NOTES
- Steve Ramos, “For Your Consideration: Making an Oscar-Winning Movie Campaign,” FastCoCreate, http://www.fastcocreate.com/1682410/for-your-consideration-making-an-oscar-winning-movie-campaign.
- Ibid.
- Ben Fritz, “‘Lincoln,’ ‘Silver Linings Playbook,’ Boosted by Oscar Nominations,” Los Angeles Times, Jan. 13, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jan/13/entertainment/la-et-ct-lincoln-silver-linings-playbook-box-office-oscar-noms-20130113.
- Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, “The Voting Process,” http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/about/voting.html.
- Dawn Taubin, phone interview by Joseph Cabosky, March, 28, 2013.
- Ibid.
- Pete Hammond, “Toronto vs Telluride: Are These Top Festivals Already Preparing for Battle over NEXT Season's Oscar Contenders?” Deadline, Jan. 29, 2014, http://www.deadline.com/2014/01/toronto-vs-telluride-are-these-top-festivals-already-preparing-for-battle-over-next-seasons-oscar-contenders/.
- Ibid.
- Michael Cieply, “In Toronto, the Oscar Smackdown Gets an Early Start,” New York Times, Sept. 6, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/07/movies/oscar-slugfest-gains-momentum-in-toronto.html?pagewanted=all.
- An Oscar Voter (told to David Gritten), “Oscars: How Voting in the Academy Works,” The Telegraph, Feb. 27, 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/oscars/10664743/Oscars-How-voting-in-the-Academy-awards-works.html.
- Pete Hammond, “Oscar: Critics Keep Friending ‘The Social Network’ while Picture Rivals Keep Fretting,” Deadline, Dec. 21, 2010, http://www.dead-line.com/2010/12/oscar-critics-keep-friending-social-network-while-best-picture-rivals-keep-fretting/.
- Steve Pond, “Winners and Losers from the Guild Nominations,” The Wrap, Jan. 7, 2014, http://www.thewrap.com/winners-losers-guild-nominations/; and “DVD Screeners Being Sent for Consideration,” Screen Actors Guild, http://www.sagawards.org/dvds.
- Hammond, “Oscar: Critics Keep Friending.”
- Steve Pond, “Winners and Losers”; and “DVD Screeners Being Sent for Consideration,” Screen Actors Guild.
- Ibid.
- Sasha Stone, “Oscar Voters Spilling the Beans,” AwardsDaily, Feb. 23, 2014, http://www.awardsdaily.com/blog/oscar-voters-spilling-the-beans/.
- Michael Musto, “An Oscar Voter Spills Secrets on Woodygate, Wolfgate, and Awards Scandals,” Daily Beast, Feb. 2, 2014, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/02/20/an-oscar-voter-spills-secrets-on-woodygate-wolfgate-and-awards-scandals.html.
- “About the SAG Awards,” Screen Actors Guild, http://www.sagawards.org/about.
- “Joining the Academy,” Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, http://www.oscars.org/academy/members/invitations.html.
- Ibid.
- Steen Zeitchick, Amy Kaufman, and Rebecca Keegan, “Oscar Voters Aren't Always Who You Might Think,” Los Angeles Times, Feb. 19, 2012, http://www.latimes.com/la-et-movie-academy-surprises-academy-project-html-htmlstory.html.
- John Horn, Nicole Sperling and Doug Smith, “Oscar Voters Overwhelmingly White, Male,” Los Angeles Times, Feb. 19, 2012, http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/academy/la-et-unmasking-oscar-academy-project-html-htmlstory.html.
- Ibid.
- Sasha Stone, “The Host—MacFarlane Is the Only Thing People Can Talk About?” Awardsdaily, Feb. 25, 2013, http://www.awardsdaily.com/blog/the-host-macfarlane-is-the-only-thing-people-can-talk-about/.
- Steve Pond, “Bill Condon, Lisa Cholodenko, Michael Mann Elected to Academy Board of Governors,” The Wrap, July 17, 2012, http://www.thewrap.com/awards/column-post/bill-condon-lisa-cholodenko-michael-mann-elected-acade-my-board-governors-48136/.
