“Plain and Certain Facts”

NOTES

• [Thomas Prince], The Vade Mecum for America: Or a Companion for Traders and Travellers (Boston: Kneeland and Green, 1731). In quoting eighteenth-century sources, this article retains the original spelling, capitalization, and punctuation, but the heavy use of italics and small caps is not retained.
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• See Hugh Amory, “Reinventing the Colonial Book,” in Hugh Amory and David D. Hall, eds., A History of the Book in America, vol. 1: The Colonial Book in the Atlantic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 52; and Elizabeth Carroll Reilly and David D. Hall, “Customers and the Market for Books,” in ibid., 392. See also Marion Barber Stowell, Early American Almanacs: The Colonial Weekday Bible (New York: B. Franklin, 1977).
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• See “Some Proposals Concerning the Recording of Illustrious Providences,” in Increase Mather, An Essay for the Recording of Illustrious Providences (Boston: Samuel Green, 1684), xi-xiii; and David Paul Nord, “Teleology and News: The Religious Roots of American Journalism, 1630–1730,” Journal of American History 77 (June 1990): 22–23.
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• “Certain Proposals Made by the President and Fellows of Harvard College, to the Reverend Ministers of the Gospel in the Several Churches of New-England,” in Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana; or, the Ecclesiastical History of New-England, bk. 6 (London: Thomas Parkhurst, 1702), 1–2. See also Kenneth Silverman, The Life and Times of Cotton Mather (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985): 157–58; and Jeffrey Jeske, “Cotton Mather: Physico-Theologian,” in Frank Shuffelton, ed., The American Enlightenment (Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 1993), 61–72.
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• For a rare example in journalism historiography of a study of colonial news reporting outside newspapers, see Sheila McIntyre, “Reliable Sources in Early Colonial News,” in Steven R. Knowlton and Karen L. Freeman, eds., Fair & Balanced: A History of Journalistic Objectivity (Northport, Ala.: Vision Press, 2005), 9–22.
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• For example, see Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism (New York: Macmillan, 1941), 48–51; Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, Main Currents in the History of American Journalism (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1927), 74–75; and Sidney Kobre, The Development of the Colonial Newspaper (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1960), chap. 2.
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• David A. Copeland, Colonial American Newspapers: Character and Content (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1997), 264–74. See also Charles E. Clark, The Public Prints: The Newspaper in Anglo-American Culture, 1665–1740 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), chap. 8; and W. David Sloan and Julie Hedgepeth Williams, The Early American Press, 1690–1783 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1994), chaps 1–2.
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• See Clark, The Public Prints, 211–13; Copeland, Colonial American Newspapers, 15, 265–66; and Sloan and Williams, The Early American Press, 1690–1783, 207. On Franklins journalism, see J.A. Leo Lemay, The Life of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 1: Journalist, 1706–1730 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), chap. 18; and Charles E. Clark and Charles Wetherell, “The Measure of Maturity: The Pennsylvania Gazette, 1728–1765,” William and Mary Quarterly, third series, 46 (April 1989): 279–303.
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• Thomas Prince, “Thomas Prince Journal, 1709–1711,” Manuscripts Department, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston. For biographical sketches of Prince, see Clifford Shipton, Biographical Sketches of Those Who Attended Harvard College, vol. 5: 1701–1712 (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1937), 341–68; and [William H. Whitmore], “Life and Labors of Thomas Prince,” North American Review 91 (October 1860): 354–75. The only full biography of Prince is John Edward Van de Wetering, “Thomas Prince: Puritan Polemicist” (Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1959).
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• Thomas Prince, Christ Abolishing Death and Bringing Life and Immortality to Light in the Gospel (Boston: John Draper, 1736), 8–12. On Prince's engagement with science, see Theodore Hornberger, “The Science of Thomas Prince” New England Quarterly 9 (March 1936): 26–42; and John Van de Wetering, “God, Science, and the Puritan Dilemma,” New England Quarterly 38 (December 1965): 494–507. On the quantification of mortality and the rise of social statistics—called “political arithmetic” by William Petty—see Patricia Cline Cohen, A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 30–31, 83–84.
