Crop Dispersal and Lucayan Tool Use: Investigating the Creation of Transported Landscapes in the Central Bahamas through Starch Grain, Phytolith, Macrobotanical, and Artifact Studies

References

• Anderson, E. 1967. Plants, Man, and Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arroyo-Stevens, A. 2006. Cave of the Jagua: The Mythological World of the Taínos. Scranton: University of Scranton Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barton, H., and J. P. White. 1993. “Use of Stone and Shell Artifacts at Balof 2, New Ireland, Papua New Guinea.” Asian Perspectives 32 (2): 170–181.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, W. E., and R. Torrence. 2006. “Starch Pathways.” In Ancient Starch Research, edited by R. Torrence and H. Barton, 53–74. Walnut Creek, Ca: Left Coast Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, M. J. 2011. “The Lucayans and Their World.” In Proceedings of the Fourteenth Symposium on the Natural History of the Bahamas, edited by C. Tepper and R. Shaklee, 151–172. San Salvador Bahamas: Gerace Research Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, M. J., and P. L. Gnivecki. 1995. “The Colonization of the Bahama Archipelago: a Reappraisal.” World Archaeology 26 (3): 421–441. doi: 10.1080/00438243.1995.9980285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman, M. J., and P. L. Gnivecki. 2019. “Colonial Encounters in Lucayan Contexts.” In Material Encounters and Indigenous Transformations in the Early Colonial Americas: Archaeological Case Studies, edited by C. L. Hofman and F. W. M. Keehnen, 32–57. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, M. J., P. L. Gnivecki, and M. P. Pateman. 2013. “The Bahama Archipelago.” In The Oxford Handbook of Caribbean Archaeology, edited by W. F. Keegan, C. L. Hofman, and R. Rodrígiez-Ramos, 264–280. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, M. J., and C. D. Hutcheson. 2000. “Impressions of a Lost Technology: a Study of Lucayan-Taíno Basketry.” Journal of Field Archaeology 27 (4): 417–435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman, M. J., and D. M. Pearsall. 2000. “Plants, People, and Culture in the Prehistoric Central Bahamas: a View from the Three Dog Site, and Early Lucayan Settlement on San Salvador Island, Bahamas.” Latin American Antiquity 11 (3): 219–239. doi: 10.2307/972175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman, M. J., and D. M. Pearsall. 2008. “At the Crossroads: Starch Grain Analyses in Lucayan Prehistory.” Latin American Antiquity 19 (2): 181–203. doi: 10.1017/S1045663500007793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman, M. J., A. K. Sievert, and T. R. Whyte. 1999. “Form and Function of Bipolar Lithic Artifacts from the Three Dog Site, San Salvador, Bahamas.” Latin American Antiquity 10 (4): 415–432. doi: 10.2307/971965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britton, N. L., and C. F. Millspaugh. 1962. The Bahama Flora. Botanical Garden, New York: Hafner Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Broodbank, C. 2000. An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carr, R. S., J. S. Day, J. B. Ransom, W. C. Schaffer, W. C. and J, and G. Beriault. 2006. “An Archaeological and Historical Assessment of Preacher’s Cave, Eleuthera, Bahamas.” In AHC Bahamas Technical Report #4. Miami: Research Atlantica and the Archaeological and Historical Conservancy.
   Google Scholar
• Cherry, J. 1990. “The First Colonization of the Mediterranean Islands: A Review of Recent Research.” Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3 (1): 145–221. doi: 10.1558/jmea.v3i1.145
   Google Scholar
• Chinique de Armas, Y., W. M. Buhay, R. Rodríuez Suárez, S. Bestel, D. Smith, S. D. Mowat, and M. Roksandic. 2015. “Starch Analysis and Isotopic Evidence of Consumption of Cultigens among Fisher-Gatherers in Cuba: the Archaeological Site of Canímar Abajo, Matanzas.” Journal of Archaeological Science 58: 121–132. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2015.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciofalo, A. J., W. F. Keegan, M. P. Pateman, J. R. Pagán-Jiménez, and C. L. Hofman. 2018. “Determining Precolonial Botanical Foodways: Starch Recovery and Analysis, Long Island, The Bahamas.” Journal of Archaeological Science Reports 21: 305–317. doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.07.022
   Google Scholar
• Ciofalo, A. J., P. T. Sinelli, and C. L. Hofman. 2019. “Late Precolonial Culinary Practices: Starch Analysis on Griddles from the Northern Caribbean.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 26: 1632–1664. doi: 10.1007/s10816-019-09421-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciofalo, A. J., P. T. Sinelli, and C. L. Hofman. 2020. “Starchy Shells: Residue Analysis of Precolonial Northern Caribbean Culinary Practices.” Archaeometry. Published online, November 19, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12524.
