Southern Values and the 1844 Election in South Carolina Newspapers

NOTES

• Charleston Mercury, Aug. 8, 1844; William C. Davis, Rhett: The Turbulent Life and Times of a Fire-Eater (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001), 199; and Lawrence S. Rowland, Alexander Moore, and George C. Rogers, Jr., The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina, Vol. 1, 1514–1861 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), 421.
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• Davis, Rhett, 398–413; Rowland, Moore, and Rogers, History of Beaufort County, 436–44; and Laura Allen White, Robert Barnwell Rhett: The Father of Secession (Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1965), 163–90.
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• Davis, Rhett, 45–65; Rowland, Moore, and Rogers, History of Beaufort County, 337–38; and White, Robert Barnwell Rhett, 10–31.
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• For more on the Nullification Crisis, see Frederic Bancroft, Calhoun and the South Carolina Nullification Movement (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1925); Chauncey Samuel Boucher, The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1916); John L. Conger, “South Carolina and the Early Tariffs,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 5 (March 1919): 421–22; William W. Freehling, Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816–1836 (New York: Harper & Row, 1966); David Franklin Houston, A Critical Study of Nullification in South Carolina (1896; reprint ed., New York: Russell & Russell, 1967); J.P. Ochenkowski, “The Origins of Nullification in South Carolina,” South Carolina Historical Magazine 83 (April 1982): 121–53; and David Schroeder, “Nullification in South Carolina: A Revisitation” (Ph.D. diss., University of Alabama, 1999).
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• Davis, Rhett, 200–1; Rowland, Moore, and Rogers, History of Beaufort County, 421; and White, Robert Barnwell Rhett, 83–89.
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• William J. Cooper Jr., The South and the Politics of Slavery, 1828–1856 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), 219–25, 232–34; Worthington Chauncey Ford, “The Campaign of 1844,” Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 20 (October 1909): 118, 125; Charles S. Snydor, The Development of Southern Sectionalism, 1819–1848 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1948), 324–30; and David Zarefsky, “Henry Clay and the Election of 1844: The Limits of a Rhetoric of Compromise,” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 6 (Spring 2003): 87, 92.
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• William W. Freehling, The Road to Disunion, Vol. 1: Secessionists at Bay, 1776–1854 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 355; Ford, “The Campaign of 1844,” 106; Gary J. Kornblith, “Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War: A Counterfactual Exercise,” Journal of American History 90 (June 2003): 77, 90–91; John H. Schroeder, “Annexation or Independence: The Texas Issue in American Politics, 1836–1845,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 89 (October 1985): 164; and Joel H. Silbey, Storm over Texas: The Annexation Controversy and the Road to Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), xvii–xviii.
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• Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 203, 217, 224; and Kornblith, “Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War,” 83.
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• Schroeder, “Annexation or Independence,” 139–40; and Silbey, Storm over Texas, 6–7.
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• Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 365–67; Schroeder, “Annexation or Independence,” 140, 147; and Silbey, Storm over Texas, 10–11.
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• Barker, “Annexation of Texas,” 50, 60–61; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 414, 418; Schroeder, “Annexation or Independence,” 137–38; and Silbey, Storm over Texas, 10–27, 41–47.
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• Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 176–96; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 364; Schroeder, “Annexation or Independence,” 138, 148–50; Charles Sellers, “Election of 1844,” in eds. Arthur M. Schlesinger and Fred L. Israel, History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–1968, Vol. 1 (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1971), 759; and Silbey, Storm over Texas, 28, 30–31.
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• Tyler had been a Democrat, but the Whigs nominated him as vice president in 1840. After becoming president, he vetoed several Whig measures, and the Whigs disowned him. See Barker, “Annexation of Texas,” 62; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 150–52, 166, 176–77; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 357–64; Schroeder, “Annexation or Independence,” 148; Sellers, “Election of 1844,” 758; and Silbey, Storm over Texas, 28–30.
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• Tyler ultimately withdrew from the race and threw his support behind Polk. See Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 205; John S. D. Eisenhower, “The Election of James K. Polk, 1844,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 53 (June 1994): 83; Ford, “The Campaign of 1844,” 116–17; Schroeder, “Annexation or Independence,” 158; Sellers, “Election of 1844,” 783–84; and Silbey, Storm over Texas, 54.