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• Thomas Prince, Earthquakes the Works of God & Tokens of His Just Displeasure (Boston: Printed for D. Henchman, 1727). See also Michael J. Crawford, Seasons of Grace: Colonial New England's Revival Tradition in Its British Context (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 114–17; Harry S. Stout, The New England Soul: Preaching and Religious Culture in Colonial New England (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 177–79; and Copeland, Colonial American Newspapers, 259–60.
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• See Clark, The Public Prints, 144–46, 156–57; and Isaiah Thomas, The History of Printing in America, with a Biography of Printers and an Account of Newspapers, 2nd ed., vol. 2 (Albany, N.Y.: Joel Munsell, 1874), 42.
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• See Thomas Prince, Extraordinary Events the Doings of God, and Marvellous in Pious Eyes (Boston: Printed for D. Henchman, 1745), 8–10, 14; and Thomas Prince, A Sermon Delivered at the South Church in Boston, N.E., August 14, 1746. Being the Day of General Thanksgiving for the Great Deliverance of the British Nation (Boston: Printed for D. Henchman by S. Kneeland and T. Green, 1746), 7. For an overview of the belief that natural or historical events were signs of God's providence, see Michael P. Winship, Seers of God: Puritan Providentialism in the Restoration and Early Enlightenment (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
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• See Thomas Prince, A Chronological History of New-England in the Form of Annals (Boston: Kneeland and Green, 1736); and “Diary of the Rev. Thomas Prince, 1737,” Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, vol. 19: Transactions, 1916–1917 (Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 1918): 337. On Prince as a practitioner of providential history, see Elliott West, “Thomas Prince and New England History,” Journal of Church & State 16 (Autumn 1974): 435–52; Mark L. Sargent, “Thomas Prince's Bookplate: A Pilgrim, Progress, and the Chronological History of New England,” Studies in Puritan American Spirituality 6 (1997): 1–24; and Bruce Tucker, “The Reinterpretation of Puritan History in Provincial New England,” New England Quarterly 54 (December 1981): 481–98.
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• See Shipton, Biographical Sketches of Those Who Attended Harvard College, vol. 5, 355; and John Van de Wetering, “Thomas Prince's Chronological History,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 18 (October 1961): 552. Prince published fragments of the uncompleted volume 2 in the 1750s, carrying the story through 1633. See the citations in note 19.
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• Thomas Prince, “Dedication” and “Preface,” in A Chronological History of New-England in the Form of Annals, unnumbered pages and iii, viii–xi.
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• Thomas Prince, Boston, April 10, 1729: Reverend Sir, broadside ([Boston]: n.p., 1729), American Antiquarian Society, Worchester, Mass.
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• Prince, A Chronological History of New-England in the Form of Annals, viii.
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• See Thomas Prince, Annals of New-England, Vol. II, Numb. 1 (Boston: Samuel Kneeland, 1755), 34; Thomas Prince, Annals of New-England, Vol. II, Numb. 2 (Boston: B. Edes and J. Gill, 1755), 66; and Thomas Prince, Annals of New-England, Vol. II, Numb. 3 (Boston: B. Edes and J. Gill, 1755), ii, 98.
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• See Shipton, Biographical Sketches of Those Who Attended Harvard College, vol. 5, 36–61; Peter Knapp, “The Rev. Thomas Prince and the Prince Library,” American Book Collector 22 (1971): 19–23; and “The Prince Library,” Bulletin of the Boston Public Library 4 (October-December 1922): 351–55.
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• See Benjamin Trumbull, A Complete History of Connecticut, Civil and Ecclesiastical, vol. 1 (New Haven, Conn.: Maltby, Goldsmith, 1818), 5–6; and “Extracts of Letters to Rev. Thomas Prince,” Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society 3 (1895): 271–320.
