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Journalism History Volume 41, 2016 - Issue 4
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The Past as Persuader in The Great Speckled Bird

Janice HumeView further author information
Pages 182-190 | Published online: 19 Mar 2019

NOTES

  • t.c., “People's Fair—In Retrospect,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 15 (April 12, 1971): 13. The initials “t.c.” were the only identification of the author.
  • The song, described as a Southern hymn, was written by Guy Smith and first recorded by Roy Acuff.
  • For a nice overview of the newspaper's history, see Christopher Allen Huff, “A New Way of Living Together: A History of Atlanta's Hip Community, 1965–1973” (PhD diss., University of Georgia, 2012).
  • Tom Coffin, “What's It All about, Ralphie?” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 1 (March 15–28, 1968): 1.
  • Christopher Allen Huff, “Great Speckled Bird,” New Georgia Encyclopedia, http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/great-speckled-bird. The newspaper was digitized in 2010 by the Georgia State University Library. The project is described here: http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/landingpage/col-lection/GSB.
  • Sally Gabb, “A Fowl in the Vortices of Consciousness: The Birth of the Great Speckled Bird,” in Voices from the Underground: Insider Histories of the Vietnam Era Underground Press, Vol. 1, ed. Ken Wachsberger (Tempe, Ariz.: Mica Press, 1993), 42.
  • Douglas E. Gordon, “The Great Speckled Bird: Harassment of an Underground Newspaper,” Journalism Quarterly 56, no. 2 (Summer 1979): 289.
  • For a discussion of the antiwar movement in Georgia, see Donald Steven Summerlin, “Peach State Protest: The Anti-Vietnam Movement in Georgia, 1964–1974,” Journal of the Georgia Association of Historians 26 (2005/2006): 2.
  • Ibid., 10–11.
  • Ibid., 11.
  • Gordon, The Great Speckled Bird, 290.
  • From a history of The Great Speckled Bird, included in an anniversary website, http://www.greatspeckledbird.org/history.html.
  • Laurence Leamer, The Paper Revolutionaries: The Rise of the Underground Press (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972), 96.
  • Gordon, The Great Speckled Bird, 289.
  • Roger Lewis, Outlaws of America: The Underground Press and its Context (Baltimore, Md.: Penguin Books, 1972), 62.
  • Gordon, The Great Speckled Bird, 289–92.
  • Ibid., 292.
  • Ibid., 294.
  • Summerlin, “Peach State Protest,” 13.
  • Lauren Kessler, “Sixties Survivors: The Persistence of Countercultural Values in the Lives of Underground Journalists,” Journalism History 16, no. 1-2 (Spring/Summer 1989): 2.
  • John McMillian, Smoking Typewriters: The Sixties Underground Press and the Rise of Alternative Media in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 6.
  • Kessler, “Sixties Survivors,” 2; and Lauren Kessler, The Dissident Press: Alternative Journalism in American History (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1984), 150.
  • Kessler, The Dissident Press, 14.
  • Chris Alton and James F. Hamilton, Alternative Journalism (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 2008), 9.
  • Ibid.
  • James L. Spates, “Counterculture and Dominant Culture Values: A Cross-National Analysis of the Underground Press and Dominant Culture Magazines,” American Sociological Review 41, no. 5 (October 1976): 868.
  • Kessler, The Dissident Press, 150.
  • John Shelton Reed, “Southern Culture on the Skids?” in Craig S. Pascoe, Karen Trahan Leathem, and Andy Ambrose, eds., The American South in the Twentieth Century (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2005), 145.
  • Jonathan Springston, “Great Speckled Memories,” Atlanta Progressive News, May 9, 2006, http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0605/S00178/jonathan-springs-ton-great-speckled-memories.htm.