- Gold Derby, “Is Secret Homophobia Fueling a Possible ‘Crash’ Upset?,” Los Angeles Times, February 24, 2006, http://goldderby.latimes.com/awards_gold-derby/2006/02/is_secret_homop.html.
- Nikki Finke, “What Did I Tell You?” Deadline, March 5, 2006, http://www.deadline.com/2006/03/what-did-i-tell-you/.
- Ibid.
- Steve Ramos, “For Your Consideration”; Taubin phone interview.
- John Horn, “Oscars: ‘12 Years a Slave’ Puts Spotlight on Hollywood's Approach to Race,” Los Angeles Times, March 4, 2014, http://articles.latimes.com/2014/mar/04/entertainment/la-et-mn-oscar-race-20140304.
- The term “queer” has long had many connotations and meanings, both in popular use and scholarly work. From a scholarly perspective, the term is often used in critical contexts, such as “queer theory,” which relates to critical notions of power and disruption. While the term was long used as a slur to many LGBT persons, in common colloquial speech, as well as academic literature, the term is now often considered to be the broadest and most-inclusive term to discuss sexual minorities, being less binary than the confines of the letters “L,” “G,” “B,” or “T.” (See Ruby B. Rich, New Queer Cinema: The Director's Cut. (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2013); and Renee Randazzo, Kaelin Farmer, and Sharon Lamb, “Queer Women's Perspectives on Sexualization of Women in Media,” Journal of Bisexuality 15, no. 1 (2015): 99–129.
- Anthony Cortese, Provocateur: Images of Women and Minorities in Advertising (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999), 36–43.
- Josh Clinard, “Covering the Entertainment Biz: Hollywood Reporter v. Variety,” Society of American Business Editors and Writers, http://sabew.org/2012/05/covering-the-entertainment-biz-hollywood-reporter-vs-variety/.
- Ibid.
- Joseph Cabosky, “Marketing LGBT-Themed Films to Mainstream versus Niche Audiences: Variations in Portrayal of Intimacy and Stereotype in Film Advertisements, 1980–2014. (paper presented at the University of North Carolina Spring Research Colloquium, Chapel Hill, May 8, 2014).
- Ibid.
- See Katherine Sender, “Selling Sexual Subjectivities: Audiences Respond to Gay Window Advertising,” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 16, no. 2 (1999): 172; and Erving Goffman, Gender Advertisements (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1979).
- Gillian Oakenfull and Timothy Greenlee, “The Three Rules of Crossing Over from Gay Media to Mainstream Media Advertising: Lesbians, Lesbians, Lesbians,” Journal of Business Research 57, no. 11 (2004): 1279. See also Bernard Whitley Jr., “Sex Difference in Heterosexuals' Attitudes towards Homosexuals: It Depends upon What You Ask,” Journal of Sex Research 24 (1988) 287–91.
- Oakenfull and Greenlee, “The Three Rules of Crossing Over,” 1284.
- Ibid.
- Gregory Herek, “Heterosexuals' Attitudes toward Lesbians and Gay Men: Correlates and Gender Difference,” Journal of Sex Research 25, no. 4 (1988): 471–72. See also Gregory Herek, “On Heterosexual Masculinity: Some Physical Consequences of the Social Construction of Gender and Sexuality,” American Behavioral Scientists 29, no. 5 (1986): 563–77.
- Aaron Blashill and Kimberly Powlishta, “Gay Stereotypes: The Use of Sexual Orientation as a Cue for Gender-Related Attributes,” Sex Roles 61, no. 11 (2009): 783.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- See Mauldin Kirk, “The Role of Humor in the Social Construction of Gendered and Ethnic Stereotypes,” Race, Gender & Class 9, no. 3 (2002): 76–95.
- Ibid.
- Corinne Sawyer, “Men in Skirts and Women in Trousers, from Achilles to Victoria Grant: One Explanation of a Comedic Paradox,” Journal of Popular Culture 21, no. 2 (Fall 1987): 1.