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• The best medical history of the epidemic is Ernest Caulfield, A True History of the Terrible Epidemic Vulgarly Called the Throat Distemper: Which Occurred in His Majesty's New England Colonies Between the Years 1735 and 1740 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 1939).
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• A Lamentation: on the Prevailing Sickness, in Many Towsn [sic] in New-England, broadside (n.p., n.d.), Massachusetts Historical Society.
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• Boston News-Letter, Feb. 12, 1736. Dozens of similar items appeared in Boston's five weekly newspapers in 1736. The five weekly newspapers (with founding dates) were the Boston Weekly News-Letter (1704), the Boston Gazette (1719), the New England Weekly Journal (1727), the Boston Post-Boy (1735), and the Weekly Rehearsal (1731), which became the Boston Evening-Post in 1735.
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• Boston News-Letter, Jan. 9, 1736.
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• Report of the Record Commissioners of the City of Boston, containing the Records of Boston Selectmen, 1716 to 1736, vol. 13 (Boston: Rockwell and Churchill, 1885), 280.
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• Boston News-Letter, Feb. 19, 1736.
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• Eric H. Christianson, “Medicine in New England,” in Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers, eds., Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health, 3rd ed. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1997), 59–61.
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• See William Douglass, The Practical History of a New Epidemical Eruptive Miliary Fever, with an Angina Ulcusculosa (Boston: Thomas Fleet, 1736); and Advertisement, Boston Evening Post, June 28, 1736.
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• See Caulfield, A True History of the Terrible Epidemic Vulgarly Called the Throat Distemper, 39–40; and “Douglass, William,” in Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 3 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1959), 408. For a good biographical sketch of Douglass, along with a discussion of his historical writings, see David Freeman Hawke, “William Douglass's Summary,” in Lawrence H. Leder, ed., The Colonial Legacy, vol. 2: Some Eighteenth-Century Commentators (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 43–74. See also John M. Bumsted, “Doctor Douglass’ Summary: Polemic for Reform,” New England Quarterly 27 (June 1964): 242–50.
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• Caulfield, A True History of the Terrible Epidemic Vulgarly Called the Throat Distemper, 42.
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• Douglass, The Practical History of a New Epidemical Eruptive Miliary Fever, with an Angina Ulcusculosa, 3, 12. See also Boston News-Letter, April 29, 1736.
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• Douglass, The Practical History of a New Epidemical Eruptive Miliary Fever, with an Angina Ulcusculosa, 18. See also Caulfield, A True History of the Terrible Epidemic Vulgarly Called the Throat Distemper, 40–42.
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• Douglass, The Practical History of a New Epidemical Eruptive Miliary Fever, with an Angina Ulcusculosa, ii.
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• Douglass was an ardent empiricist who valued only direct, experimental and observational data. See “Douglass, William,” in American National Biography, vol. 6 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 823; and Margot Minardi, “The Boston Inoculation Controversy of 1721–1722: An Incident in the History of Race,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 61 (January 2004): 54, 68. No manuscript responses to the questionnaire apparently survived.
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• Caulfield, A True History of the Terrible Epidemic Vulgarly Called the Throat Distemper, 46–48.
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• Patricia Cline Cohen explores the broader history of the collection and the use of mortality data in colonial America. See Cohen, A Calculating People, chap. 2. An example of a later attempt to use Boston baptism and mortality statistics in 1701–52 to make inferences about the effectiveness of smallpox inoculation appeared in a London magazine in 1753. The author was Thomas Prince. See Thomas Prince, “Burials and Christenings in Boston, New England,” Gentleman's Magazine, September 1753, 413–15.
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• See [Jabez Fitch], An Account of the Numbers That Have Died of the Distemper of the Throat, Within the Province of New-Hampshire (Boston: Printed for Eleazer Russel, 1736), 7, 10, 13; and Jabez Fitch, Two Sermons on Occasion of the Fatal Distemper Which Prevail'd in Sundry Towns within the Province of New-Hampshire (Boston: Printed for Eleazer Russel, 1736), iii, 17–18. See also Michael N. Shute, “A Little Great Awakening: An Episode in the American Enlightenment,” Journal of the History of Ideas 37 (October-December 1976): 589–602.
