NOTES
- “Queer People,” Newsweek, Oct. 10, 1949, 32.
- See, for example, Jonathan Ned Katz, Gay American History (New York: Meridian, 1976); John D'Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Allan Bérubé, Coming Out under Fire (New York: Plume, 1990); and David K. Johnson, The Lavender Scare (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
- Charles Kaiser, The Gay Metropolis, 1940–1996 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997), 18–19.
- Edward Alwood, Straight News: Gays, Lesbians, and the News Media (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 14–15.
- Diana Knott Martinelli, “The Intersection of Public Relations and Activism: A Multinational Look at Suffrage Movements” (paper presented at the annual convention of the Association of Educators in Journalism and Mass Communication, Washington, D.C., August 2013.)
- Harvey Molotch, “Media and Movements” in Mayer N. Zald and John D. McCarthy, eds., The Dynamics of Social Movements (Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop, 1979), 54–72.
- Scott M. Cutlip, Public Relations History: From the 17th to the 20th Century, The Antecedents (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995), 264–78.
- Timothy Walters and Lynne Masel Walters, “The Conspiracy of Silence: Media Coverage of Syphilis, 1906–1941—How the Press Reluctantly Enlisted in a Major Health Campaign,” American Journalism 8, no. 4 (Fall 1991), 251–54.
- Hazel C. Benjamin, “Lobbying for Birth Control,” Public Opinion Quarterly, January 1938, 48–60; and Dolores Flamiano, “The Birth of a Notion: Media Coverage of Contraception, 1915–1917,” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 75, no. 3 (Fall 1998): 560–71.
- Gunnar Myrdal, Richard Sterner, and Arnold Rose, An American Dilemma (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1944).
- Gene Roberts and Hank Klibanoff, The Race Beat: The Press, the Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation (New York: Vintage Books, 2007).
- Lewis Perry, Civil Disobedience: An American Tradition (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2013).
- Leigh Moscowitz, The Battle over Marriage: Gay Rights Activism though the Media (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013).
- Frank Pearce, “How to Be Immoral and Ill, Pathetic and Dangerous All at the Same Time,” in Stanley Cohen and Jock Young, eds., The Manufacture of News (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1981), 284–301.
- See, for example, D'Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities; Larry Gross, Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001); and, Joshua Gamson, Freaks Talk Back: Tabloid Talk Shows and Sexual Nonconformity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
- Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), 4, 28.
- See Alwood, Straight News.
- Kirk Hallahan “Seven Models of Framing: Implications for Public Relations,” Journal of Public Relations Research 11, no. 3 (1999): 228.
- Molotch, “Media and Movements,” 54–72.
- Gross, Up from Invisibility, 4–6.
- Donald Webster Cory, The Homosexual in America (New York: Greenberg, 1951); and D'Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities, 6–9.
- Toby Marotta, The Politics of Homosexuality (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981), 25.
- D'Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities, 66–67.
- Bérubé, Coming Out under Fire, 248.
- Johnson, The Lavender Scare, 79.
- D'Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities, 22, 26–39.
- Quoted in Alwood, Straight News, 29.
- Harold Call, interview by Edward Alwood, Jan. 4, 1993.
- Ron Brookhart, “Public Relations Activities,” in Homosexuals Today (Los Angeles: ONE Inc., 1956), 51.
- “Public Relations Plan,” Mattachine Society, 1953, New York Public Library, International Gay Information Center, box 1, folder 2 (hereafter cited as IGIC Files).
- “Public Relations Plan,” Mattachine Society, box 7, 1957 Tab, IGIC Files.
- Paul Coates, “Well, Medium, and Rare,” Los Angeles Mirror, March 12, 1953.
- See Roger Streitmatter, Unspeakable: The Rise of the Gay and Lesbian Press in America (Boston: Faber and Faber, 1995).
- Dale Jennings, telephone interview by Edward Alwood, Jan. 30, 1993.
- Erik Barnouw, Tube of Plenty (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 112–14.
- Christopher H. Sterling and John Michael Kittross, Stay Tuned: A History of American Broadcasting 3rd ed. (Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002), 398–405.
- Gamson, Freaks Talk Back, 48.
- Edward Alwood, “A Gift of Gab: How Independent Broadcasters Gave Gay Rights Pioneers a Chance to Be Heard,” in Kevin Barnhurst, ed., Media Queered: Visibility and Its Discontents (New York: Peter Lang Publishers, 2007), 27–44.
- “Paul Coates Show,” transcript, Mattachine Society file, ONE Institute, Baker Memorial Library, Los Angeles.
- Television column, Daily Mirror, May 5, 1954.
- David L. Freeman, “For Courage: One Salutes Curtis White,” One, May 1954, 27.
- Ron Brookhart, “Public Relations Report,” Mattachine Review, May 1956, 10, IGIC Files.
- “Public Relations,” Mattachine Review, April 1957, 21, IGIC Files
- “Mattachine Speaks Out on TV!” The Ladder, April 1958, 3.
- Del Martin, “2-Hour Broadcast on Homophile Problem,” The Ladder, January 1959, 7–14.
- “The Homosexual in Our Society,” transcript, (San Francisco: Pan-Graphic Press, 1959), 3, IGIC Files.
- Quoted in D'Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities, 120.
- “Society Probes Problem of Perversion,” Denver Post, Sept. 5, 1959.