- Alex Evans, “How Homo Can Hollywood Be? Remaking Queer Authenticity from To Wong Foo to Brokeback Mountain,” Journal of Film and Video 61, no. 4 (Winter 2009): 46.
- Patrick Miller, “The Emotional Citizen: Emotion as a Function of Political Sophistication,” Political Psychology 32, no. 4 (2011): 577.
- Travis Ridout and Kathleen Searles, “It's My Campaign I'll Cry if I Want to: How and When Campaigns Use Emotional Appeals,” Political Psychology 32, no. 3 (2011): 444. See also Dan Schnur, “The Affect Effect in the Very Real World of Political Campaigns,” in The Affect Effect: Dynamics of Emotion in Political Thinking and Behavior, ed. W. Russell Neuman et al. (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2007), 357–74.
- See Ridout and Searles, “It's My Campaign,” 444–45.
- Jens Kjeldsen, “Pictorial Argumentation in Advertising: Visual Tropes and Figures as a Way of Creating Visual Argumentation,” in Topical Themes in Argumentation Theory: Twenty Exploratory Studies, eds. Frans H. van Eemeren and Bart Garssen (Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2012), 239–55.
- Ibid., 240.
- See Delia Dumitrescu and Anthony Mughan, “Mass Media and Democratic Politics,” in Handbook of Politics: State and Society in Global Perspective, eds. Kevin T. Leicht and J. Craig Jenkins (New York: Springer, 2010), 484.
- Miller, “The Emotional Citizen,” 577.
- Harry Benshoff and Sean Griffin, Queer Images: A History of Gay and Lesbian Film in America (Lanham, Md.: Rowan & Littlefield, 2006), 220–65.
- Ibid.
- David Roman, “Remembering AIDS: A Reconsideration of the Film Longtime Companion,” GLQ A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 12, no. 2 (2006): 281–301.
- Matt Kane, “Brokeback's 5th Anniversary Celebrated at the Autry,” GLAAD, Dec. 10, 2010, http://www.glaad.org/2010/12/10/brokebacks-5th-anniversary-celebrated-at-the-autry.
- Steve Pond, “Variety to Publish Final Edition on Tuesday,” The Wrap, March 18, 2003, http://www.thewrap.com/media/article/variety-publish-final-print-edition-tuesday-81671/.
- See Benshoff and Griffin, Queer Images, 250–51.
- The Birdcage, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 8, 1997.
- Jesse Fox, “A Brief History of Harvey Weinstein's Oscar Campaign Tactics,” Vulture, Jan. 29, 2014, http://www.vulture.com/2014/01/miramax-oscar-campaigns-harvey-weinstein-timeline.html.
- See Benshoff and Griffin, Queer Images, 279–84.
- “Our Victories,” Human Rights Campaign, http://www.hrc.org/the-hrc-story/our-victories.
- Aaron Belkin and Geoffrey Bateman, eds., Don't Ask, Don't Tell: Debating the Gay Ban in the Military (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003).
- Thomas Keck, “Beyond Backlash: Assessing the Impact of Judicial Decisions on LGBT Rights,” Law & Society Review 43, no. 1 (2009): 151–86.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Mark Strasser, “State Constitutional Amendments Defining Marriage: On Protections, Restrictions, and Credibility,” Florida Coastal Law Review 7 (2005): 365.
- David Richards, The Case for Gay Rights: From Bowers to Lawrence and Beyond, (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005).
- Suzanna Walters, All the Rage: The Story of Gay Visibility in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003).
- Bonnie Dow, “Ellen, Television, and the Politics of Gay and Lesbian Visibility,” Critical Studies in Media Communication 18, no. 2 (2001): 123–40.
- Donna Bowman et al., “The Episode That Liberated—Then Destroyed—Ellen,” The A.V. Club, Aug. 14, 2003, http://www.avclub.com/article/the-episode-that-liberatedthen-destroyedielleni-101551.
- Ibid.
