NOTES
- Nicholas Gage, “Yacovelli Said to Succeed Colombo in Mafia Family,” New York Times, Sept. 10, 1971.
- Fred Ferretti, “Colombo Attack Linked by Police to a Gang Plot,” New York Times, July 3, 1971.
- Barbara Campbell, “Police Firm on Gang Tie in Shooting,” New York Times, Aug. 5, 1971.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memo,” File 92–5509, (Nov. 8, 1971).
- “Official Statement on Public Relations,” Public Relations Society of America, http://www.prsa.org/aboutprsa/publicrelationsdefined/documents/official%20statement%20on%20public%20relations.pdf.
- Morris Kaplan, “Italian-American Civil Rights League and Two Leaders Indicted,” New York Times, May 11, 1972.
- Eric Pace, “Italian-American League Is Beset by Woes,” New York Times, June 6, 1970.
- Richard Starns, “Reputed Boss Calls Mafia a Myth,” Washington Daily News, April 2, 1971.
- Nicholas Gage, “Many of Mafioso Resent Colombo,” New York Times, July 3, 1971.
- Margot Opdycke Lamme and Karen Miller Russell, “Removing the Spin: Toward a New Theory of Public Relations History,” Journalism & Communication Monographs 11, no. 4 (2010): 281–362.
- The Federal Bureau of Investigation responded with a “Dear Requester” form letter explaining why some material was exempt from disclosure and thus blanked out in the documents. These appear to be the names of agents, names of informants, license plate numbers, etc. There is also a sentence in the cover letter that reads, “Enclosed are all releasable pages from FBI Headquarters (FBIHQ) file number 92-HQ-5509.” There are also a number of internal letters and memos that reference this number. Most of the 777 pages of material are dated before the shooting, and there are indications the 92–5509 might be called the “Joe Colombo file.” However, there are other file numbers cited in these documents that seem to relate to him. It appears there are dozens of “interconnected” files with similar, but different, numbers (92-5239, 92–6210, etc.). An FOIA request to the Central Intelligence Agency was denied. The information and privacy coordinator for the agency, Scott Koch, said the agency has “no police, subpoena, law-enforcement powers or internal security functions… and we must decline to process your request.” Notice Koch did not say the agency had no involvement, investigative or otherwise, but that the FOIA request would not be processed.
- “Official Statement on Public Relations,” Public Relations Society of America.
- Lamme and Russell, “Removing the Spin.”
- “The Making of the Godfather,” Time, March 13, 1972.
- John O'Brien, “The Shooting of Jake Lingle,” Chicago Tribune, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/chi-chicagodays-jakelingle-story-story.html.
- “Luciano Plea Cites His Aid to U.S. Army,” New York Times, May 23, 1945.
- Rodney Campbell, The Luciano Project: The Secret Wartime Collaboration of the Mafia and the U.S. Navy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977).
- Jessalynn R. Strauss, “From the Last Frontier to the New Cosmopolitan: A History of Casino Public Relations in Las Vegas,” Public Relations Review 39 (2013): 124–30.
- Eric John Hobsbawm, “The Mafia as a Social Movement,” in Deviance, Conflict and Criminality, ed. R. Serge Denisoff and Charles H. McCaghy (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1973).
- Thomas C. Schelling, “Economic Analysis of Organized Crime,” in Deviance, Conflict and Criminality, ed. R. Serge Denisoff and Charles H. McCaghy (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1973).
- “A Chronicle of Bloodletting,” Time, July 12, 1971.
- Ibid.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memo,” File 92–5509 (Nov. 8, 1971).
- “Behind the Mystique of the Mafia,” Time, March 13, 1972.
- Ralph Salerno and John S. Tompkins, The Crime Confederation (New York: Doubleday, 1969), 194.
- Ibid., 198.
- Ibid., 195.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- “Gallo Gang Saves 6 Children in Fire on Brooklyn Flat,” New York Times, Feb. 1, 1962.
- Salerno and Tompkins, The Crime Confederation, 197.
- Thomas A. Johnson, “Two Gallos Acted as Peacemakers,” New York Times, Aug. 6, 1966.
- Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, ed. and trans. R.M. Adams (New York: W.W. Norton, 1977).
