496
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Milky Quartz Bipolar Reduction and Lithic Miniaturization: Experimental Results and Archaeological Implications

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Ambrose, S. H. 2002. “Small Things Remembered: Origins of Early Microlithic Industries in Sub-Saharan Africa.” In Thinking Small: Global Perspectives on Microlithization, edited by S. L. Kuhn and R. G. Elston, 9–29. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Associations 12. Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association.
  • Aubry, T., J. Zilhão, F. Almeida, and M. Fontugne. 1998. “Production d’Armatures Microlithiques Pendant le Paléolithique supérieur et le Mesólithique au Portugal.” In II Congreso de Arqueología Peninsular, edited by R. Balbín and P. Bueno, 259–272. Zamora: Fundacio Afonso Enriques.
  • Barham, L. S. 1987. “The Bipolar Technique in Southern Africa: A Replication Experiment.” The South African Archaeological Bulletin 42: 45–50. doi: 10.2307/3887773
  • Binford, L. R., and G. I. Quimby. 1963. “Indian Sites and Chipped Stone Materials in the Northern Lake Michigan Area.” Fieldiana Anthropology 36: 277–307.
  • Bordaz, J. 1970. Tools of the Old and New Stone Age. Garden City: Natural History Press.
  • Bradbury, A. P. 2010. “Bipolar Reduction Experiments and the Examination of Middle Archaic Bipolar Technologies in West-Central Illinois.” North American Archaeologist 31: 67–116. doi: 10.2190/NA.31.1.d
  • Bradbury, A. P., and P. J. Carr. 2004. “Combining Aggregate and Individual Methods of Flake Debris Analysis: Aggregate Trend Analysis.” North American Archaeologist 25: 65–90. doi: 10.2190/XGN6-21L7-PJ07-BMQU
  • Brantingham, P. J., X. Gao, D. B. Madsen, R. L. Bettinger, and R. G. Elston. 2004. “The Initial Upper Paleolithic at Shuidonggou, Northwestern China.” In The Early Upper Paleolithic Beyond Western Europe, edited by P. J. Brantingham, S. L. Kuhn, and K. W. Kerry, 223–241. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Brou, L., and F. Le Brun-Ricalens. 2005. “Productions lamellaires et technocomplexes paléolithiques. Incidences: le Paléolithique supérieur revisité.” In Productions lamellaires attribuées al’Aurignacien: chaınes opératoires et perspectives technoculturelle (ArchéoLogiques 1), edited by L. Brou and F. Le Brun-Ricalens, 489–498. Luxembourg: Musée National d’Histoire et d’Art.
  • Byrne, F., T. Proffitt, A. Arroyo, and I. de la Torre. 2015. “A Comparative Analysis of Bipolar and Freehand Experimental Knapping Products from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.” Quaternary International 424 (7): 58–68.
  • Callahan, E. 1987. An Evaluation of the Lithic Technology in Middle Sweden During the Mesolithic and Neolithic. Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis.
  • Chauchat, C., C. Normand, J.-P. Raynal, and S. Santamaría. 1985. “Le Retour de la Pièce Esquillée!” Bulletin de la Societé Préhistorique Française 82: 35–41.
  • Clark, A. M. H. 1999. “A Technological and Behavioural Interpretation of the Change from the Middle Stone Age to The Later Stone Age in South Africa.” Ph.D. diss., University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
  • Cotterell, B., and J. Kamminga. 1987. “The Formation of Flakes.” American Antiquity 52: 675–708. doi: 10.2307/281378
  • Crabtree, D. 1972. An Introduction to Flintworking. Occasional Paper Series No. 28. Pocatello: Idaho State Museum.
  • Curtoni, R. 1996. “Experimentando con Bipolares: Indicadores e Implicanciones Arqueológicas.” Relaciones de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropología 21: 187–214.
  • de la Peña, P. 2011. “Sobre la Identificación Macroscópica de las Piezas Astilladas: Propuesta Experimental.” Trabajos de Prehistoria 68: 79–98. doi: 10.3989/tp.2011.11060
  • de la Peña, P. 2015a. “The Interpretation of Bipolar Knapping in African Stone Age Studies.” Current Anthropology 56: 911–923. doi: 10.1086/684071
  • de la Peña, P. 2015b. “A Qualitative Guide to Recognize Bipolar Knapping for Flint and Quartz.” Lithic Technology 40: 1–16. doi: 10.1080/01977261.2015.1123947
  • de la Peña, P., and G. Vega Toscano. 2013. “Bipolar Knapping in Gravettian Occupations of El Palomar Rockshelter (Yeste, South Eastern Spain).” Journal of Anthropological Research 69: 33–64. doi: 10.3998/jar.0521004.0069.103
  • de la Peña, P., and L. Wadley. 2014. “Quartz Knapping Strategies in the Howiesons Poort at Sibudu (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa).” PLoS ONE 9: e101534. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101534
  • de Lombera-Hermida, A., X. P. Rodríguez-Álvarez, L. Peña, R. Sala-Ramos, J. Despriée, M–H Moncel, G. Gourcimault, P. Voinchet, and C. Falguères. 2016. “The Lithic Assemblage from Pont-de-Lavaud (Indre, France) and the Role of the Bipolar-on-Anvil Technique in the Lower and Early Middle Pleistocene Technology.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 41: 159–184. doi: 10.1016/j.jaa.2015.12.002
  • Desrosiers, P. M. 2012. The Emergence of Pressure Blade Making: From Origin to Modern Experimentation. New York: Springer.