- Brian Ott and Eric Aoki, “The Politics of Negotiating Public Tragedy: Media Framing of the Matthew Shepard Murder,” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 5, no. 3 (2002): 483–505.
- Beth Loffreda, Losing Matt Shepard: Life and Politics in the Aftermath of Anti-Gay Murder (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001).
- Rachel Weiner, “Hate Crimes Bill Signed into Law 11 Years after Matthew Shepard's Death,” The Huffington Post, March 18, 2010, http://www.huffington-post.com/2009/10/28/hate-crimes-bill-to-be-si_n_336883.html.
- “Matthew Shepard Killed in Non-Bias ‘Robbery,’ Foxx Says,” Politico, April 29, 2009, http://www.politico.com/blogs/glennthrush/0409/Matthew_Shepard_killed_in_nonbias_robbery_Foxx_says.html.
- “Top 15 Most Popular Movie Websites, June 2014,” EBiz, http://www.ebi-zmba.com/articles/movie-websites.
- “Gay/Lesbian,” BoxofficeMojo, http://boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=gay.htm.
- See Benshoff and Griffin, Queer Images.
- Ramos, “For Your Consideration.”
- Longtime Companion, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 17, 1991.
- Brenda Cooper and Edward Pease, “Framing Brokeback Mountain: How the Popular Press Corralled the ‘Gay Cowboy Movie,’” Critical Studies in Media Communication 25, no. 3 (2008): 252.
- See ibid., 251; and Robert Allen and Douglas Gomery, Film History: Theory and Practice (New York: Knopf, 1985), 90.
- Alice Hall, “Film Review and the Public's Perception of Stereotypes: Movie Critics' Discourse about The Siege,” Communication Quarterly 49, no. 4 (2001): 401.
- See Cooper and Pease, “Framing Brokeback Mountain.”
- The Aviator, campaign advertisement, Variety, Dec. 8, 2004.
- King Kong, campaign advertisement, Variety, Jan. 9, 2006.
- Benshoff and Griffin, Queer Images, 209–10.
- Longtime Companion advertisement, Variety, Jan. 17, 1991.
- Ibid.; and Longtime Companion, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 23, 1991.
- My Own Private Idaho, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 28, 1992.
- My Own Private Idaho, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 22, 1992.
- My Own Private Idaho, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 3, 1992.
- The Crying Game, advertisement, Variety, Jan., 15, 1993.
- The Crying Game, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 17, 1992.
- The Crying Game, advertisement, Variety, Feb. 24, 1993.
- The Crying Game, advertisement, Variety, March 3, 1993.
- Philadelphia, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 5, 1994.
- Farewell My Concubine, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 13, 1993.
- One ad used a critic's quote that called Cheung's performance one “with a sexuality that transcends gender,” though it is arguable whether that quote is an accurate statement on the character.
- Farewell My Concubine, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 17, 1993.
- The Wedding Banquet, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 8, 1993.
- The Wedding Banquet, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 22, 1993.
- Heavenly Creatures, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 4, 1995.
- The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 16, 1994; and The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 4, 1995.
- Benshoff and Griffin, Queer Images, 255–56.
- To Wong Foo, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 4, 1996.
- To Wong Foo, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 10, 1996.
- To Wong Foo, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 5, 1996.
- The Birdcage, advertisement, Variety, Feb. 28, 1997.
- The Birdcage, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 16, 1997.
- The Birdcage, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 9, 1997.
- The Birdcage, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 15, 1997.
- The Birdcage, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 15, 1997.
- The Birdcage, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 13, 1996.
- Flawless, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 8, 1999.
- Flawless, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 2, 1999.
- Flawless, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 6, 1999.
- Flawless, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 9, 1999.
- Before Night Falls, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 15, 2001.
- Before Night Falls, advertisement, Variety, Feb. 23, 2001.
- Before Night Falls, advertisement, Variety, March 8, 2001.
- In & Out, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 17, 1997.
- Ibid.
- In & Out, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 11, 1997.
