NOTES
- The author personally knew Chilton to the extent of being terrified of him. He was a young reporting intern at the Gazette in 1984 and then returned to the newspaper after a stint at United Press International shortly after Chilton's death.
- W.E. Chilton III, speech delivered in spring 1984 to a gathering at West Virginia State College to mark the thirtieth anniversary of the court decision. The original speech is among papers compiled and kept by James A. Haught, the current editor of the Gazette.
- Ibid.
- Textual analysis is a qualitative method of teasing out meaning from the totality of context associated with a given text, including tone, metaphor, diction, and so on. The method is widely used in social science and historical research. The method can be further explored in Peter K. Manning and Besty Cullum-Swan, “Narrative Content and Semiotic Analysis,” in Handbook of Qualitative Research, ed. Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1994), 464–67. An example of the method used in journalism historical research is Jane Marcellus, “‘Dear D’: Sophie Treadwell's 1915 Correspondence from the ‘Big War Theatre,’” American Journalism 29, no. 4 (2012): 69–93.
- In-depth interviewing is a qualitative research method that, like its journalistic counterpart, seeks to gather information. But, within the context of scholarship, the in-depth interview is more than the collection of facts from individuals with specific knowledge. The interview method includes backgrounding of the subject, exploration of potential motivations, context of the remarks and information, and so on. See John M. Johnson, “In-Depth Interviewing,” in The Handbook of Interview Research, ed. Jaber F. Gubrium and James A. Holstein (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2001), 103–20.
- William Edwin Chilton III papers, A&M 3020 Addendum, West Virginia and Regional History Collection (WVRHC), West Virginia University Library, Morgantown, W.Va.
- The Gazette was searched using microfilm editions for the years 1953 to 1984 as well as clippings archived at the newspaper in its Charleston, W.Va., building.
- William Outhwaite, Habermas: A Critical Introduction (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994), 8–10.
- Ibid., 12.
- Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1962/1989).
- Lawrence R. Bloch, “Setting the Public Sphere in Motion: The Rhetoric of Political Bumper Stickers in Israel,” Political Communication 17, no. 4 (Jan. 2006): 433–66; and Peter Lunt and Paul Stenner, “The Jerry Springer Show as an Emotional Public Sphere,” Media & Culture 27, no. 1 (January 2005): 59–81.
- Vilja Hulden, “Employer Organizations' Influence on the Progressive-Era Press,” Journalism History 38, no. 1 (2012): 43–54.
- Edgar Simpson, “‘Predatory Interests’ and ‘The Common Man’: Scripps, Pinchot, and the Nascent Environmental Movement, 1908–10,” Journalism History 39, no. 3 (Fall 2013): 145–55.
- Dale E. Zacher, The Scripps Newspapers Go to War, 1914–1918 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008): 63–67.
- Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw, “The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media,” Public Opinion Quarterly 36, no. 2 (Summer 1972): 176–87.
- Joe Bob Hester and Rhonda Gibson, “The Agenda-Setting Function of National Versus Local Media: A Time-Series Analysis for the Issue of Same-Sex Marriage,” Mass Communication & Society 10, no. 3 (Summer 2007): 299–317.
- Kim Sei-Hill, Dietram A. Scheufele, and James Shanahan, “Think about It This Way: Attribute Agenda-Setting Function of the Press and Public's Evaluation of a Local Issue,” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 79, no. 1 (Spring 2002): 7–25.
- James Curran, “Rethinking the Media as the Public Sphere,” in Communication and Citizenship: Journalism and the Public Sphere, ed. Peter Dalhgren and Colin Sparks (New York: Routledge, 1997), 27–57.
- Edgar Simpson, “Pressing the Press: W.E. Chilton III's investigation of newspaper owners,” Journalism History, 36, no. 4 (Winter 2011): 196–206.
- Robert McChesney, Digital Disconnect: How Capitalism is Turning the Internet against Democracy (New York: The New Press, 2013), XIII–XIV.
- Text of William E. Chilton III's prepared speech, A&M 3020 Addendum, box 4, file 8, Chilton papers, WVRHC.
- Thomas J. Hrach, “Media in the Riot City: How the November 1967 Kerner Commission Media Conference Blamed the Messenger,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Washington, DC, Aug. 8, 2007, at http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p202532_index.html.
- The Commission on Freedom of the Press, A Free and Responsible Press: A General Report on Mass Communication (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947). The commission found that newspapers and radio, the primary mass media of the time, too often failed to reflect society as it was, rather focusing its resources and reporting on the agendas of businessmen/publishers.