   Google Scholar
• Cooke, R. G. 2005. “Prehistory of Native Americans on the Central American Land Bridge: Colonization, Dispersal, and Divergence.” Journal of Archaeological Research 13 (2): 129–187. doi: 10.1007/s10804-005-2486-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correll, D. S., and H. B. Correll. 1982. Flora of the Bahama Archipelago: Including the Turks and Caicos Islands. Vaduz, Germany: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• DeBoer, W. 1975. “The Archaeological Evidence for Manioc Cultivation: a Cautionary Note.” American Antiquity 40 (4): 419–433. doi: 10.2307/279328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickau, R. 2005. “Resource Use, Crop Dispersals, and the Transition to Agriculture in Prehistoric Panama: Evidence from Starch Grains and Macroremains.” Ph.D. diss., Temple University, Philadelphia.
   Google Scholar
• Dickau, R., M. C. B. J. Iriarte, H. Prumers, C. Jaime Betancourt, I. Holst, and F. E. Mayle. 2012. “Diversity of Cultivars and other Plant Resources Used at Habitation Sites in the Llanas de Mojos, Beni, Bolivia: Evidence from Macrobotanical Remains, Starch Grains, and Phytoliths.” Journal of Archaeological Science 39 (2): 357–370. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2011.09.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickau, R., A. J. Ranere, and R. G. Cooke. 2007. “Starch Grain Evidence for the Preceramic Dispersals of Maize and Root Crops into Tropical Dry and Humid Forests of Panama.” PNAS 104 (9): 3651–3656. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0611605104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, N., D. M. Pearsall, and R. A. Benfer. 2009. “Gourd and Squash Artifacts Yield Starch Grains of Feasting Foods from Preceramic Peru.” PNAS 106 (2): 13202–13206. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0903322106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastorf, C. A. 1999. “Cultural Implications of Crop Introductions in Andean Prehistory.” In The Prehistory of Food, Appetites for Change, edited by C. Gosden and J. Hather, 35–58. London: Routlege.
   Google Scholar
• Hastorf, C. A. 2018. The Social Archaeology of Food. Rethinking About Eating from Prehistory to the Present. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, C. A. 1987. “Archaeological Investigations at the Long Bay Site, San Salvador, Bahamas.” American Archaeology 6: 97–102.
   Google Scholar
• Hofman, C. L., R. Rodríguez Ramos, and J. R. Pagán Jiménez. 2018. “The Neolithisation of the Northeastern Caribbean: Mobility and Social Interaction.” In The Archaeology of Caribbean and Circum-Caribbean Farmers 6000 BC-AD 1500, edited by B. A. Reid, 71–97. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Horrocks, M., and S. Bedford. 2005. “Microfossil Analysis of Lapita Deposits in Vanuatu Reveals Introduced Araceae (Aroids).” Archaeology In Oceania 40 (2): 67–74. doi: 10.1002/j.1834-4453.2005.tb00587.x
   Google Scholar
• Keegan, W. F. 2007. Taíno Indian Myth and Practice: The Arrival of the Stranger King. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Kirch, P. V. 2000. On the Road of the Winds: an Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Las Casas, B. 1927. Historia de las Indias, Volume II, Book II. Madrid: Editorial Alegre.
   Google Scholar
• Lovén, S. 1935. Origins of the Tainan Cultures, West Indies. Goteborg, Sweden: Elanders Boktryckeri Aktiebolag.
