References
- Abbate, E., A. Albianelli, A. Awad, P. Billi, P. Bruni, M. Delfino, M. P. Ferretti, O. Filippi, G. Gallai, M. Ghinassi, S.-E. Lauritzen, D. Lo Vetro, B. Martínez-Navarro, F. Martini, G. Napoleone, O. Bedri, M. Papini, L. Rook, and M. Sagri. 2010. “Pleistocene Environments and Human Presence in the Middle Atbara Valley (Khashm El Girba, Eastern Sudan).” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 292 (1–2): 12–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.022.
- Andrefsky, W. 2005. Lithics: Macroscopic Approaches to Analysis. 2nd ed. Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Arkell, A. J. 1949. The Old Stone Age in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Khartoum.
- Bailey, R. M., and L. J. Arnold. 2006. “Statistical Modelling of Single Grain Quartz De Distributions and an Assessment of Procedures for Estimating Burial Dose.” Quaternary Science Reviews 25: 2475–2502. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.09.012.
- Bar-Yosef, O., and A. Belfer-Cohen. 2001. “From Africa to Eurasia - Early Dispersals.” Quaternary International 75 (1): 19–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00074-4.
- Bell, W. T. 1979. “Attenuation Factors for the Absorbed Radiation Dose in Quartz Inclusions for Thermoluminescence Dating.” Ancient TL 8: 1–12.
- Beyin, A., P. R. Chauhan, and A. Nassr. 2019. “Reconnaissance of Prehistoric Sites in the Red Sea Coastal Region of the Sudan, NE Africa.” Journal of Field Archaeology 44 (3): 147–64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2019.1580099.
- Boëda, É. 1993. “Le Débitage Discoïde et Le Débitage Levallois Récurrent Centripède.” Bulletin de La Société Préhistorique Française 90: 392–404.
- Boëda, É. 1995. “Levallois : A Volumetric Construction, Methods, a Technique.” In The Definition and Interpretation of Levallois Technology, edited by H. L. Dibble, and O. Bar-Yosef, 41–68. Monographs in World Archaeology 23. Madison: Prehistory Press.
- Boëda, É. 2014. Le Concept Levallois: Variabilité des Méthodes. Prigonrieux: @rchéo-éditions.com.
- Carlson, R. L. 2015. Khor Abu Anga and Magendohli: Stone Age Sites on the Sudanese Nile. BAR International Series 2768. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports Ltd.
- Caton-Thompson, G. 1952. Kharga Oasis in Prehistory. London: University of London, The Athlone Press.
- Chevrillon-Guibert, R. 2016. “The Gold Boom in Sudan: Challenges and Opportunities for National Players.” Revue Internationale de Politique de Développement 7.1 (February). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4000/poldev.2258.
- Chmielewski, W. 1968. “Early and Middle Paleolithic Sites Near Arkin, Sudan.” In The Prehistory of Nubia, edited by F. Wendorf, l, 110–146. Texas: Ford Burgwin Research Center, Southern Methodist University Press.
- Chmielewski, W. 1987. “The Pleistocene and Early Holocene Archaeological Sites on the Atbara and Blue Nile in Eastern Sudan.” Przegląd Archeologiczny 34: 5–48.
- Churcher, C. S., M. R. Kleindienst, and H. P. Schwarcz. 1999. “Faunal Remains from a Middle Pleistocene Lacustrine Marl in Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt: Palaeoenvironmental Reconstructions.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 154 (4): 301–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(99)00104-2.
- Clark, J. D. 1982. “The Transition from Lower to Middle Palaeolithic in the African Continent.” In The ETransition from Lower to Middle Palaeolithic and the Origin of Modern man, edited by A. Ronen, 235-255. BAR International Series 151. Oxford: Archaeopress.
- Clark, J. D., Y. Beyene, G. WoldeGabriel, W. K. Hart, P. R. Renne, H. Gilbert, A. Defleur, G. Suwa, S. Katoh, K. R. Ludwig, J.-R. Boisserie, B. Asfaw, and T. D. White. 2003. “Stratigraphic, Chronological and Behavioural Contexts of Pleistocene Homo Sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia.” Nature 423: 747–752. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01670.