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• [Fitch], An Account of the Numbers That Have Died of the Distemper of the Throat, Within the Province of New-Hampshire, 6. On Fitch's report, see Cohen, A Calculating People, 90–92.
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• Advertisement, New England Weekly Journal Aug. 10, 1736. The advertisement for An Account of the Numbers That Have Died of the Distemper of the Throat, Within the Province of New-Hampshire also appeared in Fitch's Two Sermons on Occasion of the Fatal Distemper Which Prevail'd in Sundry Towns within the Province of New-Hampshire, which was published in August.
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• On Henchman, see Hugh Amory, “The New England Book Trade, 1713–1790,” in Amory and Hall, A History of the Book in America, vol. 1, 318–29; Thomas, The History of Printing in America, with a Biography of Printers and an Account of Newspapers, vol. 2, 217; and Rollo G. Silver, “Publishing in Boston, 1726–1757: The Accounts of Daniel Henchman,” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 66 (1956): 17–36.
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• Daniel Henchman, Boston, March 12, 1736, 7. Reverend Sir, broadside ([Boston]: n.p., 1737), American Antiquarian Society.
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• Ibid.
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• See Amory, “The New England Book Trade, 1713–1790,” 125, 318–20; and Silver, “Publishing in Boston, 1726–1757” 19-29. Daniel Henchman's account books for 1713–60 are located at the Boston Public Library and the Harvard Business School, Cambridge, Mass.
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• Daniel Henchman Correspondence Concerning Deaths Caused by “Throat Distemper,” R. Stanton Avery Special Collections Department, New England Historic Genealogical Society, Boston. This correspondence also is part of the Daniel Henchman papers, 1712–62, microfilm, American Antiquarian Society.
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• Thomas Smith to Daniel Henchman, April 30, 1737, Henchman Correspondence, R. Stanton Avery Special Collections Department, New England Historic Genealogical Society. See also William Willis, ed., Journals of the Rev. Thomas Smith and the Rev. Samuel Deane, Pastors of the First Church in Portland (Portland, Maine: Joseph S. Bailey, 1849). Many of Smith's entries for 1735–37 are about throat distemper.
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• See William Tompson to Daniel Henchman, June 24, 1738; and John Odlin to Daniel Henchman, May 20, 1737. Both are in the Henchman Correspondence, R. Stanton Avery Special Collections Department, New England Historic Genealogical Society.
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• John Brown, The Number of Deaths in Haverhil [sic], and Also Some Comfortable Instances Thereof Among the Children, Under the Late Distemper in the Throat, 2nd ed. (Boston: Printed for D. Henchman by Kneeland and Green, 1738), 1–3, 68–69.
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• See Advertisement for the first edition, New England Weekly Journal, Oct. 18, 1737; and Advertisement for the second edition, New England Weekly Journal, March 28, 1738. Copies of the first edition may not survive. See Caulfield, A True History of the Terrible Epidemic Vulgarly Called the Throat Distemper, 63–64.
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• Brown, The Number of Deaths in Haverhil [sic], and Also Some Comfortable Instances Thereof Among the Children, Under the Late Distemper in the Throat, 4.
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• See, for example, Rev. Joseph Emerson's two books for the bookseller Hopestill Foster: Joseph Emerson, A Word to Those That Are Afflicted Very Much (Boston: Printed for H. Foster by J. Draper, 1738); and Joseph Emerson, Early Piety Encouraged (Boston: Printed for H. Foster by J. Draper, 1738). See also Shute, “A Little Great Awakening,” 593–99
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• An Awakening Call to the Children of New-England broadside (Boston: Thomas Fleet, [1736]). See also Awakening Calls to Early Piety, broadside (Boston: Kneeland and Green, 1738). Both are at the American Antiquarian Society.