   Google Scholar
• Loy, T. 2006. “Starch on the Axe.” In Ancient Starch Research, edited by R. Torrence, and H. Barton, 178–180. Walnut Creek, Ca: Left Coast Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marcía, M. J. 2004. “Multiplicity in Palm Uses by the Huaorani of Amazonian Ecuador.” Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 144 (2): 149–159. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2003.00248.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, F. W., and E. Cabanillas. 1976. “Leren (Calathea Allouia), a Little Known Tuberous Crop of the Caribbean.” Economic Botany 30 (3): 249–256. doi: 10.1007/BF02909733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy, M. D., and M. W. Graves. 2010. “The Role of Agricultural Innovation in the Pacific Islands: A Case Study from Hawai’i Island.” World Archaeology 42 (1): 90–107. doi: 10.1080/00438240903430340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Métraux, A. 1946. “Ethnography of the Gran Chaco.” In Handbook of South American Indians, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143, edited by J. H. Steward, 197–370. Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Mickleburgh, H. L., and J. R. Pagán-Jiménez. 2012. “New Insights into the Consumption of Maize and other Plant Foods in the Pre-Columbian Caribbean from Starch Grains Trapped in Human Dental Calculus.” Journal of Archaeological Science 39 (7): 2468–2478. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newsom, L. A. 2006. “Tubers, Fruits, and Fuel: Paleoethnobotanical Investigations of the Dynamics Between Culture and the Forested Environment.” In The Prehistory of Nevis, a Small Island in the Lesser Antilles, edited by S. M. Wilson, 103–144. Yale University Publications in Anthropology No. 87. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History.
   Google Scholar
• Newsom, L. A. 2008. “Caribbean Paleoethnobotany: Present Status and New Horizons (Understanding the Evolution of an Indigenous Ethnobotany).” In Crossing the Borders: New Methods and Techniques in the Study of Archaeological Materials from the Caribbean, edited by C. L. Hofman, M. L. P. Hoogland, and A. L. van Gijn, 173–194. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
   Google Scholar
• Newsom, L. A., and K. Deagan. 1994. “Zea Mays in the West Indies: the Archaeological and Early Historic Record.” In Corn and Cultures in the Prehistoric New World, edited by S. Johanessen and C. A. Hastorf, 203–217. San Francisco: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Newsom, L. A., and D. M. Pearsall. 2003. “Trends in Caribbean Island Archaeobotany.” In People and Plants in Ancient Eastern North America, edited by P. Minnis, 347–412. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
   Google Scholar
• Newsom, L. A., and E. S. Wing. 2004. On Land and Sea: Native American Uses of Biological Resources in the West Indies. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nunn, P. D. 2003. “Nature-Society Interactions in the Pacific Islands.” Geografiska Annaler, Series B, Human Geography 85 (4): 219–229. doi: 10.1111/j.0435-3684.2003.00144.x
   Google Scholar
• Nye, M. M. 1991. “The Mis-Measure of Manioc (Manihot Esculenta, Euphorbiaceae).” Economic Botany 45 (1): 47–57. doi: 10.1007/BF02860049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, J. R. 2001. “The Archaeology of Forest Foraging and Agricultural Production in Amazonia.” In Unknown Amazon: Culture in Nature in Ancient Brazil, edited by C. McEwan, C. Barreto, and E. Neves, 50–84. London: British Museum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oviedo, G. F. 1959 [1526]. Natural History of the West Indies. Translated by Sterling Stoudemire. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pagán Jiménez, J. R. 2008. “Envisioning Ancient Human Plant Use at the Río Tanamá Site 2 (AR-39) Through Starch Grain Analysis of Lithic and Clay Griddle Implements.” In A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Data Recovery at Two Village Sites on the Río Tanamá, edited by L. A. Carlson, 241–257. Jacksonville, Florida: Southeastern Archaeological Research, US Corps of Engineers.
   Google Scholar
• Pagán Jiménez, J. R. 2009. “Nuevas Perspectivas Sobre las Culturas Botánicas Precolombinas de Puerto Rico: Implicaciones del Estudio de Almidones en Herramientas Líticas, Cerámicas, y de Concha.” Cuba Arqueológica 2 (2): 7–23.
