NOTES
- Louis Jay Herman, “From Times Square to Red Square: A Salisbury Tale,” The New Leader, April 13, 1953, 12.
- New York Times Company Records, Foreign Desk Records, box 82, folder 6, Manuscripts and Archives Division, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations, The New York Public Library, New York City.
- Harrison Salisbury to Nordau Schoenberg, April 10, 1944, Harrison Salisbury Papers (hereafter HSP), box 9, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York City.
- Ernest von Hartz, “Visit to Russia: a Reporter's Notebook,” The Chicago Sun, June 9, 1946.
- The Daily Worker sent a new Moscow correspondent in 1952. The political allegiances of The Worker, and the privileged treatment it was given by the Soviet authorities, set its correspondent apart from the rest.
- Whitman Bassow, The Moscow Correspondents: Reporting on Russia from the Revolution to Glasnost (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1988), 123. According to the original provisions, adopted in February 1946, the journalists were not allowed to revisit their dispatches after the censors' interventions and had no way of knowing whether and how the items were altered. Similarly, the censors were not required to notify the journalists in case the dispatch was blocked entirely and not transmitted at all. The Politburo updated the rules in March 1946. The new additions permitted the journalists to see the censors' interventions and allowed the journalists to decide whether or not to file their dispatches in an altered form. See Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (RGASPI) F. 17, op. 3, d. 1057, 1. 18; and RGASPI. F. 17, op. 3, d. 1056, 11. 25–26, accessed via Internet archive of Alexander Yakovlev Foundation: http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/69274.
- Harrison Salisbury to Edwin L. James, March 28, 1949, HSP, box 187.
- Directive of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “on the responsibility for revealing state secret and losing documents, containing state secret,” Vedomosti Verkhovnogo Sovieta Soiuza Sovetskikh Sotrsialisticheskikh Respublic, no. 20 (474), June 16, 1947. For American interpretations of the law see: The Charge in the Soviet Union (Durbrow) to the Secretary of State, Nov. 29, 1947, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) 1947, IV: Eastern Europe, The Soviet Union (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972), 622–23.
- Bassow, Moscow Correspondents, 124–25.
- The Charge in the Soviet Union (Kennan) to the Secretary of State, March 4, 1946, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) 1946, VI: Eastern Europe, The Soviet Union (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969), 711; and The Secretary of State to the Charge in the Soviet Union (Kennan), March 13, 1946, FRUS 1946, VI, 715.
- Dubrow to the Secretary of State, June 10, 1947, FRUS 1947, 567.
- Arthur Hays Sulzberger to Edwin L. James, April 21, 1949, HSP, box 188.
- Harrison Salisbury to Edwin L. James, March 28, 1949, and June 7, 1949; and Harrison Salisbury to Cyrus Leo Sulzberger, May 23, 1949, HSP, box 188.
- A.H. Sulzberger to C.L. Sulzberger, Nov. 7, 1950, HSP, box 12.
- The published installments of the series appeared in the New York Times as: “Moscow Is in Midst of Building Effort,” Oct. 11, 1950; “Domestic Matters Intrigue Russians,” Oct. 12, 1950; “No ‘Scare Buying’ in Moscow Stores,” Oct. 13, 1950; and “Russian Citizens Blame U.S. in Korea,” The New York Times, Oct. 14, 1950.
- “Russian Citizens Blame U.S. in Korea.”
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- David S. Foglesong, The American Mission and the “Evil Empire”: The Crusade for a ‘Free Russia’ since 1881 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 109–11.
- The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Harriman) to the Secretary of State, Jan. 20, 1946, FRUS 1946, VI, 676–78; The Charge in the Soviet Union (Durbrow) to the Secretary of State, May 22, 1947, FRUS 1947, IV, 558–69; and The Ambassador in the Soviet Union (Smith) to the Secretary of State, Dec. 27, 1947, FRUS 1947, IV, 647–48. Also see Edmund Stevens, “This Is Russia Uncensored: U.S. Voice Haunts Red War Planners,” The Christian Science Monitor, Jan. 31, 1950; Robert Magidoff, In Anger and Pity: A Report on Russia (Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday, 1949), 268; and Walter Bedell-Smith, Moscow Mission, 1946–1949, (London: William Heinemann Limited, 1950), 169–72.
- Edwin R. Bayley, Joe McCarthy and the Press (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981), 3; and Edward Alwood, Dark Days in the Newsroom. McCarthyism Aimed at the Press (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007), 63.
- Harrison E. Salisbury, A Journey for Our Times: a Memoir (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), 373–75; and Turner Catledge to Harrison Salisbury, Oct. 19, 1950, HSP, box 188.
- Salisbury, Journey for Our Times, 373–74; A.H. Sulzberger to C.L. Sulzberger, Nov. 7, 1950, HSP, box 12; and Turner Catledge to Harrison Salisbury, Oct. 19, 1950, HSP, box 188.