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• Barker, “Annexation of Texas,” 67; Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 198–203; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 426–29; Ford, “The Campaign of 1844,” 114–15; Michael A. Morrison, “Martin Van Buren, the Democracy, and the Partisan Politics of Texas Annexation,” Journal of Southern History 61 (November 1995): 710–11; Schroeder, “Annexation or Independence,” 157; Sellers, “Election of 1844,” 762; and Silbey, Storm over Texas, 64–69.
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• The controversial Democratic National Convention took nine ballots to nominate Polk, who had been considered the primary candidate for vice president. See Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 168, 201; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 430; Eisenhower, “The Election of James K. Polk,” 80–81; Sellers, “Election of 1844,” 770–72; and Silbey, Storm over Texas, 69–70.
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• Clay penned a series of articles to southern newspapers in an attempt to address sectional concerns over his opposition to annexation. Those letters only served to muddy his stance on annexation and aggravate southern voters, meanwhile raising questions about Clay's position on slavery among northern voters. Nativism also was an issue in the North. See Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 207–17; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 435–37; Kornblith, “Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War,” 83; Schroeder, “Annexation or Independence,” 158; Sellers, “Election of 1844,” 788–90, 798; Silbey, Storm over Texas, 76–79; Vernon L. Volpe, “The Liberty Party and Polk's Election, 1844,” Historian 53 (Summer 1991): 699–700, 708; and Zarefsky, “Henry Clay and the Election of 1844,” 87–89.
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• Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 217–19; Kornblith, “Rethinking the Coming of the Civil War,” 83; Schroeder, “Annexation or Independence,” 160; and Snydor, The Development of Southern Sectionalism, 324.
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• Polk's letter to Kane declared support for a tariff to support the expenses of efficient government but indicated that the government should uniformly protect manufacturing, agriculture, commerce, and navigation. He said nothing else on the tariff throughout the campaign, but his newspaper organ in New York adeptly used Polk's moderate tariff stance to help offset his strong position on the annexation issue. See Sheldon H. Harris, “John Louis O'Sullivan and the Election of 1844 in New York,” New York History 41 (July 1960): 285; Eisenhower, “The Election of James K. Polk,” 82; William McKinley, The Tariff in the Days of Henry Clay and Since: An Exhaustive Review of our Tariff Legislation from 1812–1896 (1896; reprint ed., New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1970), 16–17; Schroeder, “Annexation or Independence,” 158; Sellers, “Election of 1844,” 776–78, 798; and Volpe, “The Liberty Party and Polk's Election,” 702–3.
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• Cooper, The South and the Politics of Slavery, 162–63, 165. See also Ford, “The Campaign of 1844,” 106, 117–18, 120; Silbey, Storm over Texas, 56; and Zarefsky, “Henry Clay and the Election of 1844,” 80, 83–84.
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• Eugene C. Lewis, A History of the American Tariff, 1789–1860 (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr and Company, 1896), 70, 76–86; McKinley, The Tariff in the Days of Henry Clay, 1–5; and Edward Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies in the Nineteenth Century, Vol. 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1903), 134–243.
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• Lewis, A History of the American Tariff, 104–13; John A. Moore, “Competing Views of Republican Political Economy: The Tariff Debates of 1841 and 1842,” Essays in Economic and Business History 29 (2011): 61; and Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies in the Nineteenth Century, 253–90.
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• Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 277–86; Douglas A. Irwin, “Antebellum Tariff Politics: Regional Coalitions and Shifting Economic Interests,” Journal of Law and Economics 51 (November 2008): 732; Lewis, A History of the American Tariff, 121–40; McKinley, The Tariff in the Days of Henry Clay, 9–16; Moore, “Competing Views of Republican Political Economy,” 61–66; and Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies in the Nineteenth Century, 386–410.
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• Chauncey S. Boucher, “The Annexation of Texas and the Bluffton Movement in South Carolina,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 6 (June 1919): 3–33; Sellers, “Election of 1844,” 773–74, 778–79; and White, Robert Barnwell Rhett, 68–73.
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• Hazel Dicken-Garcia, Journalistic Standards in Nineteenth-Century America (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 14; Carl R. Osthaus, Partisans of the Southern Press (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1994), 3; Carol Sue Humphrey, The Press and the Young Republic, 1783–1833 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1996), 41–42; and Si Sheppard, The Partisan Press: A History of Media Bias in the United States (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2008), 23.