- Clark, J. D., and M. R. Kleindienst. 2001. “The Stone Age Cultural Sequence: Terminology, Typology and Raw Material.” In Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, edited by J. D. Clark, III, 34–65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Clemente Conte, I., and J. F. Gibaja Bao. 2009. “Formation of Use-Wear Traces in Non-Flint Rocks: The Case of Quartzite and Rhyolite - Differences and Similarities.” In Non-Flint Raw Material Use in Prehistory / L’utilisation Préhistorique de Matières Premières Lithiques Alternatives. Old Prejudices and New Directions / Anciens Préjugés, Nouvelles Perspectives. Session C77, edited by F. Sternke, L. Eigeland, and L. J. Costa, 93–98. BAR International Series S1939. Oxford: Archaeopress.
- Clemente Conte, I., T. Lazuén Fernández, L. Astruc, and A. C. Rodríguez Rodríguez. 2015. “Use-Wear Analysis of Nonflint Lithic Raw Materials: The Cases of Quartz/Quartzite and Obsidian.” In Use-Wear and Residue Analysis in Archaeology, edited by J. M. Marreiros, J. F. Gibaja Bao, and N. F. Bicho, 59–81. Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08257-8_5.
- de la Peña, P., and D. Witelson. 2018. “Trampling vs. Retouch in a Lithic Assemblage: A Case Study from a Middle Stone Age Site, Steenbokfontein 9KR (Limpopo, South Africa).” Journal of Field Archaeology 43 (7): 522–537. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2018.1524219.
- de la Torre, I., and R. Mora. 2018. “Technological Behaviour in the Early Acheulean of EF-HR (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania).” Journal of Human Evolution 120 (July): 329–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.01.003.
- de la Torre, I., R. Mora, A. Array, and A. Benito-Calvo. 2014. “Acheulean Technological Behaviour in the Middle Pleistocene Landscape of Mieso (East-Central Ethiopia).” Journal of Human Evolution 76: 1–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.008.
- de Lombera-Hermida, A., X. P. Rodríguez-Álvarez, L. Peña, R. Sala-Ramos, J. Despriée, M. H. Moncel, G. Gourcimault, P. Voinchet, and C. Falguères. 2016. “The Lithic Assemblage from Pont-de-Lavaud (Indre, France) and the Role of the Bipolar-on-Anvil Technique in the Lower and Early Middle Pleistocene Technology.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 41 (March): 159–84. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2015.12.002.
- Deino, A. L., A. K. Behrensmeyer, A. S. Brooks, J. E. Yellen, W. D. Sharp, and R. Potts. 2018. “Chronology of the Acheulean to Middle Stone Age Transition in Eastern Africa.” Science 360 (6384): 95–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2216.
- Durcan, J. A., G. E. King, and G. A. T. Duller. 2015. “DRAC: Dose Rate and Age Calculator for Trapped Charge Dating.” Quaternary Geochronology 28: 54–61. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.03.012.
- Ehlert, M., J. Y. Kim, Y. K. Sohn, M. Cendrowska, J. Krupa-Kurzynowska, E. Andrieux, S. J. Armitage, G. Michalec, E. Dreczko, H. M. Alkhidir, M. Szmit, and M. Masojć. in press. “EDAR 135 Upper Level – An Early MIS 5 Middle Stone Age Horizon from the Eastern Desert, Sudan.” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa.
- Eren, M. I., A. Greenspan, and C. G. Sampson. 2008. “Are Upper Paleolithic Blade Cores More Productive Than Middle Paleolithic Discoidal Cores? A Replication Experiment.” Journal of Human Evolution 55 (6): 952–961. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.07.009.
- Galbraith, R., R. G. Roberts, G. M. Laslette, H. Yoshidha, and J. M. Olley. 1999. “Optical Dating of Single and Multiple Grain Quartz from Jinmium Rock Shelter, Northern Australia. Part I, Experimental Design and Statistical Models.” Archaeometry 41: 339–364. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1999.tb00987.x.
- Gallotti, R., and M. Mussi. 2018. “The Emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa: Historical Perspectives and Current Issues.” In The Emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa and Beyond, edited by R. Gallotti, and M. Mussi, 1–12. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75985-2_1.
- Garcea, E. A. A. 2020. The Prehistory of the Sudan. Springer Briefs in Archaeology. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47185-9.
- García-Medrano, P., N. Ashton, M. H. Moncel, and A. Ollé. 2020. “The WEAP Method: A New Age in the Analysis of the Acheulean Handaxes.” Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology, May. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s41982-020-00054-5.