- Walworth Barbour, Minister Counsellor at the American Embassy, to Frederick Reinhardt, Office of Eastern European Affairs, Department of State, Moscow, Oct. 9, 1950, Correspondents - General 631.3; box 154, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, U.S. Embassy Moscow, Classified General Records, 1941–1963; Records of the Foreign Service Posts of the Department of State, Record Group 84 (RG 84); National Archives and Records Administration at College Park, Md.
- Salisbury, Journey for Our Times, 375.
- A.H. Sulzberger to C.L. Sulzberger, Nov. 7, 1950, HSP, box 12.
- Ibid.
- Harrison Salisbury to Turner Catledge, Oct. 31, 1950, HSP, box 188.
- “Russian Citizens Blame U.S. in Korea.”
- A.H. Sulzberger to C.L. Sulzberger, Nov. 7, 1950, HSP, box 12.
- David R. Davies, The Postwar Decline of American Newspapers, 1945–1965 (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2006), 39–40; David Halberstam, The Powers That Be, (New York: Knopf, 1979), 33–40, 343; and Eric Alterman, Sound and Fury: The Making of the Punditocracy (Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1999), 39–41.
- A.H. Sulzberger to Turner Catledge, Oct. 9, 1950; and A.H. Sulzberger to Lester Markel, Oct. 25, 1950, HSP, box 188.
- “Did ‘Times’ Try to Suppress Series on USSR?,” The Daily Worker, Oct. 20, 1950.
- “Worker Windfall,” Time, Oct. 30, 1950, 87.
- Eugene Lyons to the editors, The New York Times, Oct. 23, 1950. Lyons began his career as a socialist and a fellow traveler, yet was soon disappointed with the Soviet regime and became one of its harshest critics.
- Yedidia Hamburg to the editors, The New York Times, Nov. 14, 1950.
- Harrison Salisbury to C. L. Sulzberger, Nov. 22, 1950, HSP, box 187.
- Emanuel Freedman to Harrison Salisbury, Jan. 4, 1951, box 187.
- Michael Schudson, Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers (New York: Basic Books, 1978), 154–57; and Phyllis Frus, The Politics and Poetics of Journalistic Narrative: The Timely and the Timeless (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 106.
- Schudson, Discovering the News, 141–51; and Frus, Politics and Poetics, 106–7. David Halberstam points out that CBS's rigorous standards of objectivity stressed that news analysts “should point out facts on both sides, show contradictions with the known record,” and explain, but not judge, the news. See David Halberstam, The Powers That Be, 54.
- Louis Jay Herman, “From Times Square to Red Square: A Salisbury Tale,” The New Leader, April 13, 1953, 12; Eugene Lyons, “From the ‘Times’ Reporter,” The New Leader, March 30, 1953, 7; and Counterattack: Facts to Combat Communism 7, no. 3, Jan. 16, 1953, Tamiment Library/Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University Libraries, New York City.
- Louis Jay Herman to the editors, The New York Times, Aug. 7, 1951.
- T.G. Bagration to the editors, The New York Times, June 15, 1951.
- Harrison Salisbury to Turner Catledge, Nov. 15, 1951, HSP, box 188.
- Harrison Salisbury to Edwin L. James, March 28, 1949, and June 7, 1949, HSP, box 187.
- The series was published in The New York Times in 1954, every day between Sept. 19 and Oct. 2, 1954. Unlike the controversial Korea series, most of the installments of Russia Re-Viewed appeared on the front page.
- “Russia Re-Viewed: Under New Management Soviet Tactics Change,” The New York Times, Sept. 19, 1954.
- “Russia Re-Viewed: Censorship of News is Erratic, The New York Times, Oct. 2, 1954.
- Harrison Salisbury, American in Russia (New York: Harper, 1955), 6.
- Ibid., 6–7.
- Ragnhild Fiebig von Hase, “Introduction” in, Enemy Images in American History, ed. Ragnhild Fiebig von Hase and Ursula Lehmkuhl (Providence, R.I.: Berghahn Books, 1997), 15, 24–27.
- David M. Kennedy, “Culture Wars: The Sources and Uses of Enmity in American History,” in Enemy Images in American History, 346; and Cyndy Hendershot, Anti-Communism and Popular Culture in Mid-Century America (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2003), 5.
- I borrow the term from Alan Nadel's analysis of John Hersey's Hiroshima. See Alan Nadel, Containment Culture: American Narratives, Postmodernism and the Atomic Age (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1995), 5.
- Larry Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment (Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1994), 356–67.
- Nadel, Containment Culture, 5. The idea of “containment”—the imperative to prevent communism from spreading in the world—was central to American foreign policy in the Cold War. The notion of “containment” was introduced by George F. Kennan in his famous Long Telegram to the State Department and gained notoriety when it was republished under the pseudonym X in Foreign Affairs. Although Kennan's original idea conceptualized containment mostly in economic and political terms, its interpretation in the foreign policy establishment broadened the spectrum to cultural and military containment as well. See “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” Foreign Affairs 25, no. 4 (1947): 566–82.
- Ibid., 32.
- Salisbury, American in Russia, 46.
- Ibid., 47.
- Salisbury revealed the real identity of “Galya,” as well as the fact that he maintained his relationship with her throughout his second assignment. only in his very last book, an autobiography, which was published after Olga was dead. See Salisbury, The Journey of Our Times, 331–39.