- Camilie Kraeplin, “Two Tales of One City: How Cultural Perspective Influenced the Framing of a Pre-Civil Rights Story in Dallas,” American Journalism 25, no. 1 (2008): 73–97.
- Jason Peterson, ‘“They Deserve a Stinging Defeat’”: How Mississippi Newspapers' Coverage of the 1955 Junior Rose Bowl Protected the Closed Society,” American Journalism 29, no. 2 (2012): 93–123.
- Mark Bernhardt, “Red, White, and Black,” Journalism History 40, no. 1 (2014): 15–27.
- Cynthia Bond Hopson, “How One Southern Newspaper Supported Status Quo in 1960s,” Newspaper Research Journal 26, no. 2/3 (Winter 2005): 72–84.
- Barbara G. Friedman and John D. Richardson, “A National Disgrace,” Journalism History 33, no. 4 (2008): 224–32.
- Kevin Stoker, “Liberal Journalism in the Deep South,” Journalism History 27, no. 1 (2001): 22.
- Kathleen Wickham, “Dean of the Civil Rights Reporters: A Conversation with Claude Sitton,” Journalism History 40, no. 2 (Summer 2014): 121–25.
- John Whalen, Maverick among the Magnolias: The Hazel Brannon Smith Story (Bloomington, Ind.: Xlibris Corp., 2001).
- Roy Everett Littlefield, William Randolph Hearst (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1980): 350–52.
- Hodding Carter, “Press,” Public Opinion Quarterly 4, no. 3 (September 1940): 512–15.
- Robert McFadden, “Ralph Ingersoll, Editor and Publisher,” New York Times, March 9, 1985, available at http://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/09/nyregion/ralph-ingersoll-editor-and-publisher.html.
- Salinger to Chilton, no date, box 1, file 4 (variety of correspondence), Chilton papers, WVRHC; and Buckley, box 2, file 7b (variety of correspondence), Chilton papers, WVRHC.
- Chilton Biography, Charleston Gazette microfilm, library, Charleston Gazette.
- Elizabeth Chilton, Chilton's widow, interview by Edgar Simpson, Charleston, W.Va., Jan. 29, 2009.
- Rick Steelhammer, reporter/columnist, Charleston Gazette, interview with the author, Charleston, W.Va., Jan. 29, 2009. Steelhammer has been a reporter and columnist at the Charleston Gazette since 1976. He got his popular Sunday life and humor column when Chilton called him to his office in 1984 after reading Steelhammer's frequent contributions to the “common queue,” a file in the newsroom computer system to which everyone had access and was used as an electronic message board. Steelhammer often wrote amusing parodies of Chilton, which were popular reads among the staff. Chilton told him, “If you're going to write that on company time anyway, you may as well put it in the paper.” Unfortunately, Steelhammer's common queue pieces were lost to subsequent computer systems.
- James Haught, interview by Edgar Simpson, Charleston, W.Va., Jan. 19, 2009.
- William E. Chilton III, “Hallmark of Crusading Journalism is Sustained Outrage,” Charleston Gazette, Nov. 18, 1983, A6.
- James Haught, Fascinating West Virginia (Charleston, W.Va.: The Printing Press Ltd., 2008), 109–17.
- Otis K. Rice and Stephen W. Brown, West Virginia: A History (Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1993), 93.
- U.S. Census Bureau. Table 63. West Virginia—Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990, at <http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab63.pdf.
- Strauder v. West Virginia—1880. Law Library: Great American Legal Information: Great American Court Cases, vol. 7, at http://law.jrank.org/pages/12916/Strauder-v-West-Virginia.html#ixzz0JpQwLCyP&D. The Fourteenth Amendment mandated equal protection. While Strauder won the case, it would be many decades before blacks were welcome to serve on juries and be called as witnesses in West Virginia courts.
- Alice Carter, “Segregation and Integration in the Appalachian Coalfields: McDowell County Responds to the Brown Decision.” West Virginia History, vol. 54 (1995): 78–104.
- Ibid.
- Box 3, A&M 3020 Addendum, Chilton papers, WVRHC.
- Haught interview.
- Elizabeth Chilton interview.
- Rudolph L. DiTrapano, interview by Edgar Simpson, Charleston, W.Va., June 16, 2009.
- W.E. Chilton III, speech delivered in spring 1984 at West Virginia State College.
- “The Negro Wants Only What Is Rightfully His,” Charleston Gazette, Aug. 1, 1963.
- Associated Press, “Bluefield Paper Target of Boycott,” Charleston Gazette, July 19, 1963.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Associated Press, “Bluefield Negro Boycott Argued,” Charleston Gazette, Aug. 3, 1963.
- BSC History, at http://www.bluefieldstate.edu/aboutBSC.htm.