- Goren-Ibnar, N., N. Alperson-Afil, G. Sharon, and G. Herzlinger. 2019. The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya‘Aqov Volume IV: The Lithic. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74051-5.
- Groucutt, H. S. 2020. “Culture and Convergence: The Curious Case of the Nubian Complex.” In Culture History and Convergent Evolution, edited by H. S. Groucutt, 55–86. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46126-3_4.
- Guerin, G., N. Mercier, R. Nathan, G. Adamiec, and Y. Lefrais. 2012. “On the Use of the Infinite Matrix Assumption and Associated Concepts: A Critical Review.” Radiation Measurements 47: 778–85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2012.04.004.
- Guérin, G., N. Mercier, and G. Adamiec. 2011. “Dose-Rate Conversion Factors: Update.” Ancient TL 29: 5–8.
- Guichard, J., and G. Guichard. 1968. “Contribution to the Study of the Early and Middle Paleolithic of Nubia.” In Prehistory of Nubia 1, edited by F. Wendorf, 148–92. Texas: Ford Burgwin Research Center, Southern Methodist University Press.
- Haslam, M., R. G. Roberts, C. Shipton, J. N. Pal, J. L. Fenwick, P. Ditchfield, N. Boivin, A. K. Dubey, M. C. Gupta, and M. Petraglia. 2011. “Late Acheulean Hominins at the Marine Isotope Stage 6/5e Transition in North-Central India.” Quaternary Research 75 (3): 670–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2011.02.001.
- Inizan, M. L., M. Reduron-Ballinger, H. Roche, J. Tixier, and J. Féblot-Augustins, eds. 1999. Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone: Followed by a Multilingual Vocabulary - Arabic, English, French, German, Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish. Préhistoire de La Pierre Taillée 5. Nanterre: CREP.
- Key, A. J. M., I. Jarić, and D. L. Roberts. 2021. “Modelling the End of the Acheulean at Global and Continental Levels Suggests Widespread Persistence Into the Middle Palaeolithic.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 8: 55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00735-8.
- Kleindienst, M. R. 2006. “On Naming Things.” In Transitions Before the Transition, edited by E. Hovers, and S. L. Kuhn, 13–28. Boston MA: Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-24661-4_2.
- Kleindienst, M. R., H. P. Schwarcz, K. A. Nicoll, C. S. Churcher, J. Frizano, R. Giegengack, and M. F. Wiseman. 2008. “Water in the Desert: First Report on Uraniumseries Dating of Caton-Thompson’s and Gardner’s ‘Classic’ Pleistocene Sequence at Refuf Pass, Kharga Oasis.” In The Oasis Papers 2. Proceedings of the Second International Conference of the Dakhleh Oasis Project, edited by M. F. Wiseman, 25–54. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
- Klemm, R., and D. Klemm. 2013. Gold and Gold Mining in Ancient Egypt and Nubia. Natural Science in Archaeology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22508-6.
- Knuttson, K., and K. Lindé. 1990. “Post-Depositional Alterations or Wear Marks on Quartz Tools, Preliminary Observations on an Experiment with Aeolian Abrasion.” In Le Silex, de Sa Genèse à L’Outil. Cahiers du Quaternaire 17, edited by M. Lenoir, and M. R. Seronie-Vivien, 607–18. C.N.R.S Bordeaux.
- Kobusiewicz, M., P. Bobrowski, M. Jórdeczka, and M. Chłodnicki. 2018. “Gebel Karaiweb and Bir Nurayet (Sudan). The Oldest Settlement in the Red Sea Mountains.” In Desert and the Nile. Prehistory of the Nile Basin and Sahara. Papers in Honour of Fred Wendorf, edited by J. Kabaciński, M. Chłodnicki, and M. Kobusiewicz, 483-514. Poznań: Archaeological Museum in Poznań.
- Kuman, K. 2001. “An Acheulean Factory Site With Prepared Core Technology Near Taung, South Africa.” The South African Archaeological Bulletin 56 (173/174): 8–22.
- Kuman, K. 2014. “Acheulean Industrial Complex.” In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, edited by C. Smith, 7–18. New York: Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_653.
- Leipus, M. S. 2014. “Análisis Funcional de Base Microscópica de los Instrumentos Líticos Manufacturados por Talla de las Unidades Estratigráficas Y, S y Z.” In Estado Actual de las Investigaciones en el Sitio Arroyo Seco 2 (Partido de Tres Arroyos, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina), edited by G. G. Politis, M. A. Gutiérrez, and C. Scabuzzo, 229–273. Buenos Aires (Argentina): INCUAPA-CONICET, UNICEN.
