NOTES
- “Sultry and Damp; Consequently Everybody in the City Was Uncomfortable,” New York Times, June 18, 1887. The Times reported a high of 90 degrees at 3:30 p.m. with 83 percent humidity at 7 a.m.
- Brooke Kroeger, Nellie Bly: Daredevil, Reporter, Feminist (New York: Times Books, 1994), 81. The balloon was supposed to be launched on May 1, 1887, but weather delayed the flight until June 17. Bly's real name was Elizabeth Cochrane.
- Ibid., 82.
- Ibid., 83. The Pittsburg Dispatch used the original spelling of the city's name as identified in the 1816 city charter. Later, the city was known as Pittsburg due to governmental efforts to standardize “usage and spelling of geographic names.” Among other things, the United States Board on Geographic Names approved the “dropping of the final ‘h’ in the termination ‘burgh.’” See First Report of the United States Board on Geographic Names, 1890–1891 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1892), 1, 8, 34.
- Joseph Howard, Jr., “Howard Letter,” reprinted as “Women in Journalism,” The Journalist, Oct. 15, 1887, 4. In the following year, Forman reprinted another article, this time from the Chicago Saturday Evening Herald, that discussed opportunities for “women of journalistic ambition” in that city. See “Women of the Press,” The Journalist, Oct. 13, 1888, 13. Also see, for example, Annie E. Myers, “Illinois Woman's Press Club,” The Journalist, Oct. 22, 1887, 6.
- Howard, “Women in Journalism,” 4. The women included: Nellie Bly Miss Glenn, New York Herald Nellie Hutchinson, New York Tribune; Mrs. Beatty, New York Sun; Mary Mapes Dodge, St. Nicholas; Ella Farman Pratt, Wide Awake; Mary L. Booth and Mrs. H.S. Conant, Harper's Bazar Jennie June, Godey's Ladies’ Book; Mrs. Demorest, Demorest's Monthly Magazine; Mrs. Peterson, Peterson's Magazine Laura Holloway, Home Library Magazine and Woman's Argosy; Josephine Redding, editor of “two decorative art magazines”; Mrs. Frank Leslie, Leslie publications; Martha J. Lamb, Magazine of American History Jeannette Gilder, The Critic; and Annie Wakeman, New York Herald.
- “Women in Journalism,” The Journalist, Oct. 27, 1888, 8. In this article, Forman also announced plans for a special twenty-four-page issue “for women, by women and about women” in recognition of “the… vast influence which woman is now exerting upon journalism.” Also see the advertisement for The Woman's Number, The Journalist, Jan. 12, 1889, 14; “The Woman's Number,” The Journalist, Jan. 19, 1889, 8; The Journalist, Jan. 26, 1889, which was entirely about women in journalism; and advertisement for subscriptions, The Journalist, Jan. 26, 1889, 22.
- Barbara Welter, “The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820–1860,” American Quarterly 18 (Summer 1966): 151–74.
- Ibid., 152–53. In 1893, a Boston Daily Journal writer responded to a claim by some “paragraphers” that women who wrote were destined to remain single. To “settle the point that literature and love are not at war,” he “compiled a list of the matrons and spinsters of literature.” Matrons included Frances H. Burnett, Jennie June Croly, Rebecca Harding Davis, Mary Mapes Dodge, Julia Ward Howe, Margaret E. Sangster, Mary J. Serrano, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Spinsters included Kate Field, Jeannette L. Gilder, Sarah Orne Jewett, and Frances E. Willard. The article was reprinted in the Times. See “Women Writers and Marriage; Facts to Show that Authorship and Husbands Are Not Incompatible,” New York Times, May 14, 1893.
- See Welter, “The Cult of True Womanhood,” 173–74; and Phyllis Leslie Abramson, Sob Sister Journalism (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1990), 14–15.
- Welter, “The Cult of True Womanhood,” 174.