  • Howard Romaine, “Galphin Quits,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 29 (Jan. 13, 1969): 2; Arlie Shardt, “The Atlanta Constitution, !Crisis!,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 6 (Jan. 6, 1969): 4; Tom Coffin, “American Myths, Media, and Other Childish Matters,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 32 (Jan. 31, 1969), 4; and “Mississippi Madman Takes Helm,” The Great Specked Bird 4, no. 5 (Feb. 1, 1971): 13.
  • Linda Lumsden, “Good Mothers with Guns: Framing Black Womanhood in the Black Panther, 1968–1980,” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 86, no. 4 (Winter 2009): 901.
  • Ibid., 911.
  • Alton and Hamilton, Alternative Journalism, 135.
  • See Betty Houchin Winfield and Janice Hume, “The Continuous Past: Historical Referents in Nineteenth-Century American Journalism,” Journalism & Communication Monographs 9, no. 3 (Autumn, 2007): 121–74; and Betty Houchin Winfield, Barbara Friedman, and Vivara Trisnadi, “History as the Metaphor through Which the Current World Is Viewed: British and American Newspapers' Uses of History Following the 11 September 2001 Terrorist Attacks,” Journalism Studies 3 (Nov. 2, 2002): 289–300.
  • Janice Hume, “Building an American Story: How Early American Historians Used Press Sources to Remember the Revolution,” Journalism History 37, no. 3 (Fall, 2011): 172–79.
  • See Barbara Zelizer, Covering the Body: The Kennedy Assassination, the Media and the Shaping of Collective Memory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Carolyn Kitch, Pages from the Past: History and Memory in American Magazines (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005); and Janice Hume, Popular Media and the American Revolution: Shaping Collective Memory (New York: Routledge, 2014).
  • Renee C. Romano and Leigh Raiford, The Civil Rights Movement in American Memory (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2006), xxi.
  • Winfield, Friedman, and Trisnadi, “History as the Metaphor,” 289.
  • Stephen Vaughn, “Journalists Learn Uses of History in New Program,” Journalism Educator 40, no. 3 (Autumn, 1985): 48.
  • Ibid., 50.
  • Carolyn Kitch, “‘Useful Memory’ in Time Inc. Magazines: Summary Journalism and the Popular Construction of History,” Journalism Studies 7, no. 1 (2006): 94.
  • Winfield and Hume, “The Continuous Past,” 151.
  • Ibid., 155.
  • Winfield, Friedman, and Trisnadi, “History as Metaphor,” 298.
  • Jill A. Edy, “Journalistic Uses of Collective Memory,” Journal of Communication 49, no. 2 (2006): 71–87.
  • Kitch, Pages from the Past, 107.
  • Ibid., 108.
  • See Edy, “Journalistic Uses”; Winfield and Hume, “The Continuous Past”; Winfield, Friedman, and Trisnadi, “History as the Metaphor”; Kitch, Pages from the Past; and Hume, Popular Media and the American Revolution, as examples.
  • See, as an example, Janice Hume, “Lincoln Was a ‘Red’ and Washington a Bolshevik: Public Memory as Persuader in the Appeal to Reason,” Journalism History 28, no. 4 (Winter 2003): 172–81.
  • Ibid., 180.
  • See Kessler, The Dissident Press, 150.
  • See Edy, “Journalistic Uses”; Winfield, Friedman, and Trisnadi, “History as Metaphor”; and Winfield and Hume, “The Continuous Past.”
  • Richard Elliott Neustadt and Ernest R. May, Thinking in Time: The Uses of History for Decision Makers (New York: Macmillan, 1986).
  • Tom Coffin, “The Trial,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 30 (Jan. 20, 1969), 8.
  • Roger, “How It Came to Pass That the Mayor Tried to Stop the Bird and Failed,” The Great Speckled Bird 5, no. 17 (May 1, 1972): 24. The byline carried a first name only, as do others cited below.
  • Steve Wise, “Radical Historians,” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 33 (Oct. 27, 1969): 15. The article asked whether research on military institutions should be banned, or racism should be ended.
