NOTES
- Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper (FLIN), March 21, 1885, 83, 85.
- Adjusting for inflation, the $150,000 that was “lavished upon” the club would translate to $3.75 million, and a $50 fee would cost about $1,250 today, putting membership out of reach of the working and middle classes.
- See Melvin Adelman, A Sporting Time: New York City and the Rise of Modern Athletics, 1820–70 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), 65.
- See Amber Roessner, “Remembering ‘The Georgia Peach’: Popular Press, Public Memory, and the Shifting Legacy of an (Anti) Hero,” Journalism History 36, no. 2 (2010): 83–95; and Michael Oriard, Reading Football: How the Popular Press Created an American Spectacle (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993).
- Hazel Dicken-Garcia, Journalistic Standards in Nineteenth-Century America (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 189.
- Joshua Brown, Beyond the Lines: Pictorial Reporting, Everyday Life, and the Crisis of Gilded Age America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006), 234–35.
- Ibid., 3.
- William Huntzicker, “Frank Leslie,” in Dictionary of Literary Biography (Detroit: Gale Research, 1989).
- Brown, Beyond the Lines, 44.
- Ibid.; and Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: a History, 1690 to 1960 (New York: Macmillan, 1941), 379.
- Ibid., 233.
- See Madeleine Stern, Purple Passage: The Life of Mrs. Frank Leslie (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1953).
- David M. Henkin, “Word on the Street: Ephemeral Signage in Antebellum New York” in The Nineteenth-Century Visual Culture Reader, ed. Vanessa R. Schwartz and Jeannene M. Przyblyski (New York: Routledge, 2004), 194–95.
- Ibid.
- Michael L. Wilson, “Visual Culture: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis?” in The Nineteenth-Century Visual Culture Reader, 29.
- David Rowe, Sport, Culture, and the Media: the Unruly Trinity (Buckingham, U.K.: Open University Press, 2004), 4.
- Richard Butsch, For Fun and Profit: The Transformation of Leisure into Consumption (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), 10.
- Adelman, A Sporting Time, 118. For an early overview of American sports journalism, see John R. Betts, “Sporting Journalism in Nineteenth Century America,” American Quarterly 1, no. 5 (1953): 39–56.
- Ibid., 52. For an extended discussion of the influence of early sports journalism, see D.W. Klinko, “Antebellum American Sporting Magazines and the Development of a Sportsmen's Ethic” (Ph.D. diss, Washington State University, 1986).
- Ibid., 126, 135. For discussions of nineteenth-century baseball journalism, see Chapter 2 of Amber Roessner, Inventing Baseball Heroes: Ty Cobb, Christy Mathewson, and the Sporting Press in America (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2014); and Scott D. Peterson, “Of Ourselves We Sing: Finding an American Voice through Early Baseball Journalism,” in Baseball, Literature, Culture, Essays, ed. Ronald Kates and Warren Tomey (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2008).
- Roessner, Inventing Baseball Heroes, 216.
- Bob Considine and Fred Jarvis, The First Hundred Years: A Portrait of the NYAC (New York: MacMillan, 1969): 12.
- Ibid., 50.
- N.G. Osborn, editor of New Haven Register, quoted in FLIN, Jan. 11, 1890, 407.
- FLIN, July 15, 1876, 302.
- Adelman, A Sporting Time, 185.
- David Voigt, American Baseball: From Gentleman's Sport to the Commissioner System (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961), 53.
- Steven Riess, “Sport and the American Dream: A Review Essay,” Journal of Social History 14, no. 2 (1980): 295–303.
- Henry Chadwick, “Chadwick's Chat,” Sporting Life, May 3, 1890, 10. See also Mike Sowell, “Is She or Isn't He,” Journalism History 37, no. 4 (2012): 228–37; and Scott D. Peterson, Reporting Baseball's Sensational Season of 1890: The Brotherhood War and the Rise of Modern Sports Journalism (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2015).
- Bruce Garrison and Mark Sabljak, Sports Reporting (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1993), 224.
- Thomas B. Connery, Journalism and Realism: Rendering American Life (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2011), 7.
- Ibid., 15.
- Stuart Hall, “Introduction,” in Paper Voices: The Popular Press and Social Change 1935–1965, ed. Anthony C. Smith (London: Chatto & Windus, 1975), 17.
- Stuart Hall, “Introduction,” in Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, ed. Stuart Hall (London: Sage, 1997), 1–8.
- Ibid., 21.
- Ibid., 4.
- Paul Messaris and Linus Abraham, “The Role of Images in Framing News Stories,” in Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World, ed. Stephen D. Reese, Oscar H. Gandy Jr., and August E. Grant (Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001), 224–25.
- Hall, Representation., 11.
- While the authors recognize that an image could fall into more than one category, the category that best represented the dominant characteristics of the image was chosen for this analysis. A seventh category, Active Narrative, brought only one instance, discussed in note 41.
- Brown, Beyond the Lines, 78.
- The only instance of this category occurred on Aug. 16, 1890. It was a full-page two-panel “fish story” told with A3 actuality. In the classic “the one that got away” narrative, the first fisherman uses his hands to indicate a fish three feet in length in “chapter” one, while the second fisherman corrects him in the second chapter with a fish only a few inches in length (FLIN, Aug. 16, 1890, 25).
- FLIN, Sept. 5, 1885, 53.
- FLIN, Sept. 20, 1890, cover. The drawing gave the outline of his figure a superimposed quality, as if the background and his portrait were completed in two difference processes, which could reflect the “mass production” woodcut process perfected by Frank Leslie, as well as the technique of using photographs as the basis for images.
- FLIN, Nov. 7, 1895, 302.
- For further discussion of nineteenth-century attitudes toward women and sports, see Amber Roessner, “The ‘Ladies’ and ‘The Tramps’: The Negotiation of a ‘Woman's Place’ in the National Pastime in Sporting Life,” Journalism History 39, no 3 (2013): 134–44.
- To qualify as action, the illustration had to show the contest in progress while focusing on the contestants instead of the audience and the scene.
- FLIN, Sept. 19, 1885, cover.
- FLIN, Dec. 6, 1890, cover.
- FLIN, Sept. 19, 1895, cover. Three full-page spreads illustrating the action of the America's Cup races in September also attested to the growing importance of sport in the minds of the FLIN editors, if not the newspaper's audience as well.
- FLIN, March 21, 1885, 85.
- Richard Wettan and Joe Willis, “Social Stratification in the New York Athletic Club: A Preliminary Analysis of the Impact of the Club on Amateur Sport in Late Nineteenth Century America,” Canadian Journal of History of Sport & Physical Education 7, no. 1 (1976): 47.
- FLIN, Aug. 9, 1890, 566.
- FLIN, Dec. 28, 1895, 435.
- FLIN, Sept. 5, 1885, 37.
- FLIN, July 5, 1890, cover.
- FLIN, July 4, 1895, 13.
- FLIN, Aug. 9, 1890, 569.
- FLIN, Oct. 31, 1895, 288.
- FLIN, July 4, 1885, 328. Cap Anson or Mike “King” Kelly would have been known among the readers of The Sporting Life or The Police Gazette—and perhaps not to the “Innocent Old Party” in the cartoon if he were from the middle-or upper-classes.
- FLIN, Aug. 8, 1895, 96.
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