   Google Scholar
• Pagán Jiménez, J. R. 2011a. “Assessing Ethnobotanical Dynamics at CE-11 and CE-33 through Analysis of Starch Grains, Plant Processing, and Cooking Artifacts.” In Phase III Data Recovery Investigations at Three Prehistoric Archaeological Sites (CE-11, CE-32, and CE-33), Municipality of Ceiba, Naval Activity Puerto Rico, edited by L. A. Carlson, and J. Torres, 325–374. Jacksonville, Florida: Southeastern Archaeological Research.
   Google Scholar
• Pagán Jiménez, J. R. 2011b. “Early Phytocultural Processes in the Pre-Colonial Antilles: a Pan-Caribbean Survey for an Ongoing Starch Grain Research.” In Communities in Contact. Essays in Archaeology, Ethnohistory, and Ethnography of the Amerindian Circum-Caribbean, edited by C. L. Hofman, and A. van Duijvenbode, 87–116. Sidestone Press: Leiden.
   Google Scholar
• Pagán Jiménez, J. R. 2011c. “Dinámicas Fitoculturales de Un Pueblo Precolombino Saladoide Tardio (King’s Helmet) en Yabucoa, Puerto Rico.” El Caribe Arqueológico 12: 45–59.
   Google Scholar
• Pagán Jiménez, J. R. 2012. “Early Use of Maize and Other Food Crops Among Early Ceramic and Later Neoindian Traditions of Northeastern Amazonia Revealed by Ancient Starch Grains from Ceramic and Lithic Artifacts of the Chemin Santin-Louis Archaeological Site, French Guiana.” Archaeology and Anthropology 17: 78–107.
   Google Scholar
• Pagán Jiménez, J. R. 2013. “Human-Plant Dynamics in the Precolonial Antilles: a Synthetic Update.” In The Oxford Handbook of Caribbean Archaeology, edited by W. F. Keegan, C. L. Hofman, and R. Rodríguez Ramos, 391–406. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pagán Jiménez, J. R., and L. A. Carlson. 2014. “Recent Archaeobotanical Findings of the Hallucinogenic Snuff Cojoba (Anadenanthera Peregrina (L.) Speg.) in Precolonial Puerto Rico.” Latin American Antiquity 25 (1): 101–116. doi: 10.7183/1045-6635.25.1.101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagán Jiménez, J. R., and J. R. Oliver. 2008. “Starch Residues on Lithic Artefacts from Two Contrasting Contexts in Northwestern Puerto Rico: Los Muertos Cave and Vega de Nelo Vargas Farmstead.” In Crossing the Borders: New Methods and Techniques in the Study of Archaeological Materials from the Caribbean, edited by C. L. Hofman, M. L. P. Hoogland, and A. L. van Gijn, 137–158. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pagán Jiménez, J. R. 2007 “Uso de Plantas en Una Comunidad Saladoide Tardío del Este de Puerto Rico (Punta Candelero): Estudio de Residuos Vegetales (Almidones) en Artefactos Líticos, Cerámicos y de Concha.” In Informe Investigación Arqueológica Fase III (Revisado), Parcela RC-1A, Punta Candelero, Humacao, Puerto Rico, edited by M. Ramos-Vélez, K. Anderson-Córdova and A. Príncipe-Jácome, Appendix, 1-40. Unpublished report presented to the Council for the Protection of Puerto Rico’s Terrestrial Archaeological Heritage.
   Google Scholar
• Pagán Jiménez, J. R., R. Rodríguez Ramos, and C. L. Hofman. 2019. “On the Way to the Islands: the Role of Domestic Plants in the Initial Peopling of the Antilles.” In Early Settlers of the Insular Caribbean: Dearchaizing the Archaic, edited by C. L. Hofman and Andrzej T. Antczak, 89–106. Sidestone Press: Leiden.