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• Dicken-Garcia, Journalistic Standards in Nineteenth-Century America, 40; Osthaus, Partisans of the Southern Press, 2–4; Lorman A. Ratner and Dwight L. Teeter Jr., Fanatics and Fire-eaters: Newspapers and the Coming of the Civil War (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003), 21; and Sheppard, The Partisan Press, 73–107.
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• Dicken-Garcia, Journalistic Standards in Nineteenth-Century America, 38. For further discussion of the correlation between increased population and increased reliance on newspapers, see Humphrey, The Press and the Young Republic, 158.
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• Dicken-Garcia, Journalistic Standards in Nineteenth-Century America, 64, 97, 106; Humphrey, The Press and the Young Republic, 41–95; Osthaus, Partisans of the Southern Press, 3–5; Ratner and Teeter, Fanatics and Fire-eaters, 7, 22; and Sheppard, The Partisan Press, 21–70.
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• Dicken-Garcia, Journalistic Standards in Nineteenth-Century America; Culver Smith, The Press, Politics and Patronage: The American Government's Use of Newspapers, 1789–1875 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1977); and Michael Schudson, Discovering the News (New York: Basic Books, 1978).
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• Two journalism historians have explored coverage of the election, focusing on New York newspapers. See Gregory A. Borchard, “The New York Tribune and the 1844 Election: Horace Greeley, Gangs and the Wise Men of Gotham,” Journalism History 33 (Spring 2007): 51–59, and Harris, “John Louis O'Sullivan,” 278–98.
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• Volpe, “The Liberty Party and Polk's Election,” 699. Volpe's work addressed Georgia and Louisiana.
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• Ibid., 709.
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• Chauncey Samuel Boucher, “Sectionalism, Representation, and the Electoral Question in Antebellum South Carolina,” Washington University Studies 4 (October 1916): 3–62; Russell L. Mahan, “The Changing Presidential Election System,” White House Studies 2 (2002): 213; and Neal R. Peirce and Lawrence D. Longley, The People's President: The Electoral College in American History and the Direct Vote Alternative (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1981), 24–47, 247–49.
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• Newspapers studied encompassed every major region in the state: Upcountry—Anderson Gazette, Edgefield Advertiser, Greenville Mountaineer, Pendleton Messenger; Fall line/sandhills—Camden Journal, South Carolinian (Columbia), Southern Chronicle (Columbia); Low country—Charleston Courier, Charleston Mercury, Southern Patriot (Charleston), Winyah Observer (Georgetown).
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• Charleston Mercury, July 1, 1844. See also Anderson Gazette, June 14, 1844; Camden Journal, June 12, 1844; Charleston Mercury, June 14, 1844, and June 20, 1844; Edgefield Advertiser, June 19, 1844; Greenville Mountaineer, June 14, 1844; Pendleton Messenger, June 21, 1844; and Winyah Observer, June 15, 1844, and July 20, 1844.
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• Pendleton Messenger, May 31, 1844.
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• Charleston Mercury, July 1, 1844.
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• Anderson Gazette, June 14, 1844, and July 19, 1844; South Carolinian, July 11, 1844; and Southern Chronicle, July 10, 1844.
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• Edgefield Advertiser, Oct. 10, 1844; Pendleton Messenger, May 10, 1844, and June 21, 1844; and South Carolinian, May 30, 1844.
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• Anderson Gazette, June 7, 1844, June 21, 1844, and July 26, 1844; Camden Journal, May 15, 1844, and May 29, 1844; Charleston Mercury, June 21, 1844; Edgefield Advertiser, June 19, 1844; Greenville Mountaineer, May 24, 1844, June 14, 1844, and June 18, 1844; Pendleton Messenger, May 3, 1844, June 14, 1844, June 21, 1844, and July 12, 1844; South Carolinian, May 30, 1844, and July 11, 1844; Southern Patriot, July 1, 1844; and Winyah Observer, July 6, 1844.
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• Anderson Gazette, May 24, 1844, and June 7, 1844; Camden Journal, May 15, 1844, May 22, 1844, May 29, 1844, and June 12, 1844; Charleston Courier, May 13, 1844, May 29, 1844, and June 11, 1844; Charleston Mercury, May 8, 1844; Edgefield Advertiser, May 22, 1844; Pendleton Messenger, May 3, 1844, May 17, 1844, May 24, 1844, May 31, 1844, and June 7, 1844; Winyah Observer, June 8, 1844; and South Carolinian, May 30, 1844, and June 6, 1844.
