NOTES
- Wanda J. Ravernell, “Home for the Holidays: Juneteenth; Remembering Days of Slavery and Celebrating Their End,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 15, 2005.
- For one of the latest discussion of this phenomenon, see Jill A. Edy, Troubled Pasts: News and the Collective Memory of Social Unrest (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006).
- William H. Wiggins, Jr., O Freedom! Afro-American Emancipation Celebrations (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1987), xx.
- William H. Wiggins, Jr., “Juneteenth: A Red Spot Day on the Texas Calendar,” in Francis Edward Abernathy, ed., Juneteenth Texas: Essays in African-American Folklore (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 1996), 237.
- See ibid.; Bob Dart, “Born in Texas, Juneteenth Holiday Is Spreading,” Alameda (Calif.) Times-Star, June 16, 2002; and “Juneteenth Celebrated,” Inland Valley Daily Bulletin (Ontario, Calif.), June 22, 2006.
- William Wiggins, “‘Free at Last!’: A Study of Afro-American Emancipation Celebrations” (PhD diss., Indiana University, 1974), 6. Other relevant studies include W. Caleb McDaniel, “The First and the Fourth: Abolitionist Holidays, Respectability, and Radical Interracial Reform,” American Quarterly 57 (March 2005): 129–51; and Richard White, “Civil Rights Agitation: Emancipation Days in Central New York in the 1880s,” Journal of Negro History (Winter 1993): 16–24.
- Mitch Kachun, Festivals of Freedom: Memory and Meaning in African American Emancipation Celebrations, 1808–1915 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2003), 9.
- The most concise and complete description of Juneteenth's rituals is in Wiggins, “Juneteenth,” 237–52.
- Anne Donovan and Karen DeBres, “Foods of Freedom: Juneteenth as a Culinary Tourist Attraction,” Tourism Review International 9 (April 2006): 379–89.
- Demetrius Pearson, “Shadow Riders of the Subterranean Circuit: A Descriptive Account of Black Rodeo in the Texas Gulf Region,” Journal of American Culture, 27 (June 2004): 197.
- Wiggins, “Juneteenth,” 245.
- Ibid., 239.
- Alwyn Barr, “Juneteenth,” in Charles Reagan Wilson and William Ferris, eds., Encyclopedia of Southern Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 216.
- For information on all of the festivals, see Wiggins, O Freedom!, xix-xx. On the long-running debate, see Kachun, Festivals of Freedom, 186.
- About information on all of the festivals, see Wiggins, O Freedom!, xix–xx.
- Kachun, Festivals of Freedom, 118.
- Barry Schwartz, Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 9.
- Michael Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1991), 10.
- William H. Wiggins Jr., “Juneteenth: Tracking the Progress of an Emancipation Celebration,” American Visions 8 (June/July, 1993): 28–31.
- Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 10.
- David Glassberg, Sense of History: The Place of the Past in American Life (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001), 26–27, 63.
- Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 122.
- Frederick Douglass, the famous African-American abolitionist, was known for his oratory. This passage is from ibid., 124.
- David Gross, Lost Time: On Remembering and Forgetting in Late Modem Culture (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2000), 77.
- Anna Lisa Tota, “Collective Memories at ‘Work’: The Public Remembering of Contested Pasts,” Comparative Social Research 21 (2003): 67–68.
- Carolyn Kitch, “Anniversary Journalism, Collective Memory, and the Cultural Authority to Tell the Story of the American Past,” Journal of Popular Culture 36 (Summer 2002): 45, 48. See also Barbie Zelizer, Covering the Body: The Kennedy Assassination, the Media, and the Shaping of Collective Memory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992).
- See, as examples, John Bodnar, Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992); Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989); John R. Gillis, ed., Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994); Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory (1941; reprint, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, Michael Schudson, Watergate in American Memory: How We Remember, Forget and Reconstruct the Past (New York: HarperCollins, 1992); and Carolyn Kitch, “Twentieth Century Tales: Newsmagazines and American Memory,” Journalism and Communication Monographs 1, 2 (Summer 1999): 121–55.
- Michael Schudson, The Power of News (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 33, 37.
- See Ravernell, “Home for the Holidays;” and “Juneteenth Even Set for Health Center,” Kenner (La.) Picayune, June 10, 2004.
- See, as examples, “Juneteenth Celebrated;” Meghan Rubado, “What Is Juneteenth?” Syracuse (N.Y.) Post-Standard, June 13, 2006; Bethania Palma, “School's Juneteenth Jubilee Celebration Provides Emancipation Education,” Whittier (Calif.) Daily News, June 20, 2006; Fahizah Alim, “Juneteenth Educates as It Celebrates Black Heritage,” Sacramento (Calif.) Bee, June 15, 2006; “Juneteenth Celebration Captures Spirit of Negro Bar,” Oakland (Calif.) Tribune, June 27, 2004; and Alicia Wittmeyer, “Square to Rock with Beer, Blues, Barbecue,” Alameda (Calif.) Times-Star, June 19, 2004.