  • Dibble, H. L. 1997. “Platform Variability and Flake Morphology: A Comparison of Experimental and Archaeological Data and Implications for Interpreting Prehistoric Lithic Technological Strategies.” Lithic Technology 22: 150–170. doi: 10.1080/01977261.1997.11754540
  • Dibble, H. L., and Z. Rezek. 2009. “Introducing a New Experimental Design for Controlled Studies of Flake Formation: Results for Exterior Platform Angle, Platform Depth, Angle of Blow, Velocity, and Force.” Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 1945–1954. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2009.05.004
  • Díez-Martín, F., M. Domínguez-Rodrigo, P. Sánchez, A. Z. P. Mabulla, A. Tarriño, R. Barba, M. E. Prendergast, and L. Luque. 2009. “The Middle to Later Stone Age Technological Transition in East Africa. New Data from Mumba Rockshelter Bed V (Tanzania) and Their Implications for the Origin of Modern Human Behavior.” Journal of African Archaeology 7: 147–173. doi: 10.3213/1612-1651-10136
  • Díez-Martín, F., P. Sánchez, M. Domínguez-Rodrigo, and M. Prendergast. 2011. “An Experimental Study of Bipolar and Freehand Knapping of Naibor Soit Quartz From Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania).” American Antiquity 76: 690–708. doi: 10.7183/0002-7316.76.4.690
  • Driscoll, K. 2010. “Understanding Quartz Technology in Early Prehistoric Ireland.” Ph.D. diss., University College Dublin.
  • Elston, R. G., and S. L. Kuhn. 2002. Thinking Small: Global Perspectives on Microlithization. Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association.
  • Eren, M. I. 2010. “Anvil Reduction at the Early-Paleoindian Site of Paleo Crossing (33ME274), Northeast Ohio.” Current Research In the Pleistocene 27: 75–77.
  • Eren, M. I., F. Díez-Martin, and M. Domínguez-Rodrigo. 2013. “An Empirical Test of the Relative Frequency of Bipolar Reduction in Beds VI, V, and III at Mumba Rockshelter, Tanzania: Implications for the East African Middle to Late Stone Age Transition.” Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 248–256. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.08.012
  • Eren, M. I., A. Greenspan, and C. G. Sampson. 2008. “Are Upper Paleolithic Blade Cores More Productive than Middle Paleolithic Discoidal Cores? A Replication Experiment.” Journal of Human Evolution 55: 952–961. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.07.009
  • Escalon de Fonton, M. 1969. “La Pièce Esquillée. Essai d’Interpretation.” Bulletin de la Societé Préhistorique Française 66: 76. doi: 10.3406/bspf.1969.10365
  • Fears, S. C., K. Scheibel, Z. Abaryan, C. Lee, M. J. Jorgensen, L. A. Fairbanks, R. M. Cantor, N. B. Freimer, and R. P. Woods. 2011. “Anatomic Brain Asymmetry in Vervet Monkeys.” PLOS One 6: e28243. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028243
  • Flenniken, J. J. 1981. Replicative Systems Analysis: A Model Applied to the Vein Quartz Artifacts from the Hoko River Site. Pullman: Washington State University Laboratory of Anthropology.
  • Goodyear, A. C. 1993. “Tool Kit Entropy and Bipolar Reduction: A Study of Interassemblage Lithic Variability Among Paleo-Indian Sites in the Northeastern United States.” North American Archaeologist 14: 1–23. doi: 10.2190/HN4D-3MNN-5NRX-QPC8
  • Gómez Coutouly, Y. A. 2007. “Rethinking the Ustinovka Complex: Lithic Technology and Raw Material in Paleolithic Microblade Industries of Prymorye (Russian far East).” North Pacific Prehistory 1: 65–110.