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• Greenville Mountaineer, May 24, 1844, and June 7, 1844.
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• Camden Journal, May 29, 1844. For the Southern Chronicle's position, see July 24, 1844, July 31, 1844, Aug. 8, 1844, and Oct. 9, 1844.
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• Anderson Gazette, July 12, 1844; Edgefield Advertiser, May 22, 1844; and Winyah Intelligencer, Oct. 13, 1844.
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• Edgefield Advertiser, May 22, 1844; and South Carolinian, Aug. 22, 1844.
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• Camden Journal, Nov. 6, 1844; and South Carolinian, May 30, 1844.
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• Winyah Observer, Oct. 13, 1844. See also Charleston Mercury, Aug. 29, 1844.
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• Charleston Mercury, May 28, 1844.
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• Charleston Courier, reprinted in Winyah Observer, July 6, 1844, and South Carolinian, July 11, 1844; Charleston Mercury, reprinted in Pendleton Messenger, July 12, 1844; Charleston Mercury, Aug. 29, 1844, and Sept. 23, 1844; Greenville Mountaineer, July 12, 1844; Pendleton Messenger, July 5, 1844, and Aug. 16, 1844; and South Carolinian, Aug. 22, 1844, Sept. 26, 1844, and Oct. 17, 1844.
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• Camden Journal, Nov. 6, 1844.
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• Winyah Observer, May 25, 1844. See also Greenville Mountaineer, July 5, 1844.
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• Anderson Gazette, May 10, 1844, May 17, 1844, June 7, 1844, June 28, 1844, July 5, 1844, Aug. 9, 1844, and Oct. 11, 1844; Charleston Courier, June 27, 1844, and Aug. 31, 1844; Charleston Mercury, May 13, 1844, May 16, 1844, May 31, 1844, and June 13, 1844; Edgefield Advertiser, May 15, 1844, and July 10, 1844; Greenville Mountaineer, May 10, 1844; Pendleton Messenger, May 24, 1844, June 7, 1844, and June 14, 1844; South Carolinian, May 30, 1844, and June 6, 1844; and Winyah Observer, May 4, 1844, June 22, 1844, and Aug. 31, 1844.
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• See, for example, Charleston Mercury, Aug. 13, 1844.
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• Edgefield Advertiser, June 5, 1844. See also Edgefield Advertiser, June 12, 1844.
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• Charleston Courier, Nov. 4, 1844; South Carolinian, June 6, 1844; Southern Patriot, Aug. 19, 1844; and Winyah Observer, Sept. 28, 1844.
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• Camden Journal, Aug. 28, 1844, and Oct. 2, 1844.
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• Winyah Observer, June 8, 1844. See also Anderson Gazette, July 5, 1844; and Pendleton Messenger, July 19, 1844.
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• Anderson Gazette, Aug. 30, 1844.
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• Winyah Observer, Aug. 24, 1844. See also Anderson Gazette, Aug. 9, 1844; Charleston Mercury, July 22, 1844; and Pendleton Messenger, Aug. 2, 1844.
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• Winyah Observer, July 20, 1844.
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• Charleston Mercury, June 13, 1844.
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• Anderson Gazette, July 5, 1844. See also Greenville Mountaineer, June 7, 1844, June 14, 1844, and July 19, 1844.
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• Greenville Mountaineer, June 28, 1844. See also Greenville Mountaineer, June 7, 1844.
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• Camden Journal, June 12, 1844; and South Carolinian, June 6, 1844, and Aug. 1, 1844.
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• Winyah Observer, Oct. 2, 1844, and Oct. 13, 1844. See also Charleston Mercury, July 22, 1844.
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• Pendleton Messenger, July 26, 1844. See also Edgefield Advertiser, Oct. 2, 1844, and Nov. 6, 1844; Pendleton Messenger, May 3, 1844, Sept. 20, 1844, and Oct. 4, 1844; and South Carolinian, June 6, 1844.
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• Edgefield Advertiser, May 1, 1844. See also Greenville Mountaineer, Oct. 4, 1844.