- Early white newswomen included Lydia Maria Child, Kate Field, Margaret Fuller, Mary Katherine Goddard, Mary Clemmer Ames Hudson, and Anne Royall. For more about these women, see, for example, Maurine H. Beasley and Sheila J. Gibbons, Taking Their Place: A Documentary History of Women and Journalism, 2nd ed. (State College, Pa.: Strata Publishing, 2003); Gary Scharnhorst, Kate Field: The Many Lives of a Nineteenth-Century American Journalist (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2008); and Patricia L. Dooley, “Mary Clemmer Ames (1831–1884),” in Nancy Signorelli, ed., Women In Communication: A Biographical Sourcebook (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1996), 1–7. It is interesting to note, though, the number of female journalists who also published novels or books of poetry. For example, Hudson published three novels and a collection of her poems, Royall wrote ten travel books and a novel, and Child published numerous novels and advice books.
- U.S. census statistics reported the number of full-time female editors and reporters as follows (the number of full-time male editors and reporters is in parentheses): 1870, thirty-five (5,340); 1880: 288 (12,020); 1890: 888 (20,961); 1900: 2,193 (27,845); 1910: 4,181 (30,201); 1920: 5,730 (28,467); and 1930: 11,924 (39,920). See U.S. Bureau of the Census, Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940, Population: Comparative Occupation Statistics for the United States, 1870–1940 (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1943), Table 9, 120, Table 10, 128. Discussions about journalism as a possible career for women appeared in print by at least 1872, when Nelly Mackay Hutchinson addressed options (dramatic and musical critics, special correspondent, and book reviewer), challenges (physical and mental), and qualifications (good memory, well-read, temperate, pithy, etc.). See Nelly Mackay Hutchinson, “Woman and Journalism,” The Galaxy, April 1872, 498–503.
- The Ladies’ Press Club, founded in 1881 in Washington, was subsequently renamed the Woman's National Press Association. The National Woman's Press Association was founded in 1885 in New Orleans, and two years later, it was renamed the International Woman's Press Association. The National Federation of Women's Press Clubs was founded in 1891. See Elizabeth V. Burt, ed., Women's Press Organizations, 1881–1999 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2000), xii.
- Mrs. M.L. [Martha Louise] Rayne, What Can A Woman Do; or, Her Position in the Business and Literary World (Petersburgh, N.Y.: Eagle Publishing, 1893). For more information about Rayne, see, for example, Adam J. Kuban, “Martha Louise Rayne: A Woman Ahead of Her Time—a 19th-century Journalism Pioneer and Academic Proprietor” (Paper delivered at the annual meeting of the American Journalism Historians Association, Tucson, Ariz., October 2010); and James Stanford Bradshaw, “Mrs. Rayne's School of Journalism,” Journalism Quarterly 60 (Autumn 1983): 513–17.
- See Helen Christene Hoerle and Florence B. Saltzberg, The Girl and the Job (New York: Henry Holt, 1919); Elizabeth Kemper Adams, Women Professional Workers: A Study Made for the Women's Educational and Industrial Union (New York: Macmillan, 1924); and Ethel M. Colson Brazelton, Writing and Editing for Women: A Bird's-Eye View of the Widening Opportunities for Women in Newspaper, Magazine and Other Writing Work (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1927).
- Advertisement, The Woman's Number.
- Linda Lumsden, “‘You're a Tough Guy, Mary—And a First-Rate Newspaperman’: Gender and Women Journalists in the 1920s and 1930s,” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 72 (Winter 1995): 913. She noted (914) that journalists such as Mary Margaret McBride and Dorothy Thompson established successful careers and “provided role models for other women” but faced “contradictory gender messages” that “forced women reporters to become somewhat schizophrenic.”
- See Linda Steiner, “Do You Belong in Journalism?: Definitions of the Ideal Journalist in Career Guidance Books,” American Journalism 11 (Fall 1994): 321–35; Linda Steiner, “Gender at Work: Early Accounts by Women Journalists,” Journalism History 23 (Spring 1997): 2–12; and Linda Steiner, “Conceptions of Gender in Reporting Textbooks, 1890–1990,” Journalism Monographs (October 1992). As one might expect, the first vocational books focused exclusively on men. But that began to change by the 1890s, when Frances E. Willard published Occupations for Women and Sallie Joy White issued Business Openings for Girls, both of which included chapters on careers for aspiring newswomen. Surprisingly, Steiner does not include either book in her article about career guidance books. See also Frances E. Willard, assisted by Helen M. Winslow and Sallie Joy White, Occupations for Women: A Book of Practical Suggestions for the Material Advancement, the Mental and Physical Development, and the Moral and Spiritual Uplift of Women (New York: Success Company, 1897); and Sallie Joy White, Business Opening for Girls (New York: Werner, 1899). For more about White, see Elizabeth V. Burt, “Pioneering for Women Journalists: Boston's Sallie Joy White,” American Journalism 18 (Spring 2001): 39–63.