  • t.c., “People's Fair,” 13.
  • Tom Coffin, “Community,” The Great Speckled Bird 3, no. 27 (July 6, 1970): 2.
  • “Police Attack with Tear Gas in Social Circle,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no.1 (March 8–15, 1968): 2; and Jessie Fleury, “PeaceGames in Birmingham,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 1 (March 8–15, 1968): 2.
  • “Rape: Racism,” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 38 (Dec. 1, 1969): 8.
  • “ATS vs the People,” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 21 (Aug. 4, 1969): 2; and D. Railleur, “Hidden Profits in the Atlanta Transit Purchase,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 39 (Sept. 27, 1971): 3.
  • Jimmy the Red, “Mace,” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 24 (Aug. 25, 1969): 3.
  • Brenda, “Strike!” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 40 (Dec. 15, 1969): 15.
  • Gene and George, “Nothing's against the Law,” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 24 (June 14, 1971): 2.
  • “Smash,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 10 (June 28, 1971): 14.
  • “Free Angela!” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 10 (March 8, 1971): 4.
  • Ginny Osteen, “Dynamics of Women,” The Great Speckled Bird 3, no. 10-11 (March 16, 1970): 14.
  • Lyn Wells, “Sisters United: They Haven't Seen Anything Yet,” The Great Speckled Bird 3, no. 8 (Feb. 23, 1970): 9.
  • Susan Zaro, “Free Women's History,” The Great Speckled Bird 3, no. 32 (Aug. 10, 1970): 16; Paula, “Equality for Women?” The Great Speckled Bird 5, no. 33 (Aug. 21, 1972): 4; and “Book Review: Eighty Years and More,” The Great Speckled Bird 5, no. 36 (Sept. 11, 1972): 6.
  • Steve Abbott, “Gay Liberation,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 25 (June 21, 1971): 4.
  • “Sterilizing the Poor in Tennessee,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 16 (April 19, 1971): 8–9.
  • Ted Brodek, “Panthers! Panthers! Panthers! Panthers!” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 40 (Dec. 15, 1969), 2; and Bob Goodman, “Panther Split,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 16 (April 19, 1971): 20.
  • Jon Jacobs, “Lockout,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 18 (May 3, 1971): 6.
  • “Revolutionary Reading,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 25 (June 21, 1971): 22–23.
  • Roger, “Shooting Black Nation,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 35 (Aug. 30, 1971): 5.
  • Jim Schmidt, “SWP Calls for Labor Congress,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 41 (Oct. 11, 1971): 20.
  • Barbara Aiken, “One Woman Facing the Law Alone,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 43 (Oct. 25, 1971): 5.
  • Bill Boyd, “Free Speech Battle at Florida State,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 50 (Dec. 13, 1971): 7.
  • “The Fruit of Imperialism—Kills,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 8 (June 21, 1968): 7; and Maude, “Kate Millett,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 11 (March 15, 1971): 6.
  • David Nolan, “DuBois Knew Mao Well,” The Great Speckled Bird 9, no. 9 (October 1976): 3. This was the last issue, and it did not specify a publication date in October.
  • “How It Came About,” The Great Speckled Bird 3, no. 40 (Oct. 4, 1970): 13–14, 18.
  • “Jordan—Genocide—U.S.,” The Great Speckled Bird 3, no. 41 (Oct. 12, 1970): 11; “Gulf Stockholders Meeting; Gulf in America,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 16 (April 19, 1971): 21; “We Will Return to Remedios Soon,” The Great Speckled Bird 5, no. 8 (Feb. 28, 1972): 10.
  • Cheryl Payer, “A China Bibliography,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 19 (May 10, 1971): 6; “Cuba: A Trip into Socialism,” The Great Speckled Bird 5, no. 11 (March 20, 1972): 8; “Bolivia: Five Years after Che,” The Great Speckled Bird 5, no. 40 (Oct. 23, 1972): 8.