   Google Scholar
• Pagán Jiménez, J. R., R. Rodríguez-Ramos, B. A. Reid, M. van den Bel, and C. L. Hofman. 2015. “Early Dispersals of Maize and Other Plant Foods into the Southern Caribbean and Northeastern South America.” Quaternary Science Reviews 123: 231–246. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearsall, D. M. 2002. “Analysis of Charred Botanical Remains from the Tutu Site.” In The Tutu Archaeological Village Site. A Multidisciplinary Case Study in Human Adaptation, edited by E. Righter, 109–134. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pearsall, D. M. 2004. Plants and People in Ancient Ecuador: The Ethnobotany of the Jama River Valley. Case Studies in Archaeology. Belmont, California: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Pearsall, D. M. 2006. “The Origins of Plant Cultivation in South America.” In The Origins of Agriculture: an International Perspective, edited by C. W. Cowan and P. J. Watson, 173–205. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pearsall, D. M. 2008. “Plant Domestication.” In Encyclopedia of Archaeology, edited by D. M. Pearsall, 1822–1842. San Diego and Oxford, UK: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pearsall, D. M. 2014. “Arrowroot (Maranta Arundinaceae) and Leren (Calathea Latifolia), Marantaceae.” In New Lives for Ancient Crops, edited by P. E. Minnis, 204–235. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pearsall, D. M. 2015. Paleoethnobotany: A Handbook of Procedures. 3rd edition. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pearsall, D. M., K. Chandler-Ezell, and J. A. Zeidler. 2004. “Maize in Ancient Ecuador: Results of Residue Analysis of Stone Tools from the Real Alto Site.” Journal of Archaeological Science 31 (4): 423–442. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2003.09.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, L. 2001. “Prehistoric Subsistence in the Middle Orinoco Basin: Starch Analyses Yield New Evidence.” Ph.D. diss., Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, L. 2007. “Starch Grains, Preservation Biases, and Plant Histories.” In Rethinking Agriculture: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives, edited by T. Denham, J. Iriarté, and L. Vrydaghs, 241–255. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
   Google Scholar
• Petersen, J. B. 1997. “Taíno, Island Carib, and Prehistoric Amerindian Economies in the West Indies: Tropical Forest Adaptations to Island Environments.” In The Indigenous People of the Caribbean, edited by S. M. Wilson, 118–130. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
   Google Scholar
• Piperno, D. R. 2002. “Phytolithic Remains from the Tutu Site.” In The Tutu Archaeological Village Site. A Multidisciplinary Case Study in Human Adaptation, edited by E. Righter, 135–140. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Piperno, D. R. 2006a. “Identifying Manioc (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) and Other Crops in Pre-Columbian Tropical America Through Starch Grain Analysis: a Case Study from Central Panama.” In Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms, edited by M. A. Zeder, D. G. Bradley, E. Emswiller, and B. D. Smith, 46–67. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Piperno, D. R. 2006b. Phytoliths: A Comprehensive Guide for Archaeologists and Paleoecologists. Lanham, Maryland: Altamira Press.
   Google Scholar
• Piperno, D. R. 2009. “Identifying Crop Plants with Phytoliths (and Starch Grains) in Central and South America: A Review and Update of New Evidence.” Quaternary International 193 (1-2): 146–159. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2007.11.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piperno, D. R. 2011. “The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Patterns, Process, and New Developments.” Current Anthropology 52 (S4): S453–S470. doi: 10.1086/659998
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piperno, D. R., and T. D. Dillehay. 2008. “Starch Grains on Human Teeth Reveal Early Broad Crop Diet in Northern Peru.” PNAS 105 (50): 19622–19627. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0808752105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piperno, D. R., and I. Holst. 1998. “The Presence of Starch Grains on Prehistoric Tools from the Humid Neotropics: Indications of Early Tuber Use and Agriculture in Panama.” Journal of Archaeological Science 25 (8): 765–776. doi: 10.1006/jasc.1997.0258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piperno, D. R., and D. M. Pearsall. 