- Agnes Hooper Gottlieb, “Grit Your Teeth, then Learn to Swear: Women in Journalistic Careers, 1850–1926,” American Journalism 18 (Winter 2001): 54.
- See, for example, Hilary Fraser, Stephanie Green, and Judith Johnston, Gender and the Victorian Periodical (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Lorna Shelley, “Female Journalists and Journalism in fin-de-siècle Magazine Stories,” Nineteenth-Century Gender Studies 5 (Summer 2009), at http://ncgsjournal.com/issue52/shelley.html (accessed on June 14, 2011); and “Women as Journalists,” The Spectator, June 17, 1893, 800–01.
- See H.S. Law, “The Man for the Job—and the Woman,” Technical World Magazine, April 1914, 187; and “American Women at Men's Work,” Harper's Weekly, June 8, 1907, 831. Law's article (192) pointed out that women were better at proofreading a newspaper in a timed test and were, “generally speaking,…better operators on the typewriter, from a purely physical point of view.” Another article wondered why more women had not taken up wireless telegraphy for recreation or employment. See “Wireless for Women,” Literary Digest, Oct. 21, 1916, 1028–29. These conversations became more complex during World War I as suffragettes worked for passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. Also see, for example, R.R. Howard, “Ranching for Herself,” Sunset, August 1912, 148–54; V. Roderick, “New Jobs for New Women,” Everybody's Magazine, March 1914, 324–25; and F.H. Yost, “What Makes a Good Sportswoman?” The Delineator, May 1924, 15.
- Articles were located using The Readers’ Guide To Periodical Literature. Subject headings reviewed included authorship, editors and editing, education of women, journalism, journalism—study and teaching, journalists, newspapers, newspapers—woman's page, reporters and reporting, woman, woman—employment and occupations, women as authors, women as editors, and women as journalists. Digitized collections also were searched, including the Home Economics Archive and The Making of America.
- See the census information in note 13. Also in 1930, PR practitioner Doris Fleischman contributed a series of articles, “Women in Business,” to Ladies’ Home Journal. For more about this, see, for example, Jane Marcellus, “‘Take a Letter, Mr. Jones’: Reframing the Employed Woman in Ladies’ Home Journal” (Paper delivered at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 27, 2004).
- For information about this useful methodology, see, for example, Alan McKee, Textual Analysis: A Beginner's Guide (London: SAGE Publications, 2003).
- Welter, “The Cult of True Womanhood,” 174.
- John William Leonard, ed., “McCracken, Elizabeth,” in Woman's Who's Who of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women of the United States and Canada, 1914–1915, vol. 1 (New York: American Commonwealth, 1914), 514. McCracken also published an ethnographic study of women, who had excelled in medicine, education, civic affairs, homemaking, and other areas. See Elizabeth McCracken, The Women of America (New York: Macmillan, 1904). For more about this book, see, for example, Jessica Hester, “Progressivism, Suffragists and Constructions of Race: Evelyn Greenleaf Sutherland's Po’ White Trash,” Women's Writing 15 (May 2008): 55–68.
- See Elizabeth McCracken, “Journalism for the College-Bred Girl,” The Independent, Aug. 29, 1912, 485–86; and Abramson, Sob Sister Journalism, 15.
- Emily Newell Blair pointed out that women would not succeed in business until they distinguished between unpaid labor (such as homemaking or volunteerism) and paid labor. Women who were used to the former had no understanding of the concept of holding a job that required working regular hours on a daily or weekly basis. See Emily Newell Blair, “The Professional Point of View,” Ladies’ Home Journal, August 1927, 27, 159.
- Isabel Gordon Curtis, “The Housekeeper-at-Large; She Hears Wise Counsel for College Girls and Others,” Good Housekeeping, June 1904, 606. For more about Curtis, who worked for several newspapers and magazines and published books on homemaking and cooking, see, for example, “Curtis, Isabel Gordon (April 24, 1863-December 23, 1915),” Feeding America: The Historic American Cookbook Project, Michigan State University Library, East Lansing, at http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/cookbooks/html/authors/author_curtis.html (accessed on June 14, 2011).
