Murder in Mississippi

NOTES

• See George B. Leonard, T. George Harris, and Christopher S. Wren, “How a Secret Deal Prevented a Massacre at Ole Miss,” Look, Dec. 31, 1962, 30; and Sterling Slappey and Marion S. Trikosko, “I Saw It Happen in Oxford,” U.S. News & World Report, Oct. 15, 1962, 45.
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• SA Robin O. Cotton, FBI report, Oct. 8, 1962, Records of the U.S. Marshals Service, Record Group 527, file Number 157–147, National Archives, Southeast Region, Monroe, Ga.
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• Jerry Mitchell, “Report: Half of FBI's Cold Cases Are Closed,” (Jackson, Miss.) Clarion-Ledger, Aug. 3, 2010.
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• Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954–1965 (New York: Penguin Books, 1987).
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• See Michael Dorman, We Shall Overcome (New York: Delacorte Press, 1964); William Doyle, An American Insurrection: James Meredith and she Battle of Oxford, Mississippi, 1962 (New York: Doubleday, 2002); Charles W. Eagles, The Price of Defiance: James Meredith and the Integration of Ole Miss (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009); Gene Roberts and Hank Klibanoff, The Race Beat: The Press, the Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation (New York: Random House, 2006); and James W. Silver, Mississippi: The Closed Society (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964).
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• Thomas Buckley, “Mobs Armed With Bottles and Bricks Terrorized Oxford from Dawn Until Noon; Soldiers Beaten; Homes Damaged; Broken Glass Covers Streets—Troops Fire High and Low to Subdue Rioters,” New York Times, Oct. 2, 1962.
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• “French Reporter Wrote ‘Civil War Has Never Ended,’” New York Times, Oct. 3, 1962.
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• Felix Bolo to William Doyle, Dec. 5, 1999, William Doyle collection (MUM00550), Department of Archives and Special Collections, John D. Williams Library, University of Mississippi, Oxford. Bolo said Schulman was a stringer. However, Schulman's obituary in New York Times said he was head of photo operations. See “Sammy Schulman Dead; Was Press Photographer,” New York Times, Aug. 22, 1980.
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• “Kennedy Is Dismayed by Killing of French Newsman During Riots.”
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• Leonard, Harris, and Wren, “How a Secret Deal Prevented a Massacre at Ole Miss,” 30.
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• Alain Guihard to Kathleen Woodruff Wickham, March 9, 2008, and Jan. 23, 2009.
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• See “Kennedy Is Dismayed by Killing of French Newsman During Riots;” and Bolo to Doyle, Dec. 5, 1999.
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• Alain Guihard to Kathleen Woodruff Wickham, March 9, 2008.
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• See “JFK Shocked by Slaying of Reporter,” Washington Post, Oct. 2, 1962; and “Kennedy Is Dismayed by Killing of French Newsman During Riots.”
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• “Kennedy Is Dismayed by Killing of French Newsman During riots.”
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• Guihard, March 9, 2008.
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• “Kennedy Is Dismayed by Killing of French Newsman During riots.”
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• Karl Fleming, Son of the Rough South (New York: Public Affairs, 2005), 294.
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• “Kennedy Is Dismayed by Killing of French Newsman During Riots.”
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• Leonard, Harris, and Wren, “How a Secret Deal Prevented a Massacre at Ole Miss,” 23.
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• Ibid., 24
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• Silver, Mississippi, 71–77.
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• Press Statement, Sept. 30, 1962, President's Office Files, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, Boston.
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• Fleming, Son of the Rough South, 294.
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• John Dittmer, Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 64–65.
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• Leonard, Harris, and Wren, “How a Secret Deal Prevented a Massacre at Ole Miss,” 22, 24.
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• “Ole Miss Gets U.S. List of Students Tied to Riot,” Washington Post, Oct. 11, 1962.
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• Interview, Flip Schulke by Rebecca Nappi, Civil Rights Oral History Interviews, cage 63, folder 2, Washington State University Libraries, Spokane, Wash. Schulke died on May 15, 2008. Also see Joe Holley, “Flip Schulke, 77; Photographer Acclaimed For Coverage of Civil Rights Movement, Washington Post, May 17, 2008.