- Lemorini, C., T. W. Plummer, D. R. Braun, A. N. Crittenden, P. W. Ditchfield, L. C. Bishop, F. Hertel, J. S. Oliver, F. W. Marlowe, M. J. Schoeninger, and R. Potts. 2014. “Old Stones’ Song: Use-Wear Experiments and Analysis of the Oldowan Quartz and Quartzite Assemblage from Kanjera South (Kenya).” Journal of Human Evolution 72 (July): 10–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.03.002.
- Li, H., K. Kuman, M. G. Lotter, G. M. Leader, and R. J. Gibbon. 2017. “The VictoriaWest: Earliest Prepared Core Technology in the Acheulean at Canteen Kopje and Implications for the Cognitive Evolution of Early Hominids.” Royal Society Open Science 4: 170288. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170288.
- Lycett, S. J., and N. von Cramon-Taubadel. 2008. “Acheulean Variability and Hominin Dispersals: A Model-Bound Approach.” Journal of Archaeological Science 35 (3): 553–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2007.05.003.
- Manninen, M. A. 2016. “The Effect of Raw Material Properties on Flake and Flake-Tool Dimensions: A Comparison Between Quartz and Chert.” Quaternary International 424 (7): 24–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.096.
- Masojć, M. 2021. “Paleolithic Hunther-Gatherers of Nubia.” In The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia, edited by G. Emberling, and B. Williams. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Masojć, M., A. H. Gismallah, G. Michalec, A. Gałaś, and M. Jórdeczka. 2020. “Acheulean Bifaces from Khor Shambat, Omdurman (Sudan), Comparative Studies in the Nubian Context.” Archaeologia Polona 58: 39–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23858/APa58.2020.003.
- Masojć, M., J. Y. Kim, J. Krupa-Kurzynowska, Y. K. Sohn, M. Ehlert, G. Michalec, M. Cendrowska, E. Andrieux, S. J. Armitage, M. Szmit, and E. Dreczko. 2021a. “The Oldest Homo Erectus Buried Lithic Horizon from the Eastern Saharan Africa. EDAR 7 - An Acheulean Assemblage with Kombewa Method from the Eastern Desert, Sudan.” PLoS ONE 16 (3): e0248279. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248279.
- Masojć, M., J. Kusiak, K. Standzikowski, H. Paner, M. Kuc, M. Parafiniuk, and M. Szmit. 2017. “OSL/IRSL Estimation for Nubian Complex Middle Stone Age Settlement from Bayuda Desert in Sudan.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 16: 391–196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.10.026.
- Masojć, M., A. Nassr, J. Y. Kim, M. Ehlert, G. Michalec, J. Krupa-Kurzynowska, Y. K. Sohn, E. Andrieux, S. J. Armitage, M. Szmit, and J. C. Kim. 2021b. “Gold Miners on the Trail of the Earliest Humans in the Eastern Saharan Africa. Investigating the Acheulean and Middle Stone Age in the Sudanese Nubia.” Journal of African Archaeology, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/21915784-20210003.
- Masojć, M., A. Nassr, J. Y. Kim, J. Krupa-Kurzynowska, Y. K. Sohn, M. Szmit, J. C. Kim, H. W. Choi, M. Wieczorek, and A. Timmermann. 2019. “Saharan Green Corridors and Middle Pleistocene Hominin Dispersals Across the Eastern Desert, Sudan.” Journal of Human Evolution 130 (May): 141–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.01.004.
- McBrearty, S. 1988. “The Sangoan-Lupemban and Middle Stone Age Sequence at the Muguruk Site, Western Kenya.” World Archaeology 19 (3): 388–420. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1988.9980048.
- McBrearty, S., and A. S. Brooks. 2000. “The Revolution That Wasn’t: A new Interpretation of the Origin of Modern Human Behaviour.” Journal of Human Evolution 39: 453–563.
- McBrearty, S., and C. A. Tryon. 2006. “From Acheulean to Middle Stone Age in the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya.” In Transitions Beofre the Transition: Ewvolution and Stability in the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age, edited by E. Hovers, and S. L. Khun, 257–277. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. New York: Springer.