- Curtis, “The Housekeeper-at-Large,” 606.
- See Rose Young, “Your Daughter's Career,” Good Housekeeping, July 1915, 60–66; Rose Young, “Your Daughter's Career: If She Wants to Be a Doctor,” Good Housekeeping, August 1915, 168–74; Rose Young, “Your Daughter's Career: If She Wants to Be a Lawyer,” Good Housekeeping, October 1915, 470–77; Alice Carpenter, “Your Daughter's Career,” Good Housekeeping, November 1915, 615–20; and Sarah Comstock, “Your Daughter's Career,” Good Housekeeping, December 1915, 728–36.
- Rose Young, “Your Daughter's Career: If She Wants to Be a Newspaper Woman,” Good Housekeeping, September 1915, 308, 310, 312, 315.
- Ibid., 313. She felt that the “so-called woman's department of the past was chiefly a housekeepers’ department, and was really based on the assumption that for a woman housekeeping is a destiny, not a vocation.”
- Ibid., 315.
- Burges Johnson, “Preparing College Women for Journalism,” The Outlook, Sept. 28, 1921, 128. Johnson was an educator, author, and humorist. His papers are archived at the Port Washington (N.Y.) Public Library Local History Center.
- Ibid., 129. He noted, though (128), that the fewest openings were at newspapers where females were “a luxury”—the “first to go under financial stress, last to be employed as conditions improve.” And he wrote that few women journalists could expect to be promoted to an editorial desk.
- Ibid., 129.
- See Margaret E. Sangster, “Editorship As a Profession for Women,” The Forum, December 1895, 446–47; and “Margaret E. Sangster Dead; Aged Author and Poet Known for Her Writings of Home Life,” New York Times, June 5, 1912. According to her obituary, she “was among the best known contributors to American magazines.” She was editor of Harper's Bazaar and wrote for Ladies’ Home Journal, Hearth and Home, Christian Intelligencer, and Christian at Work. She also wrote many books, including Presiding Ladies of the White House and From My Youth Up: Personal Reminiscences.
- Sangster, “Editorship as a Profession for Women,” 445, 447.
- Ibid., 447–50.
- Ibid., 453–55.
- Mary J. Serrano, “Women Journalists,” Harper's Bazar, Sept. 9, 1899, 756. Serrano translated many works, including some by Emile Zola, from Spanish to English. Also of interest is the fact that her daughter, Marquita Serrano, married Harold Q. Villard, son of the journalist Henry Villard (and the son-in-law of abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison). See “Villard-Serrano,” New York Times, April 30, 1897.
- Serrano, “Women Journalists,” 756. Serrano wrote that most female journalists earned between $10 and $50 per week, or today's equivalent of $255 to $1,272. Those who wrote columns could expect to earn between $5 and $15 per piece. See the Inflation Calculator at http://www.westegg.com/inflation (accessed on June 14, 2011). The Harper brothers launched their fashion periodical in November 1867 and sold it to William Randolph Hearst in 1913; he subsequently changed the spelling to “Bazaar.” See Eugene Exman, The House of Harper: One Hundred and Fifty Years of Publishing (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), 99–100, 126. Another source noted that the spelling was altered in 1929 but offers no citation to support this. See August Gribbin, “Harper's Bazaar,” in Kathleen L. Endres and Therese L. Lueck, eds., Women's Periodicals in the United States: Consumer Magazines (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1995), 139, 141.
- Serrano, “Women Journalists,” 756.
- Cynthia Westover Alden, “Women in Journalism. The American Woman in Action,” Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly, December 1898, 209. For more about Alden, see, for example, Leonard, Woman's Who's Who of America, 41.
- Alden, “Women in Journalism,” 209. W. Joseph Campbell wrote that yellow journalism “has been equated to lurid and sensational treatment of the news; to egregious journalistic misconduct of almost any kind, and to [William Randolph] Hearst, himself.” However, Campbell argued that these “shorthand characterizations” fail to describe “the genre's complexity and vigor.” He noted yellow journalism included the use of multi-column headlines, large illustrations, and novel layouts, and featured self-promotion, a reliance on anonymous sources, and a wide mix of topics on the front page. See W. Joseph Campbell, Yellow Journalism: Puncturing the Myths, Defining the Legacies (Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 2003), 5, 7–8.