- Associated Press, “Bluefield Negro Boycott Argued.”
- “Bluefield—All American?” Charleston Gazette, Dec. 14, 1964.
- Associated Press, “Newspaper Picketed,” Charleston Gazette, Dec. 18, 1964.
- “A Changed March,” Bluefield Daily Telegraph, Feb. 12, 1964.
- George Steele, “30 Arrested at Skateland,” Charleston Gazette, Jan. 7, 1967.
- K.W. Lee, “Racial Inequities Cited In Schools,” Charleston Gazette, March 23, 1964.
- “Byrd Admits Joining Klan for ‘Excitement,’” Charleston Gazette, May 9, 1952.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Frank A. Knight, “Governor Declines Further Support after Klan Mixup,” Charleston Gazette, Oct. 12, 1952.
- “Can't Recall Letter, Byrd Claims,” Charleston Daily Mail, Oct. 10, 1952. The newspaper reported that the Beckley Post-Herald and the Gazette had printed the letter in full as photographs. The Mail printed the letter in that edition on page 19.
- Ibid.
- Ibid. Knight seemed stunned by Byrd's calm reaction. He related his conversations and the events of the evening in a copyrighted story on the front page. Knight wrote after relating Byrd's advertising question: “In his out-and-out defiance of the governor, the titular head of the Democratic Party in West Virginia, Byrd immediately was entirely on his own as a candidate.”
- Art and History, United States Senate, at http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Civil_Rights_Filibuster_Ended.htm.
- Thomas F. Stafford, “NAACP Finds State Backing: All but Byrd,” Charleston Gazette, Aug. 9, 1963.
- Ibid.
- “Civil Rights Bill Our Only Choice,” Charleston Gazette, March 13, 1964.
- Russell Baker to W.E. Chilton III, June 17, 1963, A&M 3020 Addendum, box 1, file 16, Chilton papers, WVRHC.
- U.S. Senator Jennings Randolph to W.E. Chilton III, May 6, 1964, box 1, file 17, Chilton papers, WVRHC.
- Art and History, United States Senate, at http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Civil_Rights_Filibuster_Ended.htm.
- James A. Haught, “Ministers Ask Welcome for Negro Neighbors,” Charleston Gazette, Oct. 6, 1965.
- “City Ministers Due Praise for Bold, Significant Step,” Charleston Gazette, Oct. 8, 1965.
- See, for instance, “Ministers in Dunbar Join ‘Good Neighbor’ Campaign,” Charleston Gazette, Oct. 21, 1965.
- Stafford, Afflicting the Comfortable, 135.
- “Realtor Cry Raised Anew: Tragedy Is They May Win,” Charleston Gazette, Feb. 18, 1967.
- Associated Press, “Wheeling Hit Anew by Racial Violence,” Charleston Gazette, April 9, 1968.
- K.W. Lee, “300 Marchers Issue Demonstrations Vow,” Charleston Gazette, Feb. 18, 1968.
- Harry E. Jones, letter to the editor, Charleston Gazette, March 21, 1964; Noah J. Palmer, letter to the editor, Charleston Gazette, March 21, 1964.
- Elizabeth Chilton interview. Noted Mrs. Chilton: “[Other issues] weren't as bad as the civil rights. We were blackballed at the country club because of his stance; our families had been members for years.”
- The Reverend Homer Davis, telephone interview by Edgar Simpson, July 1, 2009.
- W.E. Chilton III, speech delivered in 1984 to a gathering at West Virginia State College.
- “Human Rights,” Charleston Gazette. Sept. 18, 1984.
- Editorial, The Nation, Feb. 21, 1987, 205. The editors quoted one of Chilton's editorials as a sort of eulogy: “If free enterprise is the wave of the future in the world, then the Lord help the world. What is increasingly becoming clear about this economic system is that it placed greed over all other concerns.”
- Rick Steelhammer, “Gazette Publisher Chilton Dies in D.C.,” Charleston Gazette, Feb. 8, 1987.
- Ibid.
- Randall P. Bezanson, “The New Free Press Guarantee,” Virginia Law Review 63, no. 5 (1977): 731–88.
- Tom Buell, “Chilton Fields Questions on Gripes, Grammar,” Charleston Gazette, Aug. 28, 1986, B6.
- When Chilton took over as publisher, Gazette daily circulation was at about 50,000 and about 80,000 on Sunday. By his death, daily circulation was approaching 70,000 and Sunday sales were more than 105,000 (See Editor & Publisher Year-book). Though part of this may be due to Chilton's combative, entertaining style with an investigative bent, the Gazette also was benefitting as being the morning paper in the state's largest market.