- Mercader, J., R. Patalano, J. Favreau, M. Itambu, J. Kumbani, and H. Marufu. 2016. “Acheulean Prepared Core Technologies from the Eastern Zimbabwe Escarpment, Maunganidze (Manicaland).” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 8: 47–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.05.046.
- Murray, A. S., and A. G. Wintle. 2000. “Luminescence Dating of Quartz Using an Improved Single-Aliquot Regenerative-Dose Protocol.” Radiation Measurements 32: 57–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4487(99)00253-X.
- Murray, A. S., and A. G. Wintle. 2003. “The Single Aliquot Regenerative Dose Protocol: Potential for Improvements in Reliability.” Radiation Measurements 37: 377–381.
- Nassr, A., and M. Masojć. 2018. “The EDAR Project - Archaeological Collaboration Outcomes Between the University of Al Neelain and the University of Wrocław in the Eastern Desert, Sudan.” Der Antike Sudan. MittSAG 29: 7–15.
- Pargeter, J., and P. de la Peña. 2017. “Milky Quartz Bipolar Reduction and Lithic Miniaturization: Experimental Results and Archaeological Implications.” Journal of Field Archaeology 42 (6): 551–65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00934690.2017.1391649.
- Pargeter, J., and J. J. Shea. 2018. “Going Big Versus Going Small: Lithic Miniaturization in Hominin Lithic Technology.” Evolutionary Anthropology 28 (2): 72–85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.21775.
- Petraglia, M. D., P. S. Breeze, and H. S. Groucutt. 2019. “Blue Arabia, Green Arabia: Examining Human Colonisation and Dispersal Models.” In Geological Setting, Palaeoenvironment and Archaeology of the Red Sea, edited by N. M. A. Rasul, and I. C. F. Stewart, 675–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99408-6_30.
- Petraglia, M. D., and R. Potts. 1994. “Water Flow and the Formation of Early Pleistocene Artifact Sites in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 13 (3): 228–54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/jaar.1994.1014.
- Prescott, J. R., and J. T. Hutton. 1988. “Cosmic Ray and Gamma Ray Dosimetry for TL and ESR.” International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 14: 223–227. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(88)90069-6.
- Richter, D., R. Grün, R. Joannes-Boyau, T. E. Steele, F. Amani, M. Rué, P. Fernandes, J. P. Raynal, D. Geraads, A. Ben-Ncer, and J. J. Hublin. 2017. “The Age of the Hominin Fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the Origins of the Middle Stone Age.” Nature 546 (7657): 293–96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22335.
- Rosenberg-Yefet, T., M. Shemer, and R. Barkai. 2021. “Acheulian Shortcuts: Cumulative Culture and the Use of Handaxes as Cores for the Production of Predetermined Blanks.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 36: 102822. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102822.
- Rots, V., and P. Van Peer. 2006. “Early Evidence of Complexity in Lithic Economy: Core-Axe Production, Hafting and Use at Late Middle Pleistocene Site 8-B-11, Sai Island (Sudan).” Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (3): 360–71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2005.08.002.
- Sahle, Y., L. E. Morgan, D. R. Braun, B. Atnafu, and W. K. Hutchings. 2014. “Chronological and Behavioral Contexts of the Earliest Middle Stone Age in the Gademotta Formation, Main Ethiopian Rift.” Quaternary International 331: 6–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.03.010.
- Scerri, E. M. L., C. Shipton, L. Clark-Balzan, M. Frouin, J. L. Schwenninger, H. S. Groucutt, P. S. Breeze, A. Parton, J. Blinkhorn, N. A. Drake, and R. Jennings. 2018. “The Expansion of Later Acheulean Hominins Into the Arabian Peninsula.” Scientific Reports 8 (1): 17165. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35242-5.
- Scerri, E. M. L., and E. E. Spinapolice. 2019. “Lithics of the North African Middle Stone Age: Assumptions, Evidence and Future Directions.” Journal of Anthropological Sciences 97: 9–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4436/JASS.97002.
- Schild, R., C. Hill, and A. Bluszcz. 2020. “Age of the Late Middle Palaeolithic Nile Aggradation: The Khormusan and the Atmur El Kibeish Aterian.” In Not Just a Corridor. Human Occupation of the Nile Valley and Neighbouring Regions Between 75,000 and 15,000 Years Ago, edited by A. Leplongeon, M. Goder-Goldberg, and D. Pleurdeau, 71–91. Paris: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle.