- Ibid., 209, 211–12.
- Florence Jackson, “Chances for Women in Journalism,” Harper's Weekly, Sept. 12, 1903, 1492–93. Information about Jackson and her career has not been located.
- Mary Wyman, “Writing for Household Magazines as a Means of Earning Money,” Good Housekeeping, November 1910, 537. Information about Wyman and her career has not been located. For one woman's views about magazines that prospered by “maintaining women as housewives,” see Anne Martin, “Women and “Their’ Magazines,” New Republic, Sept. 20, 1922, 91–93.
- Wyman, “Writing for Household Magazines,” 540–41.
- Helen Campbell, “Woman's Work and Wages,” Good Housekeeping, March 1, 1890, 208, 231.
- Ibid., 231. Issues of Arthur's Home Magazine are accessible at Google Books. For another letter from a correspondent asking about a journalistic career, see, for example, Helen Campbell, “Woman's Work and Wages,” Good Housekeeping, March 29, 1890, 257. For a short list of some “shining lights” in journalism, see Helen Campbell, “Woman's Work and Wages,” Good Housekeeping, April 26, 1890, 306. And, for some information about newspapers edited by women, see Helen Campbell, “Woman's Work and Wages,” Good Housekeeping, May 10, 1890, 16.
- Allie E. Whitaker, quoted in Campbell, “Woman's Work and Wages,” March 15, 1890, 231–32.
- W.T. Stead, “Young Women in Journalism,” The Review of Reviews: An International Magazine (American Edition), November 1892, 451. This article was excerpted from another piece that Stead wrote: “Young Women and Journalism,” The Young Woman, October 1892, 12–14. For more about Stead, see, for example, The W.T. Stead Resource Site, http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk (accessed on June 14, 2011).
- Stead, “Young Women in Journalism,” November 1892, 451–52. In the original article, Stead also reminded young women that all eyes were watching them so purity was paramount: “Don't make fools of yourselves, and don't give the enemy occasion to blaspheme by pointing to your work or your behaviour [sic] as conclusive reasons why they will never again… have a woman on their staff.” See Stead, “Young Women and Journalism,” 14.
- Ida M. Tarbell, “Women in Journalism,” The Chautauquan: Organ of the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle, April 1887, 393. For a brief discussion of this article in the context of Tarbell's six-year career as editor of The Chautauquan, see Steve Weinberg, “Ida Tarbell: A Reporter's Life,” APF Reporter 19, 1, at http://www.aliciapatterson.org/stories/ida-tarbell-reporters-life (accessed on June 14, 2011). Thomas Wentworth Higginson wrote in his Harper's Bazar column, “Women and Men”: “I am told by editors that you may almost count on the fingers of one hand, the women in America to whom you can assign a subject for a magazine paper, requiring scholarly effort and labor, and have the work well done. This is the gap that needs to be filled by literary women at present.” See Thomas Wentworth Higginson, “Women and Men: More Thorough Work Visible,” Harper's Bazar, Oct. 9, 1886, 654. His columns were subsequently reprinted in Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Women and Men (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1888). Tarbell referred to Higginson's remarks in her article and noted: “The increased number of women who are receiving a college education and looking toward journalism for work will do well to consider Mr. Higginson's suggestion.” See Tarbell, “Women in Journalism,” 395.
- Tarbell, “Women in Journalism,” 394–95.
- Catharine Oglesby, “Women in Journalism,” Ladies’ Home Journal, May 1930, 29. For more about Oglesby, see, for example, “‘Still a Small-Town Woman’; That's the Reason Catharine Oglesby Is Success,” Spokane (Wash.) Daily Chronicle, Jan. 24, 1931. Ladies’ Home Journal ran a series of articles on “Women In Business” in 1930.
- See Oglesby, “Women in Journalism,” 29; and “‘Still a Small-Town Woman.’”
- Oglesby, “Women in Journalism,” 29. She interviewed Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, director of the School of Journalism at the University of Wisconsin, who pioneered the idea of combining academics with hands-on experience. He advised would-be journalists to pursue an additional two-year program of study at a journalism school.
- Ibid., 229.