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• Robert S. Bird, “A Night to Remember,” New York Herald-Tribune, Oct. 14, 1962.
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• Flip Schulke, Witness to Our Times: My Life as a Photojournalist (Chicago: Cricket Books, 2003), 24.
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• Charles Cruttenden, “Hecklers Turn into Mad-dog, Rock-Throwing Mob,” San Francisco Examiner, Oct. 1, 1962.
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• Claude Sitton, “3,000 Troops Put Down Mississippi Rioting and Seize 200 as Negro Attends Classes; Ex-Gen. Walker Is Held for Insurrection,” New York Times, Oct. 2, 1962. Also see interviews with reporters on campus that night: Brazell, Carl, KTRH-TV, Houston, FBI interview, Oct. 30, 1962, file number 157–288; Coffey, Raymond, Chicago Daily News, FBI interview, Nov. 5, 1962, file number 157–147; Dorman, Michael, Newsday, FBI interview, Nov. 21, 1962, file number 157–755; Robertson Jr., Victor, WFAA-Radio, Dallas, FBI interview, Nov. 1, 1962, file number 157–203; Tatum, Charles, campus police chief, FBI interview, Oct. 6, 1962, file number 157–147; and Yoder, Gordon, Hearst Metrotone News, Dallas, Department of Justice transcript, no date, no file number. All are in the Records of the U.S. Marshals Service, Record Group 527, National Archives, Southeast Region.
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• Sitton, “3,000 Troops Put Down Mississippi Rioting and Seize 200 as Negro Attends Classes.”
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• Leonard, Harris, and Wren, “How a Secret Deal Prevented a Massacre at Ole Miss,” 22-23, 29.
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• “Walker Demands a Vocal Protest,” New York Times, Sept. 30, 1962.
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• See Gene Sherman, “There Were Tears at Ole Miss Sunday Night,” Los Angeles Times, Sept. 30, 1962; and Western Union Telegram Collection (MUM00472), Department of Archives and Special Collections, J.D. Williams Library, University of Mississippi.
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• Interview, Charles Noyes, July 29, 2008.
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• “Though the Heavens Fall,” 19.
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• Evan Thomas, Robert Kennedy: His Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 202.
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• Leonard, Harris, and Wren, “How a Secret Deal Prevented a Massacre at Ole Miss,” 30–36.
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• Interview, Noyes.
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• Dorman, We Shall Overcome, 77.
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• SA Robin O. Cotton, FBI report, Oct. 8, 1962. Ward has since been demolished and the current Student Union constructed on the site. Bryant Hall, known as the Fine Arts Building in 1962, would have blocked Guihard's view of the Lyceum.
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• “The Sound and the Fury,” Newsweek, Oct. 15, 1962, 26.
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• Hugh Calvin Murray, FBI interview, Oct. 8, 1962, Records of the U.S. Marshals Service, Record Group 527, file number 157–147, National Archives, Southeast Region.
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• Johann W. Rush, FBI interview, Nov. 6, 1962, Records of the U.S. Marshals Service, Record Group 527, file number 157–221, National Archives, Southeast Region.
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• Tom Brown, transcript of interview, Oct. 8, 1962, Records of the U.S. Marshals Service, Record Group 527, no file number, National Archives, Southeast Region.
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• Murray, FBI interview.
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• Cort Best, FBI interview, Oct. 30, 1962, Records of the U.S. Marshals Service, Record Group 527, file number 157–118, National Archives, Southeast Region.
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• R.J. Bonds, FBI interview, Oct. 25, 1962, Records of the U.S. Marshals Service, Record Group 527, file number 157–147, National Archives, Southeast Region. The YMCA building, which is now the location of the Croft Institute for International Studies, served as a recreation center on campus. It is located near Bryant Hall, the former Fine Arts building, on the north side of the green space in front of the Lyceum.
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• Brown, transcript of interview.
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• Richard Elliott, transcript of interview, no date, Records of the U.S. Marshals Service, Record Group 527, no file number, National Archives, Southeast Region.
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• See Rush, FBI interview; Brown, transcript of interview; and interview, Tom Brown, July 18, 2008.
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• Brown, transcript of interview.
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