- Schild, R., and F. Wendorf. 1977. The Prehistory of Dakhla Oasis and Adjacent Desert. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich.
- Schild, R., and F. Wendorf. 2005. “Gademotta and Kulkuletti and the Ages for the Beginning of the Middle Paleolithic in Africa.” Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 35: 117–142.
- Shipton, C. 2020. “The Unity of Acheulean Culture.” In Culture History and Convergent Evolution, edited by H. S. Groucutt, 13–27. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46126-3_2.
- Spinapolice, E., A. Zerboni, M. Meyer, and D. Usai. 2018. “Early Human Occupation at Al-Jamrab (White Nile Region, Central Sudan): A Contribution to the Understanding of the MSA of Eastern Africa.” Journal of African Archaeology 16 (2): 193–209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/21915784-20180010.
- Taipale, N. 2012. “Micro vs. Macro: A Microwear Analysis of Quartz Artefacts from Two Finnish Late Mesolithic Assemblages with Comments on the Earlier Macrowear Results, Wear Preservation and Tool Blank Selection.” Masters thesis, Uppsala Universitet.
- Taylor, N. 2016. “Across Rainforests and Woodlands: A Systematic Reappraisal of the Lupemban Middle Stone Age in Central Africa.” In Africa from MIS 6-2, edited by S. C. Jones and B. A. Stewart, 273–99. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7520-5_15.
- Terradas, X. 2003. “Discoid Flaking Method: Conception and Technological Variability.” In Discoid Lithic Technology: Advances and Implications, edited by M. Peresani, 19–31. BAR International Series 1120. Oxford: Archaeopress.
- Tryon, C. A. 2003. “The Acheulean to Middle Stone Age Transition: Tephrostratigraphic Context for Archaeological Change in Kapthurin Formation, Kenya.” PhD thesis, University of Connecticut.
- Tryon, C. A., and S. McBrearty. 2002. “Tephrostratigraphy and the Acheulian to Middle Stone Age Transition in the Kapthurin Formation, Baringo, Kenya.” Journal of Human Evolution 42 (1-2): 211–235. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2001.0513.
- Tylor, N. 2016. “Across Rainforests and Woodlands: A Systematic Reappraisal of the Lupemban Middle Stone Age in Central Africa.” In Africa from MIS 6-2, edited by S. C. Jones, and B. A. Stewart, 273-299. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Dordrecht: Springer https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7520-5_15.
- Usai, D. 2019. “The Palaeolithic/Stone Age.” In Handbook of Ancient Nubia, edited by D. Raue, 155–170. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter.
- Van Peer, P. 1998. “The Nile Corridor and the Out-of-Africa Model: An Examination of the Archaeological Record.” Current Anthropology 39 (S1): S115–40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/204692.
- Van Peer, P. 2016. “Technological Systems, Population Dynamics, and Historical Process in the MSA of Northern Africa.” In Africa from MIS 6-2, edited by S. C. Jones, and B. A. Stewart, 147-159. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7520-5_8.
- Van Peer, P., R. Fullagar, S. Stokes, R. M. Bailey, J. Moeyersons, F. Steenhoudt, A. Geerts, T. Vanderbeken, M. De Dapper, and F. Geus. 2003. “The Early to Middle Stone Age Transition and the Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour at Site 8-B-11, Sai Island, Sudan.” Journal of Human Evolution 45 (2): 187–93. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00103-9.
- Van Peer, P., V. Rots, and J. M. Vroomans. 2004. “A Story of Colourful Diggers and Grinders: The Sangoan and Lupemban at Site 8-B-11, Sai Island, Northern Sudan.” Before Farming 3: 1–28.
- Venditti, F., J. Tirillò, and E. A. A. Garcea. 2016. “Identification and Evaluation of Post-Depositional Mechanical Traces on Quartz Assemblages: An Experimental Investigation.” Quaternary International 424 (December): 143–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.07.046.
- Vermeersch, P. M., E. Paulissen, M. Otte, and G. Gijselings. 2000. “Acheulean at Nag Ahmed El Khalifa.” In Palaeolithic Living Sites in Upper and Middle Egypt, edited by P. M. Vermeersch, 57–73. Egyptian Prehistory Monographs 2. Leuven: Leuven University Press.
- Wendorf, F., R. Schild, and A. E. Close. 1993. Egypt During the Last Interglacial. Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2908-8.