  • Gurtov, A., B. Buchanan, and M. I. Eren. 2015. “‘Dissecting’ Quartzite and Basalt Bipolar Flake Shape: A Morphometric Comparison of Experimental Replications from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.” Lithic Technology 40: 332–341. doi: 10.1179/2051618515Y.0000000013
  • Gurtov, A. N., and M. I. Eren. 2014. “Lower Paleolithic Bipolar Reduction and Hominin Selection of Quartz at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania: What’s the Connection?” Quaternary International 322: 285–291. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.08.010
  • Harper, P. T. 1994. “The Middle Stone Age Sequences at Rose Cottage Cave: A Search for Continuity and Discontinuity.” Masters thesis, University of the Witwatersrand.
  • Hayden, B. 1980. “Confusion in the Bipolar World: Bashed Pebbles and Splintered Pieces.” Lithic Technology 9: 2–7. doi: 10.1080/01977261.1980.11754456
  • Hiscock, P. 2015a. “Dynamics of Knapping with Bipolar Techniques: Modeling Transitions and the Implications of Variability.” Lithic Technology 40: 342–349. doi: 10.1179/2051618515Y.0000000021
  • Hiscock, P. 2015b. “Making it Small in the Palaeolithic: Bipolar Stone-Working, Miniature Artefacts and Models of Core Recycling.” World Archaeology 47: 158–169. doi: 10.1080/00438243.2014.991808
  • Inizan, M., H. Roche, and J. Tixier. 1999. Terminology and Technology of Knapped Stone. Meudon: CNRS.
  • Jeske, R. J. 1992. “Energetic Efficiency and Lithic Technology: An Upper Mississippian Example.” American Antiquity 57 (3): 467–481. doi: 10.2307/280935
  • Jeske, R. J., and R. Lurie. 1993. “The Archaeological Visibility of Bipolar Technology: An Example from the Koster Site.” Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 18 (2): 131–160.
  • Kaplan, J. 1990. “The Umhlatuzana Rock Shelter Sequence: 100,000 Years of Stone Age History.” Natal Museum Journal Of Humanities 2: 1–94.
  • Klein, R. G. 2009. The Human Career. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Knutsson, K. 1988a. Making and Using Stone Tools: The Analysis of the Lithic Assemblages from Middle Neolithic Sites with Flint in Västerbotten, Northern Sweden 11. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Uppsaliensis.
  • Knutsson, K. 1988b. Patterns of Tool Use: Scanning Electron Microscopy of Experimental Quartz Tools. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Uppsaliensis.
  • Kuijt, I., W. C. Prentiss, and D. L. Pokotylo. 1995. “Bipolar Reduction: An Experimental Study of Debitage Variability.” Lithic Technology 20: 116–127.
  • Le Brun-Ricalens, F. 1989. “Contribution à l’étude des Pièces Esquillées: La Présence de Percuteurs à ‘cupules’.” Bulletin de la Société préhistorique Franĉaise 86: 196–200.
  • Le Brun-Ricalens, F. 2006. “Les Pièces Esquillées: état des Connaissances Après un siècle de Reconnaissance.” Paléo: Revue d’archaeologie Préhisorique 18: 95–114.
  • Leaf, G. R. 1979. “Variation in the Form of Bipolar Cores.” The Plains Anthropologist 24: 39–50. doi: 10.1080/2052546.1979.11908942
  • Leakey, L. S. B. 1931. The Stone Age Cultures of Kenya Colony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • LeBlanc, R. 1992. “Wedges, Pieces Esquillees, Bipolar Cores and Other Things: An Alternative to Shott´s View of Bipolar Industries.” North American Archaeologists 13: 1–14. doi: 10.2190/C52R-RK4C-YQUK-04T6
  • Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1943. Évolution et Techniques: Milieu et Techniques. Paris: Albin Michel.
  • Llana, C., and R. Villar. 1996. “Quartz and Quarzite Industries in the Upper Palaeolithic of Galicia and Asturias: The Relationship Between Morphostructure, Technical Characteristics and Tipology.” In Non-flint Stone Tools and the Palaeolithic Occupation of the Iberian Peninsula, edited by M. Raposo and M. Santonja, 43–48. BAR International Series 649. Oxford: Archeopress.
  • Lycett, S. J., and M. I. Eren. 2013. “Levallois Economics: An Examination of ‘Waste’ Production in Experimentally Produced Levallois Reduction Sequences.” Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 2384–2392. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.01.016
  • Mackay, A. 2008. “On the Production of Blades and its Relationship to Backed Artefacts in the Howiesons Poort at Diepkloof, South Africa.” Lithic Technology 33: 87–99. doi: 10.1080/01977261.2008.11721062
  • Mackay, A. 2009. “History and Selection in the Late Pleistocene Archaeology of the Western Cape, South Africa.” Ph.D. diss., Australian National University, Canberra.
  • Mehlman, M. J. 1977. “Excavations at Nasera Rock, Tanzania.” Azania 12: 111–118. doi: 10.1080/00672707709511250
  • Mitchell, P. J. 1988. The Early Microlithic Assemblages of Southern Africa. BAR International Series 388. Oxford: Archaeopress.
