NOTES
- Reported estimates put the figure at $12,500. Michael T. Conway, email to Thomas Mascaro, Sept. 2, 2014. Conway is writing a book on The Tunnel.
- Philip Donham and Robert J. Fahey, Congress Needs Help (New York: Random House, 1966). The book displays “Congress” in italics, the remainder in Roman type.
- Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962); J. William Fulbright, The Pentagon Propaganda Machine (New York: Liveright, 1970); and Michael Pollan, The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World (New York: Random House, 2002).
- See Robert W. McChesney, Digital Disconnect: How Capitalism Is Turning the Internet against Democracy (New York: The New Press, 2013) for a view of the present from a political economy perspective.
- “Legal Authority for Fighting ISIS,” New York Times, Sept. 12, 2014.
- Jeffrey M. Jones, “Congressional Job Approval Stays Near Historic Low, Thirteen percent of Americans approve, 83% disapprove,” Aug. 12, 2014, Gallup Politics, http://www.gallup.com/poll/174806/congressional-job-approval-stays-near-historical-low.aspx.
- William R. McAndrew to The President, Nov. 9, 1965; “Preview,” vol. I no. 11, November 1965, LBJ White House Central File Names, box 22/F. Nat'l Broadcasting Co. 7/1/65-12/31/65; and Booklet, “Report to NBC News, Management Study of the U.S. Congress,” Nov. 24, 1965, filed in NBC Name File, White House Central File Names, box 22/F. Nat'l Broadcasting Com. 1/1/66-6/30/66, Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library, Austin, Texas, (hereafter LBJ library).
- Congress Needs Help, in “Documentary Film Collection of Robert F. Rogers,” December 2009, film report by Thomas A. Mascaro, accession record #M2014-098 Rogers FC, State Historical Society of Wisconsin (hereafter SHSW).
- For a pertinent approach to film history, see Robert C. Allen and Douglas Gomery, Film History, Theory and Practice (New York: Knopf, 1985), 1–62.
- Tom Mascaro, Into the Fray: How NBC's Washington Documentary Unit Rein-vented the News (Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2012), xvii, 61–62.
- Mary Ann Watson, The Expanding Vista: American Television in the Kennedy Years (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 85–88.
- Mascaro, Into the Fray, xvii.
- Ibid., 63–66.
- Ibid., 63–105.
- Robert E. Kintner to Mr. President, Jan. 11, 1967, White House Central Files Names David Brinkley, box 460/F. “Brinkley, David,” LBJ library; and David Brinkley, Brinkley's Beat: People, Places, and Events That Shaped My Time (New York: Knopf, 2003), 63–65.
- Lee Winfrey and Jonathan Storm, “The Passing of Two American Icons, David Brinkley, Founding Father of TV News,” The (Philadelphia) Inquirer, June 13, 2003.
- NBC News, Birth Control: How? A David Brinkley's Journal Special, transcript, 19, Jan. 12, 1964, box 1/F. 9, Ted Yates Papers (hereafter TYP), SHSW
- Regarding Brinkley's values, David Brinkley, “Chapter 1 Waiting,” in Washington Goes to War (New York: Knopf, 1988), 7–26; David Brinkley, Brinkley's Beat, 5–19; and “Food for Peace” transcript, 1, David Brinkley's Journal, box 1/F. 2, TYP, SHSW.
- Mascaro, Into the Fray, 29–35; 131–33.
- Regarding Brinkley's desire for an external study, see Judy Bird, “Part Three Comments,” email to Thomas Mascaro, March 3, 2011.
- Richard J. Rice to Fred L. Yates Jr., Jan. 1, 1964, box FLY Jr., folder 10 “Ten Outstanding Young Men of 1963,” Yates Family Papers, courtesy Angus Yates; Washington Post, Times Herald, Jan. 14, 1964; and NBC release, Jan. 13, 1964, NBC Trade Releases 1952–1972, series 1, box 14/F. 43, Special Collections in Mass Media and Culture Serials Collection (hereafter Special Collections), University of Maryland, College Park, Md.
- NBC release, Jan. 13, 1964.
- Arthur White, telephone interview by Thomas Mascaro, Jan. 21, 2003.
- Daniel Einstein, Special Edition: A Guide to Network Television Documentary Series and Special News Reports, 1955–1979 (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1987).
