapp, W., Janssen, O.E., Exton, M.S.…, Hartmann, U. (2003a). Specificity of the neuroendocrine response to orgasm during sexual arousal in men. Journal of Endocrinology, 177(1), 57–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krüger, T.H., Haake, P., Hartmann, U., Schedlowski, M., & Exton, M.S. (2002). Orgasm-induced prolactin secretion: feedback control of sexual drive? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 26(1), 31–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger, T.H., Haake, P., Haverkamp, J., Kramer, M., Exton, M.S., Saller, B.…, Schedlowski, M. (2003b). Effects of acute prolactin manipulation on sexual drive and function in males. Journal of Endocrinology, 179(3), 357–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger, T.H. C., Schiffer, B., Eikermann, M., Haake, P., Gizewski, E., & Schedlowski, M. (2006). Serial neurochemical measurement of cerebrospinal fluid during the human sexual response cycle. European Journal of Neuroscience, 24(12), 3445–3452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson, H. (1973). Reliability and validity of the I, P, and C scales—A multidimensional view of locus of control. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association Annual Conference, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Margo, C.E. (1999). The placebo effect. Survey of Ophthalmology, 44(1), 31–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGahuey, C.A., Gelenberg, A.J., Laukes, C.A., Moreno, F.A., Delgado, P.L., McKnight, K.M., & Manber, R. (2000). The Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX): Reliability and validity. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 26, 25–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meston, C.M., & Frohlich, P.F. (2000). The neurobiology of sexual function. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57(11), 1012–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacheco-López, G., Engler, H., Niemi, M-B., & Schedlowski, M. (2006). Expectations and associations that heal: Immunomodulatory placebo effects and its neurobiology. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 20(5), 430–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaus, J.G., Wilkins, M.F., DiPietro, N., Benibgui, M., Toledano, R., Rowe, A., & Couch, M.C. (2010). Inhibitory and disinhibitory effects of psychomotor stimulants and depressants on the sexual behavior of male and female rats. Hormones and Behavior, 58(1), 163–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, D.D., Chung, S.K., & Robinson, M.E. (2005). Conditioning, expectation, and desire for relief in placebo analgesia. Seminars in Pain Medicine, 3(1), 15–21.
   Google Scholar
• Reichenpfader, U., Gartlehner, G., Morgan, L.C., Greenblatt, A., Nussbaumer, B., Hansen, R.A...., Gaynes, B.N. (2014). Sexual dysfunction associated with second-generation antidepressants in patients with major depressive disorder: Results from a systematic review with network meta-analysis. Drug Safety, 37(1), 19–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland, D.L., Heiman, J.R., Gladue, B.A., Hatch, J.P., Doering, C.H., & Weiler, S.J. (1987). Endocrine, psychological and genital response to sexual arousal in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 12(2), 149–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schedlowski, M., Enck, P., Rief, W., & Bingel, U. (2015). Neuro-bio-behavioral mechanisms of placebo and nocebo responses: Implications for clinical trials and clinical practice. Pharmacological Reviews, 67(3), 697–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheier, M.F., & Carver, C.S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4(3), 219–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheier, M.F., & Carver, C.S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(2), 201–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiavi, R.C., & Segraves, R.T. (1995). The biology of sexual function. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 18(1), 7–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P.R., & Jacobs, G.A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P.R., & Jacobs, G.A. (1989). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: Bibliography (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weisberg, R.B., Brown, T.A., Wincze, J.P., & Barlow, D.H. (2001). Causal attributions and male sexual arousal: The impact of attributions for a bogus erectile difficulty on sexual arousal, cognitions, and affect. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(2), 324–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegel, M., Scepkowski, L., A., & Barlow, D.H. (2007). Cognitive-affective processes in sexual arousal and sexual dysfunction. In E. Janssen (Ed.), The psychophysiology of sex (Vol. 1), pp. 143–165. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• World Medical Association. (2013). World medical association declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.281053
   Google Scholar