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• Anderson Gazette, June 14, 1844, June 28, 1844, Aug. 9, 1844, Aug. 16, 1844, and Oct. 11, 1844; Camden Journal, June 12, 1844, and Aug. 21, 1844; Charleston Mercury, May 16, 1844, July 22, 1844, and Aug. 5, 1844; Edgefield Advertiser, Oct. 9, 1844; Greenville Mountaineer, May 24, 1844; and Pendleton Messenger, July 19, 1844, Aug. 2, 1844, Sept. 20, 1844, and Oct. 4, 1844.
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• Anderson Gazette, July 5, 1844, July 12, 1844, and July 19, 1844; and Pendleton Messenger, June 28, 1844.
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• Anderson Gazette, Sept. 20, 1844.
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• Anderson Gazette, Aug. 23, 1844, Sept. 6, 1844, Sept. 27, 1844, and Oct. 11, 1844; Edgefield Advertiser, July 10, 1844, Aug. 14, 1844, and Oct. 30, 1844; Greenville Mountaineer, Aug. 9, 1844, and Aug. 23, 1844; Pendleton Messenger, May 3, 1844, June 28, 1844, and Aug. 23, 1844; and South Carolinian, Sept. 26, 1844.
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• Winyah Observer, May 25, 1844.
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• South Carolinian, Sept. 12, 1844. See also South Carolinian, Sept. 26, 1844, and Nov. 7, 1844.
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• Edgefield Advertiser, May 1, 1844. See also South Carolinian, May 30, 1844, and Sept. 12, 1844.
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• No copies remain of the Hamburg Journal (published in the Edgefield District). The Charleston Courier's co-editor Robert Yeadon was active in Whig politics, but because of his colleagues' views, the Courier took a professedly neutral, subtly Democratic approach to the election.
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• Southern Chronicle, Aug. 14, 1844.
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• Southern Chronicle, Sept. 18, 1844.
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• Southern Chronicle, Sept. 4, 1844.
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• Southern Chronicle, Aug. 14, 1844, Sept. 4, 1844, Sept. 11, 1844, and Sept. 18, 1844.
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• Southern Chronicle, July 10, 1844.
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• Southern Chronicle, July 31, 1844, and Aug. 14, 1844.
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• Southern Chronicle, July 31, 1844, Aug. 14, 1844, and Aug. 21, 1844.
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• Southern Chronicle, Oct. 2, 1844.
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• Southern Chronicle, July 24, 1844. The Chronicle failed to mention that Polk had been severely ill and went to Kentucky for surgery to remove bladder stones. See Louise A. Mayo, President James J. Polk: The Dark Horse President (Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Publishers, 2006), 10; and Charles Sellers, James K. Polk: Jacksonian, 1795–1843 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1957), 40.
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• Southern Chronicle, Oct. 9, 1844.
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• Southern Chronicle, Aug. 7, 1844. See also Southern Chronicle, July 10, 1844, July 24, 1844, Aug. 14, 1844, and Oct. 2, 1844.
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• Southern Chronicle, July 31, 1844, Aug. 28, 1844, Sept. 4, 1844, Sept. 25, 1844, and Oct. 2, 1844.
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• Southern Chronicle, July 17, 1844.
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• Southern Chronicle, Oct. 30, 1844, and Nov. 6. 1844.
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• Southern Chronicle, Nov. 13, 1844.
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• Pendleton Messenger, Oct. 18, 1844.
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• South Carolinian, Oct. 24, 1844 (emphasis in original).
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• Edgefield Advertiser, Oct. 9, 1844. See also Edgefield Advertiser, May 22, 1844; Greenville Mountaineer, Aug. 16, 1844; and Pendleton Messenger, Sept. 27, 1844.
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• Winyah Observer, July 27, 1844.
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• Edgefield Advertiser, June 19, 1844, and June 26, 1844; Greenville Mountaineer, Oct. 4, 1844; and Pendleton Messenger, Aug. 9, 1844, and Oct. 11, 1844.
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• Responses of the upcountry candidates can be found in Anderson Gazette, June 7, 1844, June 14, 1844, June 21, 1844, June 28, 1844, and July 19, 1844, and Pendleton Messenger, June 14, 1844, June 21, 1844, June 28, 1844, July 12, 1844, July 19, 1844, and Aug. 9, 1844.