- For print advertisements see “Now, a Full Hour of News on 2,” New York Times, Sept. 1, 1963; and “American White Paper: United States Foreign Policy,” New York Times, Sept. 8, 1965. Regarding See It Now, see Jack Gould, “Study of Hatred: ‘See It Now’ Documentary in Two Parts Shows South African Racial Clash,” New York Times, Dec. 19, 1954. For examples of favorable reviews and headlines see the following by Jack Gould, New York Times: “Radio and Television: Edward R. Murrow's News Review, ‘See It Now,’ Demonstrates Journalistic Power of Video,” Nov. 19, 1951; “Radio and Television: Murrow's ‘This Is Korea’ Film over C.B.S. Captures Poignancy and Frustration of Life in Battle,” Dec. 29, 1952; “Television in Review: N.B.C. Dramatically Reviews Stalin's Career in Documentary Showing Rise of Communism,” March 9, 1953; “Superb Shows on Their Quests Here and in Angola Given on A.B.C. and N.B.C.,” Sept. 20, 1961; “TV: Van Gogh and His Art Are Presented in Color: His Paintings Become Dazzlingly Alive,” Nov. 18, 1961; “Nile on Camera: N.B.C. Films of River Suggest More Travel Shows Should Be Done,” Nov. 4, 1962; “Exciting Documentaries: Two Recent Telecasts Show How Well TV Covers Reality,” Dec. 9, 1962; “TV: Documentary Jewel: A.B.C.'s ‘Discovery’ Tells Story of Life's Beginnings with Beauty and Clarity,” Sept. 9, 1963; “N.B.C. Presents an Affectionate and Colorful Examination by Chet Hagan,” April 13, 1964; “TV: Distinguished Documentary Series on ‘F.D.R.’: President's Biography Bows on A.B.C.,” Jan. 9, 1965; and “TV: N.B.C. Barks Up the Right Tree,” Nov. 26, 1966. Also in the New York Times see Val Adams, “Naval History: ‘Victory at Sea’: N.B.C. Film Series Is Best of 60,000,000 Feet of Records,” Oct. 26, 1952; and Richard F. Shepard, “Fact Plus Flourish: ‘Project 20’ Combines Two Elements on TV,” Dec. 25, 1960.
- Jack Gould, “TV: ‘Back to Budapest’ Looks at Revolt's Aftermath: Contradictions Shown on N.B.C. Program,” Nov. 14, 1966; “TV Review: Another Documentary on African Wildlife,” New York Times, May 7, 1968; and John W. Finney, “TV: ABM Controversy: ‘C.B.S. Reports’ Offers a Look at Pros and Cons of the National Debate,” New York Times, April 30, 1969.
- Leroy N. Rieselbach, Congressional Reform (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1986); Norman J. Ornstein, ed., Congress in Change: Evolution and Reform (New York: Praeger, 1975); and Julian E. Zelizer, On Capitol Hill: The Struggle to Reform Congress and Its Consequences, 1948–2000 (United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
- Zelizer, On Capitol Hill, 3–8; Christopher J. Deering and Steven S. Smith, Committees in Congress 3rd ed. (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1997), 25–40, esp. 29; and Congress Needs Help transcript, 5, TYP, SHSW. See also David W. Rohde, “Committees and Policy Formulation,” in Paul J. Quirk and Sarah A. Binder, eds., Institutions of American Democracy, The Legislative Branch (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 201–3.
- Deering and Smith, Committees in Congress, 31–32.
- Rieselbach, Congressional Reform, 19–34.
- Zelizer, On Capitol Hill, 6, 33–85.
- Morris K. Udall, “Congressman's Report,” Feb. 7 and 21, 1964, http://www.library.arizona.edu/exhibits/udall/congrept/88th/640207.html and /640221.html. Note: There are no documents in the papers of Ted Yates or David Brinkley at the State Historical Society of Wisconsin or Yates's personal papers owned by his family connecting either man to Morris Udall with regard to Congress Needs Help. Yates and Brinkley did travel in the same social circles. Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall, Morris's brother, wrote the foreword to a book about Lewis and Clark that was based, in part, on Yates's production of a reenactment documentary on the explorers, in Calvin Tomkins, The Lewis and Clark Trail (New York: Harper & Row, 1965).
- Ted Yates to Julian Goodman, June 1, 1964, box 23/F. “Interdepartmental ‘62-'67,” David Brinkley's Papers, SHSW.
- “‘Nuts!’ Retort by McAuliffe; Taken Up as a Rallying Cry,” New York Times, Dec. 30, 1944.
- Mascaro, Into the Fray, 178.
- Caroline Moorehead, Gellhorn, A Twentieth-Century Life (New York: Henry Holt, 2003), 231–37; Publishers Weekly, Reed Business Information, 1994, http://www.amazon.com/Paratrooper-Life-Gen-James-Gavin/dp/0671732269; and Chris Anderson, review of Paratrooper: The Life of Gen. James M. Gavin, Air & Space Power Journal, Nov. 4, 2008, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/bookrev/booth.html.
- Arthur D. Little Inc., “Report to NBC News, Management Study of the U.S. Congress,” Nov. 24, 1965, 9, White House Central File Names, box 22/F. “National Broadcasting Company 1/1/66-6/30/66,” LBJ library.
- “Report to NBC News,” 9. See also Brinkley, “Foreword,” in Donham and J. Fahey, Congress Needs Help, v–xv.