- Peter Reuter, Disorganized Crime: The Economics of the Visible Hand (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1984).
- U.S. Senate Committee on Government Operations Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, “Mob Informants,” in New York Daily News (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1963).
- “Mafia Rules N.J., Tapes Reveal,” Courier-Express (Buffalo, N.Y.), Jan. 8, 1970.
- John H. Davis, Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1993), 132.
- Craig R. Whitney, “Pickets at F.B.I. Visted by Judge,” New York Times, June 10, 1970.
- “Behind the Mystique of the Mafia.”
- Whitney, “Pickets at F.B.I. Visted by Judge”; and C.R. Whitney, “Italians Picket F.B.I. Office Here,” New York Times, May 2, 1970.
- “The Capo Who Went Public,” Time, July 12, 1971.
- Robert D. McFadden, “No Arrests Are Imminent in Colombo Shooting Case,” New York Times, July 4, 1971.
- “Italo-Americans Press Unity Day,” New York Times, June 18, 1970.
- Ed Lowe, “Ed Lowe,” Newsday, Oct. 17, 2004.
- Robert D. McFadden, “Italian Pickets at F.B.I. Are Sued,” New York Times, June 6, 1970.
- Lawrence R. Van Gelder, “Colombo: A Man with Several Roles,” New York Times, June 29, 1971; and Selwyn Raab, Five Families: The Rise, Decline and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2005), 190.
- “Joseph Colombo Sr., 54, Paralyzed in Shooting at 1971 Rally, Dies,” New York Times, May 24, 1978.
- Starns, “Reputed Boss Calls Mafia a Myth.”
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Letter,” File 92–5509 (May 22, 1972).
- Selwyn Raab, “Even to the 5 Families, the Fighting Colombos Have Been Black Sheep,” New York Times, Dec. 10, 1991.
- Jonathan Kwitny, Vicious Circles: The Mafia in the Marketplace (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1979), 65.
- Paul L. Montgomery, “Italians to Hold Rally Tomorrow,” New York Times, June 28, 1970.
- “Americans of Italian Descent, Inc.,” New York Daily News, June 26, 1970.
- McFadden, “No Arrests Are Imminent in Colombo Shooting Case.”
- Montgomery, “Italians to Hold Rally Tomorrow.”
- “Thousands of Italians Here Rally against Ethnic Slurs,” New York Times, June 30, 1970.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Letter,” File 92–5509 (May 22, 1972).
- Roger V. Wetherington and Gene Spagnoli, “A Salute to the White & Green,” New York Daily News, June 30, 1970.
- Montgomery, “Italians to Hold Rally Tomorrow.”
- Ibid.
- “Italian-Americans Ready for Colorful Unity Day,” New York Times, June 29, 1970.
- “Thousands of Italians Here Rally against Ethnic Slurs”; and Wetherington and Spagnoli, “A Salute to the White & Green.”
- Douglas Robinson, “Mafia Believed Behind the Italian-American Protests over ‘Harassment,’” New York Times, July 19, 1970.
- Jay Maeder, “AFFOCATO Marching with the Colombos, May-June 1970 Chapter 380,” New York Daily News, June 20, 2001; and Robert D. McFadden, “John J. Marchi, Who Fought for Staten Island in Senate, Dies at 87,” New York Times, April 26, 2009.
- “‘Mafia’ Loses Its Place in Federal Vocabulary,” New York Times, July 24, 1970.
- “Mitchell Says the Term for Mafia Is ‘Syndicate,’” New York Times, July 29, 1970.
- John Corry, “‘Crime, Inc.,’ a 7-Part Series on Mafia,” New York Times, March 5, 1986.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Letter,” File 92–5509 (May 22, 1972).
- Ibid.
- Charles Grutzner, “Dispute over ‘Mafia,’” New York Times, Sept. 5, 1970.
- Paul Sann, “Letter to Dorothy Schiff,” http://www.paulsann.org/memos5.htm.
- Nicholas Pileggi, “The Making of ‘The Godfather’—Sort of a Home Movie,” New York Times Sunday Magazine, Aug. 15, 1971.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Letter,” File 92–5509 (May 22, 1972).