  • “Philippines Struggle,” The Great Speckled Bird 5, no. 41 (Oct. 16, 1972): 8.
  • “Vietnam, the Warmakers,” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 36 (Nov. 17, 1969): 12; “America in Asia,” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 26 (Nov. 17, 1969): 9; “Bloodbaths, Real—and Imagined,” The Great Speckled Bird 3, no. 5 (Feb. 2, 1970): 6; and “Philippines Struggle,” The Great Speckled Bird 5, no. 25 (June 26, 1972): 2–3.
  • “Nixon's Little Game,” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 30 (Oct. 6, 1969): 11; Howard Romaine, “Bitter Draught,” The Great Speckled Bird 3, no. 44 (Nov. 1, 1970): 11; and Steve Wise, “Bombing Raids Continue,” The Great Speckled Bird 5, no. 16 (April 24, 1972): 4.
  • Carol Brightman, “Free Spirits Haunting the Sky of Liberty/Do You Know You [sic] Own Kind Are Languishing in Prison?” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 27 (Sept. 15, 1969): 2–3.
  • “Don't pay war taxes,” The Great Speckled Bird 3, no. 17 (April 27, 1970): 19.
  • Lendon Sadler, “The Grope,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 15 (Sept. 23, 1968): 7
  • “Secret Government Report: Violence Will End Only with Political Change,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 32 (Jan. 31, 1969): 2.
  • “Pigs Ambushed,” The Great Speckled Bird 3, no. 7 (Feb. 16, 1970): 9.
  • “GI March,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 20 (Oct. 28, 1968): 2.
  • Tom Coffin, “AWIN,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 26 (Dec. 13, 1968): 2.
  • Doug Jeness, “Uprisings, Argentina,” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 21 (Aug. 4, 1969): 15.
  • “Gay,” The Great Speckled Bird 3, no. 25 (June 22, 1970): 15.
  • Tom Coffin, “Draft Panel,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 13 (Aug. 30, 1968): 11.
  • Detlev Droek, “Mexico, Terror and Revolution,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 16 (Sept. 30, 1968): 6.
  • No title, The Great Speckled Bird 5, no. 13 (April 3, 1972): 2.
  • Jean-Jacques Lebel, “Hip Culture Ripped Off,” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 26 (Sept. 8, 1969): 9.
  • “Avenge the Augusta 7,” The Great Speckled Bird 3, no. 21 (May 25, 1970): 15.
  • t.c., “Operation Dewey Canyon III,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 16 (April 19, 1971): 15.
  • “Letters Continued,” The Great Speckled Bird 5, no. 4 (Jan. 31, 1971): 19.
  • H. Rap Brown was chair of SNCC, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and also affiliated for a short time with the Black Panther Party.
  • “Keep Shooting, Don't Stop… but Understand Our Attitude,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 2 (March 29, 1968): 3.
  • Ted Brodek, “Parable of the $$$$,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 10 (July 19, 1968): 2; and “POWs Regrooved,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 6 (Feb. 8, 1971): 10.
  • Tom O'Ware, “Dear Ralphie: The Misuse of History,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 10 (July 19, 1968): 4.
  • Julius Lester, “From the Other Side of the Tracks,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 16 (Sept. 30, 1968): 7; and Tim Hayes, “Malcolm X,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 32 (Aug. 9, 1971): 27.
  • “ruben, ruben, i been thinking,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 32 (Feb. 7, 1969): 5.
  • “Electoral Politics: Mississippi Style,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 45 (Nov. 8, 1971): 12.
  • “Marietta Long,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 38 (Sept. 20, 1971): 4.
  • “Back to Marx,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 26 (Dec. 13, 1968): 5.
  • Tom Coffin, “Wm. Sloan Coffin,” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 32 (Oct. 20, 1969): 7.
  • Teddi Lane, “Aim: Ready to Die for Our People,” The Great Speckled Bird 6, no. 20 (May 28, 1973), 14.