  • Morgan, B., M. I. Eren, N. Khreisheh, G. Hill, B. Bradley, T. Jennings, and A. Smallwood. 2015. “Clovis Bipolar Lithic Reduction at Paleo Crossing, Ohio: A Reinterpretation Based on the Examination of Experimental Replications.” In Clovis: Current Perspectives on Technology, Chronology, and Adaptations, edited by J. Thomas and S. Ashley, 121–143. College Station: Texas A&M Press.
  • Mourre, V. 1996. “Les Industries en Quartz au Paléolithique. Terminologie, Méthodologie et Technologie.” Paléo 8: 205–223.
  • Pargeter, J. 2016. “Lithic Miniaturization in Late Pleistocene Southern Africa.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 10: 221–236. doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.09.019
  • Pargeter, J., and M. Redondo. 2016. “Contextual Approaches to Studying Unretouched Bladelets: A Late Pleistocene Case Study from Sehonghong Rockshelter, Lesotho.” Quaternary International 404: 30–43. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.038
  • Putt, S. S. 2015. “The Origins of Stone Tool Reduction and the Transition to Knapping: An Experimental Approach.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2: 51–60. doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.01.004
  • R Core Team. 2013. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: Foundation for Statistical Computing.
  • Sánchez Yustos, P., F. Díez-Martín, M. Domínguez-Rodrigo, and A. Tarriño Vinagre. 2012. “Discriminación Experimental de los Rasgos Técnicos en la Talla Bipolar y a Mano Alzada en Lascas a Través de los Cuarzos de Naibor Soit (Garganta de Olduvai,Tanzania).” Munibe 63: 5–26.
  • Shea, J. J. 2015. “Making and Using Stone Tools: Advice for Learners and Teachers and Insights for Archaeologists.” Lithic Technology 40: 231–248. doi: 10.1179/2051618515Y.0000000011
  • Sheets, P., and G. Motu. 1972. “Pressure Blade and Total Cutting Edge: An Experiment in Lithic Technology.” Science 175: 632–634. doi: 10.1126/science.175.4022.632
  • Shott, M. J. 1989. “Bipolar Industries: Ethnographic Evidence and Archaeological Implications.” North American Archaeologist 10: 1–24. doi: 10.2190/AAKD-X5Y1-89H6-NGJW
  • Shott, M. J. 1999. “On Bipolar Reduction and Splintered Pieces.” North American Archaeologist 20: 217–238. doi: 10.2190/0VP5-TT1E-3WLC-9RCA
  • Shott, M., and G. Tostevin. 2015. “Diversity Under the Bipolar Umbrella.” Lithic Technology 40: 377–384. doi: 10.1179/2051618515Y.0000000017
  • Sollberger, J., and L. Patterson. 1976. “The Myth of Bipolar Flaking Industries.” Lithic Technology 5: 40–41. doi: 10.1080/01977261.1976.11754428
  • Soriano, S., P. Villa, and L. Wadley. 2007. “Blade Technology and Tool Forms in the Middle Stone Age of South Africa: The Howiesons Poort and Post-Howiesons Poort at Rose Cottage Cave.” Journal of Archaeological Science 34: 681–703. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2006.06.017
  • Tabrett, A. 2017. “The Detachment of Levallois Flakes Using Bipolar Percussion at Howiesons Poort Shelter, South Africa.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 15: 620–629. doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.11.011
  • Teit, J. 1900. The Thompson River Indians of British Columbia. New York: Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History.
  • Tostevin, G. B. 2012. Seeing Lithics: A Middle-Range Theory for Testing for Cultural Transmission in the Pleistocene. Oakville: Oxbow Books.
  • Tryon, C. A., and J. T. Faith. 2016. “A Demographic Perspective on the Middle to Later Stone Age Transition from Nasera Rockshelter, Tanzania.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 371: 20150238. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0238
  • Van Riet Lowe, P. C. 1946. “The Coastal Smithfield and Bipolar Technique.” South African Journal of Science XLII: 240–246.
  • White, J. P. 1968. “Ston Naip Bilong Tumbuna: The Living Stone Age in New Guinea.” In La Préhistoire: Problèmes et Tendances, edited by F. Bordes, and D. de Sonneville-Bordes, 511–516. Paris: CNRS.
  • Wilkins, J., S. B. Brown, S. Oestmo, T. Pereira, K. L. Ranhorn, B. J. Schoville, and C. W. Marean. 2017. “Lithic Technological Responses to Late Pleistocene Glacial Cycling at Pinnacle Point Site 5-6, South Africa.” PLoS ONE 12 (3): e0174051. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174051
  • Zilhão, J. 1997. O Paleolitico Superior da Estremadura Portuguesa. Lisboa: Colibri.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.