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• Frank Lambert, Inventing the “Great Awakening” (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999), 98.
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• See ibid., chap. 3; Clark, The Public Prints, 259–63; Charles E. Clark, “Early American Journalism: News and Opinion in the Popular Press,” in Amory and Hall, A History of the Book in America, vol. 1, 358–59; Sloan and Williams, The Early American Press, 1690–1783, 108–10; Copeland, Colonial American Newspapers, 215–23; and Thomas S. Kidd, The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007), chaps. 7–8. See also Harry S. Stout, The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1991); and Frank Lambert, “Pedlar in Divinity”: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals, 1737–1770 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994).
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• The story of the Northampton revival was first published in a letter from William Williams to Benjamin Colman that the latter had printed in the New England Weekly Journal on May 12, 1735. An early version of Jonathan Edwards’ narrative appeared in William Williams, The Duty and Interest of a People, Among Whom Religion Has Been Planted…to Which Is Added, Part of a Large Letter from the Rev. Mr. Jonathan Edwards of Northampton. Giving an Account of the Late Wonderful Work of God in Those Parts (Boston: Kneeland and Green, 1736). The first full version of Edwards’ famous Faithful Narrative appeared in London in 1737. On the revivals in Northampton and the news surrounding them, see Lambert, Inventing the “Great Awakening”, 69–81.
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• Much of Lambert's Inventing the “Great Awakening” is devoted to the publishing and printing aspects of the Great Awakening. See also Amory, “The New England Book Trade, 1713–1790,” 328-30; Sloan and Williams, The Early American Press, 1690–1783, 109–10; and Susan O'Brien, “Eighteenth-Century Publishing Networks in the First Years of Transatlantic Evangelicalism,” in Mark A. Noll, David W. Bebbington, and George A. Rawlyk, eds., Evangelicalism: Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America, the British Isles, and Beyond, 1700–1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 38–57. On Chauncy, see Edward M. Griffin, Old Brick: Charles Chauncy of Boston, 1705–1787 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1980).
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• See William Cooper, “Preface,” in Jonathan Edwards, The Distinguishing Marks of the Work of the Spirit of God (Boston: Kneeland and Green, 1741), xvii; and Jonathan Edwards, Some Thoughts Concerning the Present Revival of Religion in New-England (Boston: Kneeland and Green, 1742), 377.
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• See Lambert, Inventing the “Great Awakening”, 120; West, “Thomas Prince and New England History,” 444; and John E. Van de Wetering, “The Christian History of the Great Awakening,” Journal of Presbyterian History 44 (1966): 122–29. See also Lisa Thurston Brown, “Perspectives of Pro-Revivalism: The Christian History and the Great Awakening” (Master's thesis, Brigham Young University, 2004). The Christian History ran weekly for two years (104 issues). The first magazines in the American colonies appeared in Philadelphia in 1741: Andrew Bradford's American Magazine and Benjamin Franklins General Magazine. Neither of these monthlies survived beyond six months. See Clark, “Early American Journalism,” 360; Sloan and Williams, The Early American Press, 1690–1783, 105–08; and Frank Luther Mott, A History of American Magazines, vol. 1: 1741–1850 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press), 71–77.
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• See Boston Gazette, March 1, 1743; and Christian History, March 5, 1743, 1–2. Samuel Kneeland and Timothy Green were the printers of both the Gazette and the Christian History as well as many pro-revival books and pamphlets. They had taken over the Gazette in 1741 and merged it with their New England Weekly Journal. For a while the merged paper was titled The Boston Gazette, or, Weekly Journal.
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• See Edwards The Distinguishing Marks of the Work of the Spirit of God; and George M. Marsden, Jonathan Edwards: A Life (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), 234–35.
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• See Boston Gazette, March 1, 1743; and Christian History, March 5, 1743, 1–2.
