Red, White, and Black

NOTES

• James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 4, 48–49; Lyon Rathbun, “The Debate over Annexing Texas and the Emergence of Manifest Destiny,” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 4, no. 3 (2001): 464; and Michael A. Morrison, ‘“New Territory versus No Territory’: The Whig Party and the Politics of Western Expansion, 1846–1848,” The Western Historical Quarterly 23, no. 1 (February 1992): 28, 32, 37.
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• David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 (New York: Harper Colophon, 1976), 1.
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• In an editorial in the July 23, 1847, edition of the Sun, Beach advocated taking most of Mexico's territory and acquiring Cuba from Spain. However, he never reversed his position that bringing a large Mexican population into the United States would be harmful to the nation. Based on this, it is unclear if Beach ever truly wanted to see the United States conquer more than northern Mexico.
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• Bennett published an editorial expressing reservations about territorial acquisition in the Sept. 22, 1847, and Oct. 19, 1847, editions of the New York Herald. He expressed his desire to conquer all of Mexico in editorials published in the Oct. 8, 1847, and Oct. 28, 1847 editions.
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• Mark Bernhardt, “Picturing the News: The Spectacle of Gender and Politics in the Pictorial Journalism of Crime and War, 1836–1935” (PhD diss., University of California, Riverside, 2006), 399–406, 418–32.
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• Michael Roth, “Journalism and the U.S.-Mexican War,” in Dueling Eagles: Reinterpreting the U.S.-Mexican War, 1846–1848, ed. Richard Francaviglia and Douglas W. Richmond (Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 2000), 103, 115; William E. Huntzicker, The Popular Press, 1833–1865 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1999), 98. Tom Reiley, War with Mexico!: America's Reporters Cover the Battlefront (Lawrence:, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 2010), 2; Robert W. Johannsen, To the Halls of the Montezumas: The Mexican War in the American Imagination (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 19; and Alfred Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1937), 129.
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• McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 4, 48–49; and Rathbun, “The Debate over Annexing Texas,” 464.
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• Morrison, “New Territory versus No Territory,” 28, 32, 37.
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• Rathbun, “The Debate over Annexing Texas,” 464; and Morrison, “New Territory versus No Territory,” 28, 32, 37.
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• Alexander Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (London: Verso, 1990), 145.
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• Rathbun, “The Debate over Annexing Texas,” 459; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 8–9; Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Angb-Saxonism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), 242–44; and Robert Leckie, From Sea to Shining Sea: From the War of 1812 to the Mexican War, the Saga of America's Expansion (New York: Harper Perennial, 1993), 507.
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• Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic, 98–99.
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• Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States through 260 Years: 1690 to 1950, revised ed. (New York: Macmillan Company, 1950), 227.
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• Frank M. O'Brian, The Story of The Sun: New York: 1833–1928, revised ed. (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1928), 90; and Saxton, The Rise and Fall of the White Republic, 102.
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• O'Brian, The Story of The Sun, 112–13, 115.
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• James L. Crouthamel, Bennett's New York Herald and the Rise of the Popular Press (Syracuse, NY.: Syracuse University Press, 1989), 7–8, 16–17.
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• New York Herald, July 28 1835.
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• New York Herald, Oct. 1, 1835; Nov. 9, 1835; Nov. 24, 1835; May 18, 1836; May 19, 1836; Aug. 10, 1836; Aug. 11, 1836; and Oct. 11, 1837.
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• New York Herald, May 1, 1844.
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• New York Herald, Sept. 25, 1845.
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• Crouthamel, Bennett's New York Herald and the Rise of the Popular Press, 4, 57–58, 61. Douglas Fermer states that the Herald had a circulation of 12,000 in 1845. See Douglas Fermer, James Gordon Bennett and the New York Herald: A Study of Editorial Opinion in the Civil War Era, 1854–1867 (New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., 1986), 30.
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• Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 210.
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• Ibid., 210. At times the United States government promoted programs designed to “civilize” Native Americans and incorporate them into the United States. However, few Americans seemed to accept the idea that Native Americans were capable of becoming civilized and white settlers often sought to take Native American land, pushing Native Americans farther west. See Cynthia Cumfer, Separate Peoples, One Land: The Minds of Cherokees, Blacks, and Whites on the Tennessee Frontier (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 82–83, 85.
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• Peter S. Onuf and Leonard J. Sadosky, Jeffersonian America (Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Publishers, 2002), 43, 81.
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• Drinnon, Facing West, 46.
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• Black, Fighting for America, 122, 176; and Cumfer, Separate Peoples, One Land, 44.
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• Berkhoffer, The White Man's Indian, 129.
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• David G Pugh, Sons of Liberty: The Masculine Mind in Nineteenth-Century America (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983), 120.
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• Slotkin, Regeneration through Violence, 355.
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• “Prescott's History of the Conquest of Mexico,” North American Review 58, no. 1 (1844): 169.
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• William Dusinberre, Them Dark Days: Slavery in the American Swamps (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2000), 248, 265.
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• Donn C. Worgs, “Beware the Frustrated: The Fantasy and Reality of African American Violent Revolt,” Journal of Black Studies 37, no. 1 (Spring 2006): 22, 25.
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• Joyce Tang, “Enslaved African Rebellions in Virginia,” Journal of Black Studies 27, no. 5 (May 1997): 598.
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• Thomas J. Davis, “Conspiracy and Credibility: Look Who's Talking, about What—Law Talk, Loose Talk,” The William and Mary Quarterly 59, no. 1 (January 2002): 167.
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• Crockett, “The Incendiary Pamphlet,” 305.
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• Banner, How the Indians Lost Their Land, 121–40, 191–227; and Black, Fighting for America, 121–22, 196–99.
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• Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny, 242–44; and Black, Fighting for America, 260.
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• New York Herald, Dec. 21, 1846.
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• New York Herald, July 29, 1846.
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• New York Herald, Dec. 21, 1846.
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• New York Herald, July 29, 1846; Nov. 12, 1846.
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• New York Herald, May 24, 1846.
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• New York Herald, Aug. 15, 1847; April 20, 1847; and Dec. 8, 1846.
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• New York Sun, May 15, 1847, weekly edition.
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• “Expeditions to Santa Fe,” North American Review 60, no. 1 (1845): 210.
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• Ibid., 211.
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• New York Sun, June 12, 1847, weekly edition.
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• “Expeditions to Santa Fe,” 211.
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• Ibid.
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• New York Sun, Jan. 16, 1847, weekly edition.
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• New York Sun, April 17, 1847, weekly edition.
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• New York Herald, Sept. 5, 1847.
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• New York Herald, June 14, 1846.
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• New York Herald, July 29, 1846; May 24, 1846; and April 20, 1847.
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• New York Herald, Aug. 15, 1847; April, 20 1847; and Dec. 8, 1846.
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• New York Herald, May 28, 1847.
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• New York Herald, Sept. 11, 1847.
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• New York Sun, June 12, 1847, weekly edition.
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