- Evan Pierce, “A Celebration of Unity; Juneteenth Festival Fosters Diverse Mix of Cultures,” Buffalo (N.Y.) News, June 18, 2006.
- “Juneteenth Celebration Captures Spirit of Negro Bar.”
- See Christine M. Arceneaux, “Juneteenth Performance Connects Youth to Roots,” The Advocate (Baton Rouge, La.), June 15, 2006; and Samuel Irwin, “Reunions Are Theme of Juneteenth Event,” The Advocate (Baton Rouge, La.), June 12, 2005.
- See Steven Ward, “Juneteenth Festival Honors Black Cowboys,” The Advocate (Baton Rouge, La.), June 11, 2004; and Cammi Clark, “Juneteenth to Celebrate Milestones in Black History,” Syracuse (N.Y.) Post-Standard, June 14, 2005.
- Jamie Ayala, “Juneteenth Is Seen as Event Rich in History,” Riverside (Calif.) Press Enterprise, May 31, 2002.
- “School's ‘Juneteenth Jubilee’ Celebration Provides Emancipation Education.”
- Dart, “Born in Texas, Juneteenth Holiday Is Spreading.”
- Teresa Mask, “Marking End of Slavery, Juneteenth a New Tradition,” Chicago Daily Herald, June 14, 2003.
- Julia Moskin, “Late to Freedom's Party, Texans Spread the Word of Black Holiday,” New York Times, June 18, 2004.
- Marlene Naanes, “Holiday Proposed for Juneteenth,” The Advocate (Baton Rouge, La.), April 23, 2002.
- Robert E. Moran, “Juneteenth and National Freedom Day,” The Advocate Baton Rouge, La.), June 17, 2005.
- See, as examples, Greg Mellen, “Juneteenth: A Celebration of Freedom,” Long Beach (Calif.) Press-Telegram, June 19, 2004; and Christine M. Arceneaux, “Juneteenth Peformance Connects Youth to Roots.”
- Kimra McPherson, “Juneteenth a Symbol,” San Jose (Calif.) Mercury News, June 19, 2006.
- Mellen, “Juneteenth.”
- Pierce, “A Celebration of Unity.”
- Delia O'Hara, “Trumpeter Jazzed Up for Juneteenth,” Chicago Sun-Times, June 15, 2003.
- Dart, “Born in Texas, Juneteenth Holiday Is Spreading.”
- Kelli Cottrell, “Juneteenth Event Celebrates Freedom,” Riverside (Calif.) Press Enterprise, June 6, 2004.
- “Juneteenth Holiday on the Upswing,” Associated Press State and Local Wire, June 19, 2005, State and Regional, at http://www.lexisnexis.com:80/us/Inacademic/search/newssubmitForm.do (accessed on March 23, 2007).
- Ravernell, “Home for the Holidays.”
- See, as examples, Ryan Goudelocke, “Juneteenth Backers Just Want to Be Heard,” Sunday Advocate (Baton Rouge, La.), June 23, 2002; and Leslie Albrecht, “Juneteenth Celebration, Parade Is Saturday,” Merced (Calif.) Sun-Star, June 16, 2006.
- Amada Reavy, “Coming Together; Community Celebrates Juneteenth with Music, Tournaments,” Springfield (Ill.) State Journal-Register, June 19, 2005.
- O'Hara, “Trumpeter Jazzed Up for Juneteenth.”
- See “Juneteenth Event Set for Health Center,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, June 10, 2004; and Chauncey Bailey, ‘“How We Got Here’—Juneteenth to Celebrate End of Slavery; Berkeley Event Features Food, Musical Acts,” Hayward (Calif.) Daily Review, June 14, 2003.
- Dart, “Born in Texas, Juneteenth Holiday Is Spreading.”
- See Cottrell, “Juneteenth Event Celebrates Freedom;” Jordan Carleo-Evangalist, “Celebration Honors Triumph over Slavery,” Albany (N.Y.) Times Union, June 20, 2005; and Justin Glanville, “Anniversary of New York's Abolishment of Slavery Celebrated,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, July 5, 2003, State and Regional, at http://www.lexisnexis.com:80/us/Inacademic/search/newssubmitForm.do (accessed on March 23, 2007).
- Darlene Denstorff, “Juneteenth Fest Highlights Music,” The Advocate (Baton Rouge, La.), June 8, 2006.