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• See Boston Evening Post, March 7, 1743, Feb. 17, 1744, and Aug. 27, 1744; “Original Letters of Dr. Charles Chauncy,” New England Historical and Genealogical Register 10 (1856): 332–33; and Van de Wetering, “The Christian History of the Great Awakening,” 123, 128.
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• See Thomas Prince, It Being Earnestly Desired by Many Pious and Judicious People, broadside ([Boston: Kneeland and Green, 1743]), American Antiquarian Society; and Boston Gazette, May 31, 1743, and June 28, 1743. See also Lambert, Inventing the “Great Awakening”, 127, 144–50, 248.
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• See Crawford, Seasons of Grace, 184–86; Lambert, Inventing the “Great Awakening”, 147–48; and Brown, “Perspectives of Pro-Revivalism,” 26. On the Scottish connection, see O'Brien, “Eighteenth-Century Publishing Networks in the First Years of Transatlantic Evangelicalism,” 49ighteenth-Century Publishing Networks in the First Years of Transatlantic Evangelicalism,” 49” 49–50.
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• See, for example, the narratives of revivals in Sutton and Taunton, Mass., written by David Hall and Josiah Crocker. The Sutton story began in the Christian History on July 21, 1743, 161, and ran through July 28, 1743, 172. The Taunton story began in the Christian History on Dec. 8, 1744, 321, and ran through Jan. 5, 1745, 358.
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• Patricia Cline Cohen wrote that Prince's “pure love of counting and computation,” exhibited in the Vade Mecum, was rare in eighteenth-century America. See Cohen, A Calculating People, 126–27.
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• Copy of Prince, It Being Earnestly Desired by Many Pious and Judicious People, American Antiquarian Society. Daniel Rogers was a radical evangelical preacher who itinerated with George Whitefield, James Davenport, and others. In 1742, he spent a good deal of time promoting the revival in his hometown of Ipswich, and he may have submitted something to the Christian History that Prince declined to publish despite this solicitation. But there is no surviving record of it. On Rogers’ career as revivalist, see Kidd, The Great Awakening, 86, 101, 125–27, 131–32, 137.
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• Robert Boyle, Some Considerations Touching the Usefulness of Experimental Natural Philosophy (Oxford: Printed for R. Davis by H. Hall, 1663).
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• Jonathan Edwards, A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections (Boston: Kneeland and Green, 1746), 334–35. See also Marsden, Jonathan Edwards, 287–88.
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• See Prince, “Dedication” and “Preface,” in A Chronological History of New-England in the Form of Annals History, unnumbered pages and iv and x; and Douglass, The Practical History of a New Epidemical Eruptive Miliary Fever, with an Angina Ulcusculosa, ii, 18.
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• On the varieties of enlightenment in science and religion in early eighteenth-century Boston, see Ned C. Landsman, From Colonials to Provincials: American Thought and Culture 1680–1760 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2000), 59–70, 134–37; and John Corrigan, The Prism of Piety: Catholick Congregational Clergy at the Beginning of the Enlightenment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 56–64.
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• On Franklin's linking of empirical science, public policy, and journalism, see Joyce E. Chaplin, The First Scientific American: Benjamin Franklin and the Pursuit of Genius (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 6–8, 49–51; Lemay, Life of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 1, 117, 448–50; and Alan Houston, Benjamin Franklin and the Politics of Improvement (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 15–17.
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• See, for example, Leonard Downie Jr. and Michael Schudson, “The Reconstruction of American Journalism,” Columbia Journalism Review, November/December 2009, 28–51; and Paul Starr, “Goodbye to the Age of Newspapers (Hello to a New Era of Corruption),” New Republic, March 4, 2009, 28–35. See also Robert W. McChesney and John Nichols, The Death and Life of American Journalism: The Media Revolution That Will Begin the World Again (New York: Nation Books, 2010); and Of the Press: Models for Transforming American Journalism: A Report of the 2009 Aspen Institute Forum on Communications and Society (Washington, D.C.: Aspen Institute, 2010).
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