- “Report to NBC News,” 9–10. Neither the “Report to NBC News” nor Donham and Fahey, Congress Needs Help, identifies the names of the committee members.
- C. Trussell, “House Approves Overhaul Study,” New York Times, March 12, 1965; Cabell Phillips, “Congress Hears Plans on Reform,” New York Times, May 12, 1965; and Marjorie Hunter, “Congress Is Given a Blueprint to Reform Itself, but Not Overly,” New York Times, July 22, 1966.
- NBC release, April 14, 1966, Special Collections, University of Maryland.
- George Gent, “Congress Study Slated by N.B.C.,” New York Times, Oct. 23, 1965.
- William R. McAndrew to The President, Nov. 9, 1965, White House Central File Names, box 22/F. “Nat'l Broadcasting Co. 71/165-12/31/65,” LBJ library.
- For affiliate clearances, see Television Index Including Ross Reports, 17 (April 19–25), 125; (May 3–9), 133; and (Nov. 22–28, 1965), 56, Special Collections, University of Maryland.
- Congress Needs Help, transcript, 1–2, TYP, box 2/F. 3; the documentary film Congress Needs Help, Robert F. Rogers film collection, courtesy of Elizabeth Rogers, now housed at SHSW; Jim Norling diary, Sept. 1, 1965, provided courtesy of Jim Norling; and Jim Norling, interview by Thomas Mascaro, March 10, 2010.
- Congress Needs Help, transcript, 2–3.
- Ibid., 7.
- Ibid., 7, 11; and the documentary film Congress Needs Help, Robert F. Rogers film collection, SHSW.
- Congress Needs Help, transcript, 21–22.
- Ibid., 22–23.
- Ibid., 25.
- Ibid., 30.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., 31–32.
- Ibid., 32.
- Ibid., 35.
- Ibid., 36.
- Ibid., 39–42.
- Ibid., credits on screen: Produced and directed by Ted Yates; Associate Producer Robert Rogers; Research Judy Bird Williams; Camera Richard Norling; Edited by Desmond McElroy; Sound Al Hoagland; Unit manager Carl Robinson. Transcript cover page.
- The Eighty-Eighth Congress, January 1963-January 1965, had also passed The Civil Rights Act of 1964, Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964, the Wilderness Act, Social Security Act (including Medicare and Medicaid), the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and other legislation.
- Jack Gould, “TV Review,” New York Times, Nov. 25, 1965.
- Lawrence Laurent, “Congress's Wheels Need Oil, Says NBC,” Washington Post, Times Herald, Nov. 25, 1965.
- Congress Needs Help, transcript, 39.
- “Report to NBC News,” LBJ library.
- Ibid., 11.
- Ibid., 11–13
- See in particular, Rieselbach, Congressional Reform, 19–20.
- “Report to NBC News,” 20–21, LBJ library.
- Congress Needs Help, transcript, 35.
- David Brinkley, “Foreword,” in Philip Donham and Robert J. Fahey, Congress Needs Help (New York: Random House, 1966), v-xv. Several academic articles cite the program and/or book: G. Russell Pipe, “Congressional Liaison: The Executive Branch Consolidates Its Relations with Congress,” Public Administration Review, 26 (March 1966): 22; Louis Fisher, “The Efficiency Side of Separated Powers,” Journal of American Studies, 5 (August 1971): 114; and John R. Johannes, “The President Proposes and Congress Disposes—But Not Always: Legislative Initiative on Capitol Hill,” The Review of Politics, 36 (July 1974): 356.
- Donham and Fahey, Congress Needs Help, 19–30, esp. 19 and 28.
- Ibid., 28, 56–60.
- Ibid., 95.
- Ibid., 150–51.
- Ibid. This point is reinforced in Paul J. Quirk, “Deliberation and Decision Making,” 320, and Christopher J. Deering, “Foreign Affairs and War,” 365, in Paul J. Quirk and Sarah A. Binder, eds., Institutions of American Democracy, The Legislative Branch.
- Jim Gavin, Olin Teague, Ted Yates, and Don Meaney, Vice-President of NBC News, attended, along with an agent from Xerox. NBC release, Feb. 10, 1966, Special Collections, University of Maryland.
- Congressional Record—House, 89 Cong. 2 sess., March 9, 1966, 5358–59.
- Ibid.
- NBC release, April 14, 1966, Special Collections, University of Maryland; Congressional Record—House, 89 Cong. 2 sess., “Proceedings and Debates of the 89th Congress, H.R. 13445,” Introduced by Mr. Bennett, March 9, 1966, 5358–59.
- See, for instance, Quirk and Binder, eds., American Institutions of Democracy, The Legislative Branch, an eighteen-chapter, nearly six-hundred-page primer on Congress.
- Dr. Kenneth Kato, associate historian for the Office of the Historian of the House of Representatives, telephone interview by Thomas Mascaro, March 27, 2012.
- “The OTA Legacy,” http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/.
- Public Law 93–344.