- In & Out, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 7, 1998.
- In & Out, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 13, 1998.
- In & Out, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 5, 1998.
- Bound, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 16, 1997.
- Bound, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 6, 1997.
- Chasing Amy, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 7, 1998.
- High Art, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 10, 1998.
- Mulholland Drive, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 5, 2001.
- Mulholland Drive, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 11, 2002.
- Boys Don't Cry, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 3, 1999.
- Boys Don't Cry, advertisement, Variety, March 2, 2000.
- Boys Don't Cry, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 14, 2000.
- Boys Don't Cry, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 10, 1999.
- Gods and Monsters, advertisement, Variety, March 4, 1999.
- About My Mother, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 4, 2000.
- Urbania, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 12, 2001.
- L.I.E., advertisement, Variety, Jan. 14, 2002.
- Ma Vie en Rose, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 9, 1998.
- Anna Sathia, “Ma Vie en Rose Director Reflects on Oscar Snub,' South Coast Today, Feb. 28, 1998, http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19980228/NEWS/302289940&cid=sitesearch.
- Benshoff and Griffin, Queer Images, 279–84.
- The Hours, advertisement, Variety, Nov. 26, 2002.
- The Hours, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 9, 2002.
- The Hours, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 11, 2002.
- The Hours, advertisement, Variety, March 5, 2003.
- The Hours, advertisement, Variety, March 3, 2003
- The Hours, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 11, 2002; The Hours, advertisement, Variety, Feb. 25, 2003; and The Hours, advertisement, Variety, March 3, 2003.
- The Hours, advertisement, Variety, Feb. 24, 2003.
- The Hours, advertisement, Variety, Feb. 14, 2003.
- The Hours, advertisement, Variety, March 10, 2003.
- Far from Heaven, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 9, 2003.
- Far from Heaven, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 11, 2002.
- Far from Heaven, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 9, 2002.
- Kinsey, advertisement, Variety, Nov. 9, 2004.
- Kinsey, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 1, 2004.
- Kinsey, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 7, 2004.
- Frida, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 6, 2002.
- Monster, advertisement, Variety, Nov. 14, 2003.
- Monster, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 9, 2004.
- Monster, advertisement, Variety, Nov. 11, 2003.
- Monster, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 6, 2004.
- The Last Samurai, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 9, 2004.
- City of God, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 28, 2004.
- Y Tu Mama Tambien, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 11, 2002.
- Y Tu Mama Tambien, advertisement, Variety, March 14, 2003.
- Bad Education, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 1, 2004.
- Transamerica, advertisement, Variety, Nov. 15, 2005.
- Transamerica, advertisement, Variety, Feb. 13, 2006.
- Transamerica, advertisement, Variety, Feb. 16, 2006.
- Transamerica, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 19, 2005.
- Breakfast on Pluto, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 1, 2005.
- Rent, advertisement, Variety, Nov. 16, 2005.
- Rent, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 1, 2005.
- Rent, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 12, 2005; and Rent, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 15, 2005.
- Rent, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 12, 2005.
- Rent, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 15, 2005.
- Munich, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 19, 2005.
- Brokeback Mountain, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 14, 2005.
- Brokeback Mountain, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 5, 2006.
- Brokeback Mountain, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 2, 2005.
- Brokeback Mountain, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 9, 2005.
- Brokeback Mountain, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 6, 2006.
- David Carr, “Los Angeles Retains Custody of Oscar,” New York Times, March 7, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/07/movies/redcarpet/07osca.html?_r=0.
- Brokeback Mountain, advertisement, Variety, Jan. 4, 2006.
- The Constant Gardner, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 15, 2005.
- Pride and Prejudice, advertisement, Variety, Dec. 8, 2005.
- Brokeback Mountain, advertisement, Variety, Feb. 1, 2006; and Brokeback Mountain, advertisement, Variety, Feb. 3, 2006.
- Brokeback Mountain, advertisement, Variety, Feb. 8, 2006.
- Taubin telephone interview.
- Finke, “What Did I Tell You?”