- Salisbury, American in Russia, 72–73.
- Ibid., 319–20.
- Salisbury, The Journey of Our Times, 248–50.
- Promotion materials for American in Russia, HSP, box 193.
- Ibid.
- John Barkham, “Times Man in Moscow for Five Years Now Tells All,” Santa Barbara (Calif.) News-Press, Feb. 13, 1955; and Leslie C. Stevens, “Roving the Red Sanctum,” Saturday Review, Feb. 26, 1955, 17.
- Jules Menken, “Russia—An Unresolved Enigma,” Birmingham (Ala.) Post, June 10, 1955; Daniel E. Ahearne, “Firsthand Information,” The Hartford (Conn.) Courant, Feb. 27, 1955; and Paul M. Kennedy, “Clearest Yet on Russia,” Daily Boston Globe, Feb. 20, 1955.
- Norman Houk, “Salisbury Has Luck to Write Perfect Preface for Today's Soviet Turmoil,” Minneapolis Sunday Tribune, Feb. 13, 1955; and Kennedy, “Clearest Yet.”
- Quoted in Houk, “Salisbury Has Luck.” Other reviews reiterating this point: John Hazard, “One Correspondent's Look at Russia,” Herald Tribune Book Review, Feb. 13, 1955; Barkham, “Times Man in Moscow;” and Menken, “Russia—An Unresolved Enigma.”
- Menken, “Russia—An Unresolved Enigma.”
- “Books in Review,” The Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch, Feb. 14, 1955.
- Salisbury and Gilmore were not the only journalists who published lengthy accounts about Russia in the immediate post-Stalin years. Red Plush and Black Bread by Marguerite Higgins, a veteran foreign correspondent who came to reopen the Moscow bureau of The New York Herald Tribune, appeared in 1955. A year later, William Randolph Hearst Jr.'s series Russia Uncensored won the Pulitzer Prize for international reporting. While Higgins and Hearst could comment on the most recent Soviet developments, they were unable to report first-hand about Russia under Stalin nor could they boast an intimate knowledge of Russian culture and society gained by “old Moscow hands” such as Salisbury or Gilmore.
- Thomas Reynolds, “Timely Report from Russia Full of Valuable Impressions,” Chicago Sun-Times, Feb. 13, 1955; William Henry Chamberlin, “A Journey Thru Russia—Was Stalin Murdered?,” Chicago Daily Tribune, Feb. 13, 1955; Houk, “Salisbury Has Luck;” Ahearne, “Firsthand Information;” and Kennedy, “Clearest Yet on Russia;”
- N.S. Timasheff, “American in Russia by Harrison E. Salisbury,” America, March 19, 1955, 654.
- Ibid., 655.
- Fredrick C. Barghoorn, “Eleven Years in Moscow,” The New York Times, July 4, 1954; and Fredrick C. Barghoorn, “Assignment to the Heart of Russia,” The New York Times, Feb. 15, 1955.
- Barghoorn, “Assignment to the Heart of Russia.”
- Reynolds, “Timely Report from Russia.”
- Ibid.
- Orville Prescott, “Books of the Times,” The New York Times, Feb. 14, 1955; and Houk, “Salisbury Has Luck.”
- Mrs. John H. Bare, Port Gibson, Miss., to Harrison Salisbury, May 10, 1955, HSP, box 14.
- Simon Finkelstein to Harrison Salisbury, HSP, box 192.
- Ibid. Although this is the only letter from Simon Finkelstein that I was able to locate in Salisbury's papers, Finkelstein indicates that this, a third letter he sent to Salisbury, was actually a response to Salisbury's reply to his first letter. I therefore assume that the explanations of the special resettlement system, and various details of it, to which Finkelstein dedicated his letter, were a response to a request from Salisbury.
- For example Sara Wunocour to Harrison Salisbury, Jan. 26, 1955, HSP, box 14. Letters from readers seeking Salisbury's help and opinion on the possible ways to find relatives long lost were especially prompted by the account of his travels in Siberia, particularly the descriptions of the glimpses he got of special settlements and labor camps.
- HSP, box 14, box 192.
- New York Times Foreign Desk Records, box 82, folder 6.
- HSP, box 14.
- See Emanuel Freedman to Turner Catledge, March 11, 1958, New York Times Foreign Desk Records, box 142; and Clifton Daniel to Harrison Salisbury, Aug. 23, 1957; Harrison Salisbury to Emanuel Freedman and Clifton Daniel, May 16. 1959; and Harrison Salisbury to Emanuel Freedman, Jan. 25, 1961, New York Times Foreign Desk Records, box 83.
- Hedrick Smith, interview by Dina Fainberg, Dec. 11, 2008. Smith was the New York Times bureau chief in Moscow from 1971 to 1974.
- Daniel T. Rodgers, Age of Fracture (Cambridge, Mass.; 2012), 251–53.
![Supercharge Your Next Research Paper: Research and write your next paper with Jenni AI.]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/112441/MPU-humanities-jenniai.png"})