  • Stephanie, “before&later,” The Great Speckled Bird 3, no. 27 (July 6, 1970): 7.
  • Vicki, “Book Review: Eighty Years and More,” The Great Speckled Bird 5, no. 36 (Sept. 11, 1972): 6.
  • Flora Stone, “Black Invisibility,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 15 (Sept. 23, 1968): 5.
  • Jim Gwin, “Ga. Baptist Hospital,” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 26 (Sept. 8, 1969): 6.
  • “Textbooks and Bullshit (Not Necessarily Different),” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 15 (Sept. 23, 1968): 10.
  • Pam Gwin, “Does Your Daddy Drink Wine?” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 30 (Oct. 6, 1969): 16.
  • Jim Gwin, “Schools Ban Bird,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 23 (Nov. 18, 1968): 5.
  • Og, king of basham, “Sam and the Semantics of History,” The Great Speckled Bird 3, no. 23 (June 8, 1970): 15.
  • “Black Panther Party Platform,” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 28 (Sept. 22, 1969): 16.
  • “Program,” The Great Speckled Bird 5, no. 47 (Nov. 27, 1972): 16.
  • Neil Herring, “Reading about Socialist History,” The Great Speckled Bird 6, no. 14 (April 16, 1973): 12–13.
  • Cliff Kuhn, “Eugene Debs: A Socialist Voice from the Jailhouse to the Whitehouse,” The Great Speckled Bird 8, no. 42 (Oct. 16, 1975): 3.
  • Lendon Sadler, “Board of Miseducation,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 4 (April 26, 1968): 2.
  • Steve Wise, “Review: A New Past,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 20 (Oct. 28, 1968): 7.
  • “Police State,” The Great Speckled Bird 5, no. 15 (April 17, 1972): 6.
  • “Revolution Is Also Gay Consciousness,” The Great Speckled Bird 5, no. 27 (Sept. 18, 1972): 7.
  • See, as an example, “The Black Soldier in U.S. History,” The Great Speckled Bird 5, no. 37 (Sept. 18, 1972): 6.
  • Lynn Wells, “A Movement for Us,” The Great Speckled Bird 1, no. 36 (Feb. 28, 1969): 2.
  • Teddi Lane, “Feminism,” The Great Speckled Bird 4, no. 4 (Jan. 31, 1972): 15.
  • Vicki, “Failure Is Impossible,” The Great Speckled Bird 6, no. 6 (Feb. 19, 1973): 14–15.
  • t.c., “People's Fair.”
  • Winfield and Hume, “The Continuous Past,” 154.
  • Ibid., 156.
  • Vaughn, “Journalists Learn,” 48.
  • See, as examples, Barbara Joye, “Revolution in a Chinese Village,” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 27 (Sept. 15, 1969): 9; Grig Wotton, “Vietnam and Beyond,” The Great Speckled Bird 2, no. 36 (Nov. 17, 1969): 12–13; Howard Romaine, “Bitter Draught,” The Great Speckled Bird 3, no. 44 (Nov. 1, 1970): 11; and Payer, “A China Bibliography.”
  • “Keep Shooting, Don't Stop.”
  • Edy, “Journalistic Uses.”
  • Coffin, “The Trial.”
  • Kitch, Pages from the Past.
  • Coffin, “What's It All About, Ralphie?”
  • Leonard Ray Teel, Ralph Emerson McGill: Voice of the Southern Conscience (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2001).
  • Gene Roberts and Hank Klibanoff, The Race Beat: The Press, the Civil Rights Struggle, and the Awakening of a Nation (New York: Alfred Knopf, 2006), 404.
  • Saba Elghul-Bebawi, “The Relationship between Mainstream and Alternative Media: A Blurring of the Edges?” in Janey Gordon, ed., Notions of Community: A Collection of Community Media Debates and Dilemmas (New York: Peter Lang, 2008), 28.
  • t.c., “People's Fair.”

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