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• See candidates' responses in Camden Journal, Aug. 28, 1844, Sept. 4, 1844, Sept. 18, 1844, Sept. 24, 1844, and Oct. 9, 1844; Charleston Courier, Oct. 2, 1844; Edgefield Advertiser, Aug. 21, 1844, and Sept. 11, 1844; Greenville Mountaineer, Oct. 4, 1844; South Carolinian, Sept. 26, 1844; Southern Chronicle, Sept. 4, 1844, Sept. 11, 1844, Sept. 18, 1844, and Sept. 25, 1844; and Winyah Observer, Aug. 24, 1844.
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• South Carolinian, July 11, 1844. See also South Carolinian, Sept. 28, 1844.
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• South Carolinian, Aug. 15, 1844, and Aug. 22, 1844.
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• South Carolinian, Aug. 15, 1844.
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• Anderson Gazette, July 26, 1844. See also Camden Journal, July 24, 1844, and July 31, 1844; South Carolinian, July 11, 1844, and Aug. 15, 1844.
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• Anderson Gazette, July 26, 1844 (emphasis in original). See also Camden Journal, July 24, 1844; Charleston Mercury, June 26, 1844; Pendleton Messenger, July 12, 1844, July 19, 1844, and Aug. 2, 1844; and South Carolinian, Aug. 1, 1844.
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• Southern Chronicle, Aug. 28, 1844.
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• Southern Chronicle, Aug. 7, 1844, Aug. 14, 1844, Aug. 21, 1844, Aug. 28, 1844, Sept. 4, 1844, Sept. 18, 1844, and Oct. 2, 1844.
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• Charleston Mercury, Aug. 24, 1844; Edgefield Advertiser, Aug. 28, 1844; and South Carolinian, Aug. 29, 1844.
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• Camden Journal, Aug. 28. 1844; and Pendleton Messenger, Sept. 13, 1844. No mention of Rhett's speeches or responses to them appeared the Anderson Gazette.
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• Greenville Mountaineer, Sept. 6, 1844.
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• Charleston Mercury, July 20, 1844.
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• Winyah Obeserver, Aug. 3, 1844.
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• Southern Patriot, July 16, 1844. See also Charleston Courier, July 12, 1844, July 20, 1844, and Aug. 14, 1844.
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• Camden Journal, Aug. 14, 1844, and Oct. 2, 1844; and Edgefield Advertiser, Sept. 25, 1844, Oct. 2, 1844, and Oct. 9, 1844.
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• Camden Journal, Aug. 14, 1844, Aug. 28, 1844, Sept. 4, 1844, Sept. 18, 1844, Sept. 24, 1844, and Oct. 9; Edgefield Advertiser, Aug. 14, 1844, Aug. 28, 1844, Sept. 25, 1844, Oct. 9, 1844, and Oct. 9, 1844; Pendleton Messenger, Sept. 13, 1844, and Nov. 8, 1844; South Carolinian, Sept. 26, 1844; Southern Patriot, Sept. 14, 1844, and Sept. 28, 1844; and Winyah Observer, Sept. 21, 1844.
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• Charleston Mercury, Aug. 1, 1844, Aug. 5, 1844.
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• Camden Journal, Nov. 20, 1844; Edgefield Advertiser, Nov. 20, 1844; Southern Patriot, Nov. 15, 1844; and Winyah Observer, Nov. 16, 1844.
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• Camden Journal, Nov. 20, 1844.
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• Charleston Mercury, Nov. 12, 1844.
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• Winyah Observer, Nov. 16, 1844. See also Pendleton Messenger, Nov. 22, 1844.
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• The Chronicle was affiliated with the Richland (County) Clay Club and had been awarded Whig patronage. See Robert Seager, ed., The Papers of Henry Clay, Vol. 10: Candidate, Compromiser, Elder Statesman, January 1, 1844-June 29, 1852 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1991), 14; and “State Dept. Patronage, 1827–1861,” http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/james/download/State%20Department%20Patronage,%201827-1861.xls.
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• Much like the Charleston Mercury was Rhett's mouthpiece, the Advertiser was said to be under the control of influential politicians in Edgefield. The Camden Journal was a Calhoun paper; Calhoun even petitioned Polk to give editor William B. Johnston a government consulate position after the election. See Orville Vernon Burton, In My Father's House Are Many Mansions: Family and Community in Edgefield, South Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 67–73; and William Edwin Hemphill, ed., The Papers of John C. Calhoun, Vol. 25 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999), 342.
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