- O'Hara, “Trumpeter Jazzed Up for Juneteenth.”
- Jennifer Calhoun, “Invigorating Mix Propels Juneteenth,” Buffalo (N.Y.) News, June 20, 2005.
- Anna Scianna, “Juneteenth Celebrated with Music, History,” Modesto (Calif.) Bee, June 24, 2006.
- Alim, “Juneteenth Educates as It Celebrates Black Heritage.”
- Penny E. Schwartz, “Re-enactment Brings Buffalo Soldiers to Life,” Riverside (Calif.) Press Enterprise, June 20, 2005.
- “Juneteenth Celebration Captures the Spirit of Negro Bar.”
- Glanville, “Anniversary of New York's Abolishment of Slavery Celebrated.”
- See Jason B. Johnson, “Riding High for Juneteenth; Black Cowboys Spread Word about Their Place in History,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 18, 2004; and Ward, “Juneteenth Festival Honors Black Cowboys.”
- Relma Hargus, “Quilt Collection Used to Teach Slave History,” The Advocate (Baton Rouge, La.), July 5, 2003.
- See Pierce, “A Celebration of Unity;” and “Pataki Inks ‘Juneteenth’ Bill,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, State and Regional, at http://www.lexisnexis.com:80/us/Inacademic/search/newssubmitForm.do (accessed on March 23, 2007).
- Lisa O'Neill Hill, “Event Honors Culture, the Past,” Riverside (Calif.) Press-Enterprise, June 4, 2006.
- Calhoun, “Invigorating Mix Propels Juneteenth.”
- Beth Beer, “Juneteenth Day Offers Enjoyment, Reflection,” Syracuse (N.Y.) Post-Standard, June 13, 2002.
- Joseph “Jazz” Hayden, “Echoes of Juneteenth Haunt Us Today,” San Diego (Calif.) Union-Tribune, June 19, 2003.
- See Erin Auerbach, “One-Day Celebration Marks Slavery's End,” Riverside (Calif.) Press-Enterprise, June 6, 2003; Walter Yost, “Juneteenth Event Features Living History Re-enactments,” Sacramento (Calif.) Bee, June 13, 2002; and Carleo-Evangelist, “Celebration Honors Triumph over Slavery.”
- Mike Fish, “Syracuse Is Rich in Juneteenth History,” Syracuse (N.Y.) Post-Standard, June 5, 2006.
- Laura Rineer, “Freedom Day,” The Pantagraph (Bloomington, Ill.), June 18, 2006.
- Clark, “Juneteenth to Celebrate Milestones in Black History.”
- Dart, “Born in Texas, Juneteenth Holiday Is Spreading.”
- Bailey, “‘How We Got Here.’”
- Moskin, “Late to Freedom's Party, Texans Spread the Word of Black Holiday.”
- Rubado, “What Is Juneteenth?”
- Ibid.
- Kimra McPherson, “Juneteenth a Symbol,” San Jose (Calif.) Mercury News, June 19, 2006.
- “Juneteenth Celebrated.”
- Hayden, “Echoes of Juneteenth Haunt Us Today.”
- Michael Virtanen, “Observances Around State and Nation Mark Juneteenth,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, June 13, 2003, State and Regional, at http://www.lexisnexis.com:80/us/Inacademic/search/newssubmitForm.do (accessed on March 23, 2007).
- Calhoun, “Invigorating Mix Propels Juneteenth.”
- Melissa Eiselein, “Different Day of Freedom Observed,” Riverside (Calif.) Press-Enterprise, June 3, 2005.
- Chris de Benedetti, “Community Urges Heritage Education,” Hayward (Calif.) Daily Review, June 19, 2003.
- Alim, “Juneteenth Educates as It Celebrates Black Heritage.”
- Wittmeyer, “Square to Rock with Beer, Blues, Barbecue.”
- Ravernell, “Home for the Holidays.”
- Telephone interview, Earnest Perry, May 4, 2008.
- Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 10.
- Ibid., 124
- See Kachun, Festivals of Freedom, 9; and Glassberg, Sense of History, 63.
- Gross, Lost Time, 77.
- Tota, “Collective Memories at ‘Work,’” 67–68.
- Telephone interview, Perry.
- Earnest L. Perry Jr., “It's Time to Force a Change: The African-American Press’ Campaign for a True Democracy during World War II,” Journalism History 28 (Summer 2002): 87–88.
- Bodnar, Remaking America, 35.
- See Kitch, “Anniversary Journalism, Collective Memory, and the Cultural Authority to Tell the Story of the American Past,” 45; and Kammen, Mystic Chords of Memory, 10.