- Jennifer Scanlon, Inarticulate Longings: The Ladies’ Home Journal, Gender, and the Promises of Consumer Culture (New York: Routledge, 1995), 7.
- Edward Bok, “Is the Newspaper Office the Place for a Girl?” Ladies’ Home Journal, February 1901, 18. One article discussed journalism as a career for male college graduates and their fathers’ opposition to it. The long article mentioned young women just three times, but the author felt that journalism was a viable option for spirited individuals. See Charles Moreau Harger, “Journalism as a Career,” Atlantic Monthly, February 1911, 218–24.
- Bok, “Is the Newspaper Office the Place for a Girl?” 18. He asked each the following question: “If you had a young daughter, desirous or forced to go into the outer world, would you, from your experience,… approve of her working in a daily newspaper office? If not, why not? And under what, if any, circumstances or conditions would you sanction it?”
- Anonymous newswomen, quoted in ibid.
- Anonymous editors, quoted in ibid. Bok remained noncommittal, perhaps because the Journal's Louisa Knapp reportedly was paid $10,000 a year (about $236,000 by today's standards), more “than has ever been previously paid in this country to any woman journalist for similar work.” See “The Ladies’ Home Journal,” The Journalist, Oct. 22, 1887, 10; and The Inflation Calculator. For contemporaneous articles about Knapp, see, for example, The Journalist's Woman's Number.
- Confessional articles were popular. For other examples, see, for instance: “Confessions of a Co-ed,” The Independent, Oct. 10, 1907, 871–74; “Confessions of a Literary Journalist,” The Bookman, December 1907, 370–76; “Confessions of a Journalist,” Current Literature, July 1908, 52–54; and A. O'Hagan, “Confessions of a Professional Woman,” Harper's Bazar, September 1907, 848–54.
- Helen M. Winslow, “The Confessions of a Newspaper Woman,” Atlantic Monthly, February 1905, 209–11.
- See note 47.
- Anne Eliot, “Experiences of a Woman Reporter,” Collier's Weekly, Aug. 21, 1909, 9–10. Other questions asked whether one would be willing to bribe servants for information, follow a man who had refused an interview, spy on people, interview a murderer's wife on the eve of his execution, and live “in a perpetual atmosphere of crime and scandal.”
- Anna Steese Richardson, “Am I My Sister's Keeper? The Confessions of a ‘Heart-Throb Specialist,’” Woman's Home Companion, October 1913, 6. Richardson was an editor and columnist for that publication. Also see the Biographical Note, Anna Steese Richardson papers, Sophia Smith Collection, at http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/finaids/sophiasmith/mnsss393.html (accessed on June 14, 2011).
- Richardson, “Am I My Sister's Keeper?” 6. Fifty dollars is the equivalent of about $1,300 today. She was paid the equivalent of about $800 weekly. See The Inflation Calculator.
- See Richardson, “Am I My Sisters Keeper?” 6; and Biographical Note. Final punctuation was altered to improve readability.
- Richardson, “Am I My Sister's Keeper?” 6. She did not abandon journalism altogether. She wrote for many magazines and newspapers and co-authored Big Hearted Herbert, a Broadway play that was later made into a movie. See Biographical Note.
- Eleanor Hoyt, “The Newspaper Girl,” Current Literature, March 1903, 291. Hoyt also was a popular novelist, who published eleven books between 1902 and 1919. She did not mention fictional books by name, but popular books published by 1903, when her article appeared in Current Literature, included: Robert Bart, Jennie Baxter—Journalist (New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1899); Alice M. Williamson, The Newspaper Girl (London: Pearsons, 1899); and Ellen Williams, Anna Marsden's Experiment (London: Greening, 1899). Other fictional examples include: Alice Katharine Fallows, “The Journalistic Career of Evelyn,” Harper's Bazar, April 1905, 360–70; Joan Lowell, Gal Reporter (New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1933); and Mildred Gilman, Sob Sister (New York: Jonathan Cape & Harrison Smith, 1931). Also see Shelley, “Female Journalists and Journalism in fin-de-siècle Magazine Stories,”; and Jean Marie Lutes, Front-Page Girls: Women Journalists in American Culture and Fiction, 1880–1930 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2006).
- Hoyt, “The Newspaper Girl,” 291-92. Hoyt's column ran in a section headlined, “Unusual Methods of Livelihood; Queer Feminine Vocations.”
