Commentary on Levine et al.: A Tale of Two Informed Consent Processes

References

• Allars, M. (1994). Report of the inquiry into the use of pituitary derived hormones in Australia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• AusPATH. (2021). Public statement on gender affirming healthcare, including for trans youth – AusPATH. https://auspath.org.au/2021/06/26/auspath-public-statement-on-gender-affirming-health-care-including-for-trans-youth/
   Google Scholar
• AusPATH. (2022). Australian informed consent standards of care for gender affirming hormone treatment. Australia: Australian Professional Association for Trans Health. auspath.org.au
   Google Scholar
• Baams L. (2021). Equity in paediatric care for sexual and gender minority adolescents. The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health, 5(6), 389–391. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00129-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baker, K. E., Wilson, L. M., Sharma, R., Dukhanin, V., McArthur, K., & Robinson, K. A. (2021). Hormone therapy, mental health, and quality of life among transgender people: A systematic Review. Journal of the Endocrine Society, 5(4), bvab011. doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedetti, F. (2021). Placebo effects: Understanding the mechanisms in health and disease (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Casarett D. (2016). The science of choosing Wisely-Overcoming the Therapeutic Illusion. The New England Journal of Medicine, 374(13), 1203–1205. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1516803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew, D., Anderson, J., Williams, K., May, T., & Pang, K. (2018). Hormonal treatment in young people with gender dysphoria: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 141(4), e20173742. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-3742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, A., Malone, W. J., Clarke, P., Mason, J., & D’Angelo, R. (2021). Commentary: The signal and the noise – Questioning the benefits of puberty blockers for youth with gender dysphoria – a commentary on Rew et al. (2021). Child and Adolescent Mental Health, doi:10.1111/camh.12533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, A. (2022a). The gender affirmative treatment model for gender dysphoria in youth: A perfect storm environment for the placebo effect. The implications for research and clinical practice. [Manuscript submitted for publication]
   Google Scholar
• Clayton A. (2022b). The gender affirmative treatment model for youth with gender dysphoria: A medical advance or dangerous medicine?. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(2), 691–698. doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02232-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., & Cosgrove, C. (2010). Too tall, too small? The temptation to tinker with a child’s height. The Lancet, 375(9713), 454–455. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60185-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Angelo, R., Syrulnik, E., Ayad, S., Marchiano, L., Kenny, D. T., & Clarke, P. (2021). One size does not fit all: In support of psychotherapy for gender dysphoria. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(1), 7–16. doi:10.1007/s10508-020-01844-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanaroff, A. C., Califf, R. M., Harrington, R. A., Granger, C. B., McMurray, J., Patel, M. R., Bhatt, D. L., Windecker, S., Hernandez, A. F., Gibson, C. M., Alexander, J. H., & Lopes, R. D. (2020). Randomized trials versus common sense and clinical observation: JACC review topic of the week. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(5), 580–589. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakeem, A. (2012). Psychotherapy for gender identity disorders. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment,18, 17–24, doi:10.1192/apt.bp.111.009431
   Google Scholar
• Hembree, W. C., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gooren, L., Hannema, S. E., Meyer, W. J., Murad, M. H., Rosenthal, S. M., Safer, J. D., Tangpricha, V., & T’Sjoen, G. G. (2017). Endocrine treatment of gender-dysphoric/gender-incongruent persons: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 102(11), 3869–3903. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-01658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemma, A. (2021). Transgender identities: A contemporary introduction. Oxon: Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Kozlowska, K., McClure, G., Chudleigh, C., Maguire, A. M., Gessler, D., Scher, S., & Ambler, G. R. (2021). Australian children and adolescents with gender dysphoria: Clinical presentations and challenges experienced by a multidisciplinary team and gender service. Human Systems, 1(1):70–95. doi:10.1177/26344041211010777
   Google Scholar
• Levine, S. B., Abbruzzese, E., & Mason, J. W. (2022). Reconsidering informed consent for trans-identified children, adolescents, and young adults. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 1–22. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2022.2046221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilienfeld, A. M. (1982). The Fielding H. Garrison Lecture: Ceteris paribus: the evolution of the clinical trial. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 56(1), 1–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahfouda, S., Moore, J. K., Siafarikas, A., Zepf, F. D., & Lin, A. (2017). Puberty suppression in transgender children and adolescents. The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology, 5(10), 816–826. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30099-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahfouda, S., Moore, J. K., Siafarikas, A., Hewitt, T., Ganti, U., Lin, A., & Zepf, F. D. (2019). Gender-affirming hormones and surgery in transgender children and adolescents. The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology, 7(6), 484–498. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30305-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Health and Medical Research Council and the Australian Research Council Universities Australia. (2007/2018). National statement on ethical conduct in human research. Canberra: NHMRC. https://www.nhmrc.gov.au
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2020a). Evidence review: Gonadotrophin releasing hormone analogues for children and adolescents with gender dysphoria. https://arms.nice.org.uk/resources/hub/1070905/ attachment
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2020b). Evidence review: Gender-affirming hormones for children and adolescents with gender dysphoria. https://arms.nice.org.uk/resources/hub/1070871/attachment
   Google Scholar
• Olson-Kennedy, J. (2019). Treating trans youth with Dr Johanna Olson-Kennedy. Gender GP Medical Podcast, Jan 17. https://gendergp.com
   Google Scholar
• Pang, K. C., Wiggins, J., Telfer, M. M. (2022). Gender identity services for children and young people in England: Landmark review should interrogate existing international evidence and consensus. British Medical Journal 377:o825 doi:10.1136/bmj.o825
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rew, L., Young, C. C., Monge, M., & Bogucka, R. (2021a). Review: Puberty blockers for transgender and gender diverse youth-a critical review of the literature. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 26(1), 3–14. doi:10.1111/camh.12437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rew, L., Young, C. C., Monge, M., & Bogucka, R. (2021b). Response: “The Signal and the Noise”–A response to Clayton et al. (2021). Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Advance online publication. doi:10.1111/camh.12534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Socialstyrelsen, The National Board of Health and Welfare. (2022). Care of children and adolescents with gender dysphoria. https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/globalassets/sharepoint-dokument/artikelkatalog/kunskapsstod/2022-3-7799.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tordoff, D. M., Wanta, J. W., Collin, A., Stepney, C., Inwards-Breland, D. J., & Ahrens, K. (2022). Mental health outcomes in transgender and nonbinary youths receiving gender-affirming care. JAMA Network Open, 5(2), e220978. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turban, J. L., King, D., Kobe, J., Reisner, S. L., & Keuroghlian, A. S. (2022). Access to gender-affirming hormones during adolescence and mental health outcomes among transgender adults. PloS One, 17(1), e0261039. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wager, T. D., & Atlas, L. Y. (2015). The neuroscience of placebo effects: Connecting context, learning and health. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 16(7), 403–418. doi:10.1038/nrn3976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White Hughto, J. M., & Reisner, S. L. (2016). A systematic review of the effects of hormone therapy on psychological functioning and quality of life in transgender individuals. Transgender Health, 1(1), 21–31. doi:10.1089/trgh.2015.0008]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar