Southern Traitor or American Hero?

NOTES

• Lyon Gardiner Tyler, General Lee's Birthday: Address at Hollins College January 18, 1929, and repeated before the State College of Women at East Radford, January 19, 1929, on General Robert E. Lee (n.p., 1929), 22.
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• Ibid.
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• Douglass Southall Freeman, R.E. Lee: A Biography, vol. IV (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936); John Esten Cooke, A Life of Gen. Robert E. Lee (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1871); and Burke Davis, Gray Fox: Robert E. Lee and the Civil War (New York: Rinehard and Company, 1956).
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• Freeman, R.E. Lee: A Biography.
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• Ibid., 494.
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• Tyler, General Lee's Birthday, 26.
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• Ibid., 22.
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• Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee of Virginia (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958).
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• Emory M. Thomas, Robert E. Lee (New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1995).
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• Ibid., 435.
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• Davis, Gray Fox: Robert E. Lee and the Civil War.
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• Gary W. Gallagher, Lee and His Army in Confederate History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
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• Cooke, A Life of Gen. Robert E. Lee.
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• Ibid., 9. According to Cooke, Richard Lee “was the founder of the family in Virginia.”
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• Ibid., 151.
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• Gamaliel Bradford, Lee the American (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1927).
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• Ibid, 175.
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• Freeman, R.E. Lee: A Biography.
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• Ibid., 276.
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• Woodrow Wilson, “Robert E. Lee: An Interpretation,” Journal of Social Forces 2, no. 3 (1924): 321.
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• Cooke, A Life of Gen. Robert. E. Lee, 577. Emphasis in the original.
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• William R. Taylor, Cavalier and Yankee: The Old South and American National Character (New York: George Braziller, 1961).
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• Ibid., 15.
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• James Eaton, The Mind of the Old South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964), 222–23.
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• Ibid.
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• James Cobb, Away Down South (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 25.
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• Ibid., 24–26.
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• Ibid., 25.
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• Taylor, Cavalier and Yankee, 21.
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• Ibid., 24.
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• Cobb, Away Down South.
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• Ibid, 73–74.
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• Alan T. Nolan, “The Anatomy of the Myth,” in The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History, eds. Gary W. Gallagher and Alan T. Nolan (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000), 12.
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• Ibid.
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• Ibid., 14–15.
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• Ibid.
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• Ibid., 64.
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• Thomas L. Connelly and Barbara L. Bellows, God and General Longstreet: The Lost Cause and the Southern Mind (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), 78.
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• Orrin E. Klapp, Heroes, Villains, and Fools: Reflections of the American Character (San Diego: Aegis Publishing Co., 1972).
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• Ibid., 31.
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• Janice Hume, “Lincoln Was a ‘Red’ and Washington a Bolshevik: Public Memory as Persuader in the Appeal to Reason,” Journalism History 28, no. 4 (2003): 172.
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• Ibid., 173.
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• Barry Schwartz, “Social Change and Collective Memory: The Democratization of George Washington,” American Sociological Review 56 (1991).
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• Dixon Wecter, The Hero in America: A Chronicle of Hero Worship (New York: Scribner, 1971).
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• Ibid., 8.
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• Frank Luther Mott, A History of American Magazines (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1938), 3.
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• John Tebbel and Mary Ellen Zuckerman, The Magazine in America 1741–1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 57.
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• Ibid.
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• Michael Schudson, Power of News (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 37.
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• Ibid.
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• Michael Unsworth, American Periodical Series (APS) and its Indexes, Oct. 21, 2003, http://www.lib.msu.edu/unsworth/american/Guides/APS.htm.
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• The magazines in this study are: The Old Guard, This Historical Magazine and Notes and Queries Concerning the Antiquities, The American Framer, Harper's Bazaar, A Magazine of Today, Flag of Our Union, Ohio Farmer, Southern Review, Massachusetts Ploughman and New England Journal of Agriculture, Old and New, American Quarterly Church Review, Saturday Evening Post, Reformed Church Messenger, New England Historical and Genealogical Register and Antiquarian Journal, The Round Table, New York Observer, Liberator, Zion's Herald and Wesleyan Journal, New York Evangelist, The Independent, The Phrenological Journal and Science of Health, The Youth's Companion, Prairie Farmer, Christian Union, The Albion, American Journal of Education, The Friend: a Religious and Literary Journal, Every Saturday: A Journal of Choice Reading, Circular, and the Christian Advocate.
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• “General Lee,” Liberator, May 5, 1865. This article is a reprint from the New York Evening Post.
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• Ibid.
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• “Robert E. Lee,” Prairie Farmer, April 29, 1865, 341. This story is reprinted from Harper's Weekly. Authors' names were just beginning to be used in this era. For this reason these citations use the author's name when provided, but many of these articles do not give an author. See Tebbel and Zuckerman, The Magazine in America, 61.
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• “What Is to Be Done with the Rebel Leaders?” New York Evangelist, May 4, 1865, 1.
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• Ruth Chesterfield, “Letter from Washington,” The Youth's Companion, May 13, 1860, 152. Lee's plantation at Arlington, Virginia, was seized during the Civil War and was made into Arlington National Cemetery.
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• “Mrs. Robert E. Lee,” The Independent, Feb. 8, 1866.
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• “A Chance for Relief,” Ohio Farmer, May 13, 1865, 148.
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• “Cruelties to Union Prisoners in the South,” New York Times, May 12, 1865; and “The Paroled Rebel Soldiers and the General Amnesty,” New York Times, June 4, 1865.
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• “Our Captures,” Chicago Tribune, April 14, 1865; “Brownlow's Reply to Greeley,” Chicago Tribune, May 12 1868; and “Washington,” Chicago Tribune, May 3, 1869.
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• “Although Robert E. Lee,” Chicago Tribune, April 15, 1865; “Robert E. Lee from Harper's Weekly 17th,” Chicago Tribune, April 20, 1865; “The Christian Soldier,” Chicago Tribune, May 12, 1865; and “The Christmas Pardon,” Chicago Tribune, Jan. 1, 1869.
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• “Good Faith,” The Independent, Feb. 28, 1866.
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• Ibid.
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• “In a New Field,” Liberator Sept. 29, 1865.
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• “General Lee,” Liberator, June 23, 1865.
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• “General Robert E. Lee,” Zion's Herald and Wesleyan Journal, May 17, 1865, 78.
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• “General Lee,” Liberator, June 23, 1865.
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• Ibid.
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• “A Soldier's Opinion of General Lee,” Zion's Herald and Wesleyan Journal, April 26, 1865, 68.
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• “President Lee,” The Independent, Sept. 14, 1865.
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• Ibid.
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• Ibid.
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• Ibid.
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• “Gen. Lee a Woman Whipper,” The Independent, April 5, 1866.
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• Ibid.
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• “The Lost Cause; A New Southern History of the War,” American Quarterly Church Reviewer, and Ecclesiastical Register, April 1867, 140.
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• “The Watchman,” Zion's Herald and Wesleyan Journal, Sept. 5, 1866, 142.
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• “General Lee and the Christian Commission,” The Independent, May 4, 1865.
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• “General Lee Forwarded a Request,” New York Evangelist, Nov. 23, 1865, 4.
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• Ibid.
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• “Literary Intelligence,” New York Times, Feb. 18, 1867; “Among the letters,” Chicago Tribune, May 31, 1867; “Statue of Henry Clay,” Chicago Tribune, May 31, 1867; “Gen. Lee on School Discipline,” New York Times, July 22, 1867; “General Lee and President Grant,” Chicago Tribune, May 5, 1869; “Political Views of General Lee,” New York Times, June 6, 1869; and “Rosecrans for Governor,” Chicago Tribune, June 28, 1869.
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• “From Detroit,” Chicago Tribune, July 27, 1865; “Gen. Robert E. Lee at the Virginia Springs,” New York Times, Aug. 4, 1867; “General Robert E. Lee,” Chicago Tribune, Sept. 10, 1867; “White Sulphur Springs, Virginia—Gen. Rosecrans and Gen. Lee,” New York Times, Aug. 22, 1868; “General,” New York Times, Aug. 24, 1868; “Prominent Persons at the Virginia Springs—Gen. Rosecrans' Mission,” New York Times, Sept. 5, 1868; “Gen. Robert E. Lee Invited to Visit Massachusetts—His Reply,” New York Times, Sept. 26, 1868; “News of the Day,” New York Times, April 23, 1869; “General Robert E. Lee Visits Baltimore on Railroad Affairs,” New York Times, April 23, 1869; “Washington,” New York Times, May 3, 1869; “Tennessee,” Chicago Tribune May 19, 1869; and “A Unique Affair,” New York Times, Sept. 19, 1869.
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• “From Boston,” Chicago Tribune, July 26, 1866. Lee did not receive an honorary degree from Harvard. The only honorary degree given to Lee during his life was by Mercer College in Macon, Georgia, in 1866.
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• “Excellent Examples,” New York Times, June 17, 1865.
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• “Harper's Pictorial History of the Great Rebellion,” The Historical Magazine, and Notes and Queries Concerning the Antiquities, December 1866, 88.
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• Mary Bayard Clarke, “General Robert E. Lee,” The Old Guard, February 1866, 111.
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• Edwin Hall, “Going to Chattanooga,” New York Observer and Chronicle, June 24, 1869, 197.
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• “General Grant Elected President,” Zion's Herald, Oct. 22, 1868, 3.
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• Stuart Lee, A Lady of North Carolina, “The South Expects Every Woman to Do Her Duty,” The Old Guard, August 1866, 479.
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• “Education at the South,” New York Observer and Chronicle, March 5, 1868, 78.
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• A Southerner, “Richmond in 1861,” Flag of Our Union, May 11, 1867, 302.
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• American Periodical Series, “Title Information,” The Old Guard, http://proquest.umi.com.
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• “General Robert E. Lee,” The Old Guard, January 1866, 56.
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• Ibid.
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• “Ulysses S. Grant,” The Old Guard, December 1868, 927.
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• Bertha Seely, “The Heroine of the Old Dominion,” The Old Guard, March 1866, 146.
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• “Table Talk,” The Round Table, March 7, 1868, 155; “Books,” Christian Union, March 5, 1870, 150; and “Genealogical History of the Lee Family of Virginia,” The New England Historical and Genealogical Register and Antiquarian Journal, July 1869, 368.
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• “Books,” Christian Union, March 5, 1870, 150.
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• Janice Hume, “Portraits of Grief, Reflectors of Values: The New York Times Remembers Victims of September 11,” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 80, no. 1 (2003), 167.
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• “General Robert E. Lee Stricken with Paralysis,” New York Times, Oct. 3, 1870.
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• “Obituary Gen. Robert E. Lee,” New York Times, Oct. 13, 1870.
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• Ibid.
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• Ibid.
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• “Death of Gen. Lee,” Massachusetts Ploughman and New England Journal of Agriculture, Oct. 22, 1870, 2.
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• “Obituary,” The Albion, Oct. 15, 1870, 666.
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• “Death of General Lee,” Christian Advocate, Oct. 20, 1870, 332.
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• “Death of Robert E. Lee,” Chicago Tribune, Oct. 14, 1870.
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• “Robert E. Lee,” The Independent, Nov. 10, 1870.
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• “Record of Progress,” Old and New, December 1870, 741.
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• Ibid.
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• “Death of General Lee,” Christian Advocate.
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• “News of the Week,” Christian Union, Oct. 22, 1870, 252.
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• “Death of General Lee,” Prairie Farmer, Oct. 22, 1870, 333.
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• “Death of Gen. Lee,” New York Evangelist, Oct. 20, 1870, 4.
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• “General Lee—His Death,” The Youth's Companion, Nov. 3, 1870, 348.
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• “General Lee—His Death,” The Youth's Companion.
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• “The Late Judge Dean,” New York Times, Oct. 14, 1870.
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• Hume, “Lincoln was a ‘Red’ and Washington a Bolshevik”; and Schwartz, “Social Change and Collective Memory.”
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• Gary W. Gallagher, Lee the Soldier (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), xviii.
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