- “Life with the Cover Off: The Experiences of a Girl Reporter,” Collier's, March 11, 1922, 10.
- J.L.H., “A Woman's Experience of Newspaper Work,” Harper's Weekly, Jan. 25, 1890, 74. One didactic article by Anne Bryan McCall noted the “great number of girls,” who had the desire to write a novel, poetry, short stories, plays, and other creative work. The article responded in particular to a teacher in Canada, who wanted to write a play. McCall offered advice for how to try to become a published author. See Anne Bryan McCall, “The Tower Room: The Girl Who Wants to Write,” Woman's Home Companion, October 1910, 24.
- J.L.H., “A Woman's Experience of Newspaper Work,” 74–75.
- Haryot Holt Cahoon, “Women in Gutter Journalism,” The Arena, March 1897, 568. Helen M. Winslow mentioned Cahoon in an article for The Arena: “Another woman's column that has had an aftermath of success in book form is ‘What One Woman Thinks.’ This is the work of Mrs. Haryot Holt Cahoon on the New York Recorder. Mrs. Cahoon is still a young woman, and a native of Detroit, Mich. Her first work was done at Little Rock, where she helped start the Woman's Chronicle, and her writings have always been distinctively for and about women.” See Helen M. Winslow, “Some Newspaper Women,” The Arena, December 1896, 138.
- Cahoon, “Women in Gutter Journalism,” 568–70.
- Ibid., 572, 574.
- Elizabeth L. Banks, “American ‘Yellow Journalism,’” The Living Age, Sept. 3, 1898, 645. The article originally appeared in Nineteenth Century, August 1898, 328–29.
- Elizabeth L. Banks, Campaigns of Curiosity: Journalistic Adventures of an American Girl in London (Chicago: F. Tennyson Neely, 1894). Also see Marion Leslie, “An American Girl in London: An Interview with Miss Elizabeth Banks,” The Young Woman, III, October 1894, 58–62; and Barbara Onslow, “New World, New Woman, New Journalism: Elizabeth Banks, Transatlantic Stuntwoman in London,” Media History 7 (June 2001): 7–15. Banks published another memoir in 1902. See Elizabeth L. Banks, The Autobiography of a “Newspaper Girl” (London: Methuen, 1902). Both memoirs are accessible at Google Books. For a brief biographical sketch, see Leonard, Woman's Who's Who of America, 73.
- Banks, The Autobiography of a “Newspaper Girl,” 106.
- Onslow, “New World, New Woman, New Journalism,” 13.
- Banks, “American ‘Yellow Journalism,’” 645–46. That would be the equivalent of about $26,000 today. See The Inflation Calculator.
- Banks, “American ‘Yellow Journalism,’” 646, 649.
- Ibid., 645.
- Catharine Brody, “Newspaper Girls,” American Mercury, March 1926, 273. Brody grew up in a lower middle-class family in Manhattan and wrote about her childhood and issues of race and class in “A New York Childhood,” American Mercury, May 1928, 57–66. She also wrote Nobody Starves: A Novel (London: Longmans, Green, 1932).
- Brody, “Newspaper Girls,” 273–75.
- Ibid., 274.
- Olga Stanley, “Personalities and Journalistic Women,” The Outlook, Oct. 16, 1897, 426.
- Ibid. Willard's book included chapters on “Newspaper Women,” “Editors, Magazine Writers and Paragraphers,” and “Printing and Publishing.” See Willard, Occupations for Women. Stanley wrote that “it would seem that [Willard's] prophesy [was] being fulfilled.” See Stanley, “Personalities and Journalistic Women,” 426. According to one source, Stanley was Lila Graham Alliger Woolfall's pseudonym. See Alison Booth, “Collective Biographies of Women: An Annotated Bibliography,” University of Virginia Library, entry 913, at http://womensbios.lib.virginia.edu/browse?section=23 (accessed on June 14, 2011). Woolfall wrote The Pocket History of the Ladies of the White House: and Information About the Executive Mansion, Its Apartments, Etiquette and Social Code (New York: Woolfall, 1898).
- Stanley, “Personalities and Journalistic Women,” 426-27. The emphasis is in the original.