- Letters to the Editor,” Denver Post, Sept. 14, 1959.
- “Public Relations,” Mattachine Review, Sept. 1960, 8, IGIC Files.
- Cory, The Homosexual in America, 5.
- Randolfe Wicker, interview by Edward Alwood, Aug. 24, 2012.
- Ibid.
- Flyer, “The Homosexual League of New York,” personal papers of Randolfe Wicker at his home, Hoboken, N.J., n.d.
- Wicker interview.
- Donn Teal, The Gay Militants (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1971), 214.
- Wicker interview.
- Charles Hayden Jr. to his mother, Nov. 16, 1964, personal papers of Randy Wicker, Hoboken, N.J.
- Jack Gould, “Radio: Taboo Is Broken,” New York Times, July 16, 1962.
- “Cross-Currents,” The Ladder, April 11, 1964, 11.
- Wicker interview.
- Chad Heap, Slumming (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 17–20.
- Ibid., 235, 249–51, 269.
- Robert C. Doty, “Growth of Overt Homosexuality in City Provokes Wide Concern,” New York Times, Dec. 17, 1963.
- Wicker interview.
- Robert K. Woetzel, “Do Our Homosexual Laws Make Sense?” Saturday Review, Oct. 9, 1965, 23.
- Joseph Kahn, “Our Penal Code,” New York Post, Dec. 28, 1965.
- Don Slater, personal communication to Edward Alwood, May 3, 1995.
- Paul Welch, “Homosexuality in America,” Life, June 26, 1964, 68–80.
- “Life,” One, June 1964, 2.
- “Cross-Currents,” The Ladder, July 1964, 23.
- Bob Rose, “Dateline Chicago,” Chicago Daily News, Nov. 17, 1965, 3.
- “Bob Rose, Daily News columnist,” Mattachine Midwest Newsletter, December 1965, 5.
- Frank J. Howell, “Toward a Positive View of the Functioning Homosexual,” Vector, March 1966, 11.
- D'Emilio, Sexual Politics, 208.
- Marotta, The Politics of Homosexuality, 39.
- Quoted in Alwood, Straight News, 60.
- Lucy Komisar, “Three Homosexuals in Search of a Drink,” Village Voice, May 5, 1966, 15.
- Ibid.
- D'Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities, 160.
- Streitmatter, Unspeakable, 54.
- Flyer, personal papers of Randy Wicker, Hoboken, N.J.
- Quoted in Alwood, Straight News, 61.
- Lois Wille, “The Homosexuals—A Growing Problem,” Chicago Daily News, June 20, 1966.
- Lois Wille, “Homosexual Clergyman Tells of His Bizarre Double Life,” Chicago Daily News, The Twilight World series, June 23, 1966. Parentheses in original.
- Wicker interview.
- Gamson, Freaks Talk Back, 31, 53.
- Roger Simon, “There's No Phil Donahue without the Audience,” TV Guide, May 27, 1978, 28.
- Quoted in Alwood, Straight News, 63–64.
- Franklin Kameny, interview by Edward Alwood, May 14, 1992.
- Warren D. Adkins, “The Washington-Baltimore TV Circuit,” Homosexual Citizen, newsletter of the Washington Mattachine Society, May 1967, 6. Adkins was a pseudonym used by Jack Nichols.
- Lilli Vincenz, interview by Edward Alwood, Jan. 31, 2001.
- Ruth Simpson, From the Closets to the Courts, (New York: Viking, 1977), 45.
- Jack Nichols, letter to the executive board, Mattachine Society of Washington, Oct. 14, 1963, Jack Nichols Papers, 1962–1994, Manuscript and Archives Division, New York Public Library.
- “Off the Cuff,” The Ladder, October 1964, 8.
- Jean M. White, “‘Those Others’: A Report on Homosexuality,” Washington Post, Jan. 31, 1965.
- “Cross-Currents,” The Ladder, April 1965, 19.
- “10 Oppose Gov't on Homosexuals,” Washington Afro-American, April 20, 1965.
- “The Invisible Woman,” The Ladder, June 1965, 4.
- Ann Geracimos and John Ferris, “The Girls of Greenwich Village,” Mademoiselle, June 1965, 82.
- “Cross-Currents,” The Ladder, October 1965, 20.
- Irv Kupcinet, “Kup's Column,” Chicago Sun-Times, Sept. 29, 1966.
- “TV Key Previews,” Washington Star, March 7, 1967.
- George Gent, “TV: C.B.S. Reports on Homosexuals,” New York Times, March 8, 1967.
- Charles Kaiser, The Gay Metropolis, 147–48.
- Jose Antonio Vargas, “Signs of Progress,” Washington Post, July 23, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/22/AR2005072202010.html.
- “Police Begin Times Sq. Cleanup After Night Workers Complain,” New York Times, February 6, 1969, 78.
- Jerry Lisker, “Homo Nest Raided, Queen Bees Are Stinging Mad,” New York Daily News, July 6, 1969.
- Ibid.
- Robert Patterson, “Clubs Won't Fix Breakfast, But Will Get You a Fast Fix,” San Francisco Examiner, Oct. 24, 1969.
- Christopher Cory, “The Homosexual: Newly Visible, Newly Understood,” Time, Oct. 31, 1969, 56–67.
- Ibid, 59.
- Teal, The Gay Militants, 97.