1998. The Origins of Agriculture in the Lowland Neotropics. San Diego: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Raviele, Maria E. 2011. “Experimental Assessment of Maize Phytolith and Starch Taphonomy in Carbonized Cooking Residues.” Journal of Archaeological Science 38 (10): 2708–2713. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2011.06.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichert, E. T. 1913. The Differentiation and Specificity of Starches in Relation to Genera, Species (etc.) in Two Parts. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Rockman, M., and J. Steele, eds. 2003. The Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes. The Archaeology of Adaptation. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez Ramos, R. 2005. “The Function of the Edge-Ground Cobble Put to the Test, an Initial Assessment.” Journal of Caribbean Archaeology 6: 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez Ramos, R., J. R. Pagán Jiménez, and C. L. Hofman. 2013. “The Humanization of the Insular Caribbean.” In The Oxford Handbook of Caribbean Archaeology, edited by W. F. Keegan, C. L. Hofman, and R. Rodríguez Ramos, 126–140. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez Suárez, R., and J. R. Pagán Jiménez. 2008. “The Burén in Cuban Precolumbian Archaeology: New Insights about Plant and Clay Griddle Use during the Late Ceramic Age of the Western Caribbean through Starch Grain Analysis.” In Crossing the Borders: New Methods and Techniques in the Study of Archaeological Materials from the Caribbean, edited by C. L. Hofman, M. L. P. Hoogland, and A. van Gijn, 159–169. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
   Google Scholar
• Salas-Leiva, D. E., A. W. Meerow, M. Calonje, J. Francisco-Ortega, M. P. Griffith, K. Nakamura, V. Sánchez, L. Knowles, and D. Knowles. 2017. “Shifting Quaternary Migration Patterns in the Bahamian Archipelago: Evidence from the Zamia Pumila Complex at the Northern Limits of the Caribbean Island Biodiversity Hotspot.” American Journal of Botany 104 (5): 751–777. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1700054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauer, C. O. 1972. The Early Spanish Main. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sealey, N. E. 1994. Bahamian Landscapes: An Introduction to the Geography of the Bahamas. Nassau: Media Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Sears, W. H., and S. O. Sullivan. 1978. “Bahamas Prehistory.” American Antiquity 43 (1): 2–25. doi: 10.2307/279627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaklee, R., G. Fry, and T. Delvaux. 2007. “An Archaeological Report on the Storr’s Lake Site, San Salvador 1995-2005.” The Bahamas Naturalist and Journal of Science 2 (1): 31–39.
   Google Scholar
• Siegel, P. E., J. G. Jones, D. M. Pearsall, N. P. Dunning, P. Farrell, N. A. Duncan, J. H. Curtis, and S. K. Singh. 2018. “Humanizing the Landscapes of the Lesser Antilles during the Archaic Age.” In The Archaeology of the Caribbean and Circum-Caribbean Farmer 6000 BC-AD 1500, edited by B. A. Reid, 55–70. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, D. G., Y. Chinique de Armas, R. Rodríguez Suárez, W. M. Buhay, I. Roksandic, M. C. Peros, and M. Roksandic. 2018. “Straddling the Subsistence Divide: the Case of Canímar Abajo and Contemporaneous Sites in Northwestern Cuba.” In The Archaeology of the Caribbean and Circum-Caribbean Farmers 6000 BC-AD 1500, edited by B. A. Reid, 98–112. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sturtevant, W. C. 1969. “History and Ethnography of Some West Indian Starches.” In The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, edited by P. J. Ucko and G. W. Dimbleby, 177–199. Chicago: Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Tabío, E. E., and J. M. Guarch Delmonte. 1966. Excavaciones en Arroyo del Palo, Mayarí, Cuba. La Habana, Cuba: Departmento de Antropología de Ciencias de la República de Cuba.
   Google Scholar
• Torrence, R., and H. Barton. 2006. Ancient Starch Research. Walnut Creek, Ca: Left Coast Press.
   Google Scholar
• Winter, J. H., and D. M. Pearsall. 1991. “A Wooden Mortar of the Lucayans.” In Proceedings of the Fourteenth Congress of the International Association for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by A. Cummins and P. King, 586–590. Bridgetown, Barbados: Barbados Museum and Historical Society.
   Google Scholar
• Winter, J. H., E. S. Wing, and L. A. Newsom. 1999. “A Lucayan Funeral Offering.” In Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Congress of the International Association for Caribbean Archaeology, edited by J. H. Winter, 197–219. Rockville Centre, NY: Molloy College.
   Google Scholar