- Sadie L. Mossler, “They Call Me the ‘Hen Editor,’” Woman's Home Companion, October 1918, 32. The article was reprinted as an example of a personal-experience story in Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, How to Write Special Feature Articles: A Handbook for Reporters, Correspondents and Free-lance Writers Who Desire to Contribute To Popular Magazines and Magazine Sections of Newspapers (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920), 63–68.
- Selene Armstrong, “A Story of Success: A Woman's Account of Her Experiences as a Journalist,” Collier's, April 29, 1911, 18. A line drawing of a woman surrounded by four men—apparently two journalists and two editors—accompanied this article. The caption read: “Sure, you can do it, child, Just be game. Make the city editor think you know a whole lot.” Armstrong earned $9 per week, or the equivalent of about $205 today. See The Inflation Calculator.
- Armstrong, “A Story of Success,” 19. She was hired at a salary of $25 a week, the equivalent of about $570 today. See The Inflation Calculator.
- Armstrong, “A Story of Success,” 18.
- Obituary, New York Times, Jan. 19, 1917. Also see Leonard, Woman's Who's Who of America, 456.
- Kate Fisher Kimball, “The Latest in Women's Occupations,” The Chautauquan: Organ of the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle, September 1911, 98.
- Ibid., 91–92. Other professions reinforced the tenets of true womanhood, including working in lunch rooms, teaching domestic science, managing small hotels, working as a “visiting housekeeper” or as a caterer, doing laundry or dressmaking, working in the millinery field, or doing interior decorating. See ibid., 93–95.
- Ibid., 89, 94–95, 97. It is interesting to note that one article likened a housekeeper's duties to those of a journalist because both “demand[ed] a knowledge of many subjects, even at the risk of this knowledge being superficial rather than profound.” See “Home Notes,” Pearson's Magazine, May 1903, 652.
- Grace Weld Soper, “Women in Journalism,” Harper's Bazar, July 6, 1889, 499. For brief biographical information, see Leonard, Woman's Who's Who of America, 251–52.
- Soper, “Women in Journalism,” 499. For a list of members and their occupations, see “Editor's Portfolio: Woman with a Big ‘W,’” Good Housekeeping, March 15, 1890, 93–94.
- Soper, “Women in Journalism,” 499. Advice columns have a long tradition in journalism. For more information, see, for example, Maragaret Beetham, A Magazine of Her Own? Domesticity and Desire in the Woman's Magazine, 1800–1914 (London: Routledge, 1996).
- Welter points out in her article that the antebellum debate over a woman's education centered on the idea of whether it would affect her “practice of housewifely arts.” See Welter, “The Cult of True Womanhood,” 166. Concern over the effects of a college-educated woman on society persisted into the 1900s. See, for example, O.R. Fernow, “Does Higher Education Unfit Women for Motherhood?” Popular Science, April 1905, 573–75; and C.F. Emerick, “College Women and Race Suicide,” Political Science Quarterly 24 (June 1909): 269–83.
- Welter, “The Cult of True Womanhood,” 166.
- See Oglesby, “Women in Journalism,” 229; and Beasley and Gibbons, Taking Their Place, Chapter 19. Also see Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Dell, 1963).
- Eliot, “Experiences of a Woman Reporter,” 9.
- See Cahoon, “Women in Gutter Journalism,” 574; and Stanley, “Personalities and Journalistic Women,” 427.
- Hoyt, “The Newspaper Girl,” 291.
- Brody, “Newspaper Girls,” 274.
- One was published in 1887: Tarbell, “Women in Journalism.”
- Sixteenth Census of the United States, Table 10, 128.
- For example, Brazelton uses the term “woman writer” more often than “newspaper woman.” See Brazelton, Writing and Editing for Women, 7. Willard consistently uses “newspaper woman,” probably because she was assisted by journalists Helen Winslow and Sallie Joy White. See, for example, Willard, Occupations for Women, 284. Eliot uses “newspaper girl” and “girl reporter,” while Cahoon uses “woman reporter.” See Eliot, “Experiences of a Woman Reporter”; and Cahoon, “Women in Gutter Journalism.” Rayne favored “lady journalist” and “lady reporter.” See, for example, Rayne, What Can A Woman Do, 36, 42. And Joan Lowell described herself as a “Gal Reporter” throughout her book. See Lowell, Gal Reporter.