- Grace Lichtenstein, “‘Godfather’ Film Won't Mention Mafia,” New York Times, March 20, 1971.
- Nicholas Gage, “Colombo: The New Look in the Mafia,” New York Times, May 3, 1971.
- And what became of the original reason behind the marches and demonstrations, the arrest of the younger Colombo on conspiracy charges? In December 1970 the judge in the case, Orrin Judd, declared a mistrial after jurors said they had read newspaper accounts of the pending trial. See Morris Kaplan, “Judge Declares a Mistrial in Conspiracy Case of Younger Colombo,” New York Times, Dec. 2, 1970, and Robert E. Tomasson, “Colombo is guilty in perjury case,” New York Times, Dec. 24, 1970. Then, in early February 1971, it appeared Colombo had finally met his match: a key witness, Richard W. Salamone, told the court he and three other men, including Joseph Colombo Jr., had conspired to melt silver coins. See Morris Kaplan, “Jury Told of Plot to Melt Silver,” The New York Times, Feb. 17, 1971. However, the joy in the prosecutor's office must have been short-lived, because a week later Salamone, in a move prosecutor James O. Drucker said was “sinister,” said he had falsely accused the younger Colombo and was recanting his testimony. See Morris Kaplan, “Colombo trial prosecutor calls recanting by witness ‘Sinister,’” New York Times, Feb. 25, 1971. Salamone said he had been pressured by the FBI to make the incriminating statements. In addition, he said Colombo had no knowledge of the alleged scheme to melt the silver coins into more valuable ingots. See Morris Kaplan, “Rebuttal witness barred, Colombo trial nears end,” New York Times, Feb. 26, 1971. As a result, Judge Judd said he doubted he would let the case continue. See Morris Kaplan, “Key witness against Colombo recants his earlier testimony,” New York Times, Feb. 24, 1971. In reply, the prosecution moved to introduce a witness who would testify Salamone had expressed “great fear” if he implicated Colombo. Judge Judd denied the motion. See Morris Kaplan, “Rebuttal witness barred, Colombo trial nears end.” The next day Colombo was acquitted, although one of the defendants, David Lennard, was found guilty. As for Salamone, he was arrested and charged with perjury, as was another witness, Harry Larsen. See Morris Kaplan, “Colombo acquitted in conspiracy case,” New York Times, Feb. 27, 1971. He was later sentenced to nine months in jail after he pleaded guilty to the conspiracy charge.
- Frank J. Prial, “Italian-American Defense League List Is Seized,” New York Times, Dec. 18, 1970.
- Kaplan, “Colombo Acquitted in Conspiracy Case.”
- Daniel J. Boorstin, The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America (New York: Atheneum, 1975).
- Raab, Five Families.
- “Italian-Americans Contribute $500,000 at a Charity Show,” New York Times, Nov. 21, 1970.
- “The Making of the Godfather,” 58.
- Ibid.
- Pileggi, “The Making of ‘The Godfather’—Sort of a Home Movie.”
- Lichtenstein, “‘Godfather’ Film Won't Mention Mafia.”
- Ibid.
- “The Making of the Godfather.”
- Pileggi, “The Making of ‘The Godfather’—Sort of a Home Movie.”
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Raab, Five Families, 189.
- Nicholas Gage, “A Few Family Murders, but That's Show Biz,” New York Times, March 19, 1972.
- “Dropping of ‘Mafia’ Assailed by Marchi,” New York Times, March 21, 1971.
- Pileggi, “The Making of “The Godfather”—Sort of a Home Movie.”
- “Italian Group Puts Pickets at S.I. Paper for the Fourth Day,” New York Times, Feb. 28, 1971.
- Lichtenstein, “‘Godfather’ Film Won't Mention Mafia.”
- Myron A. Farber, “Italian Rights Leader, 28, Named to Post at Board of Education,” New York Times, Aug. 30, 1971.
- Fred Ferretti, “Tv's ‘F.B.I.’ to Drop ‘Mafia’ and ‘Cosa Nostra’ from Its Scripts,” New York Times, March 24, 1971.
- Ben Calderone, “Letter,” New York Times, April 2, 1971.
- Walter H. Waggoner, “Anthony Colombo Files Libel Suit,” New York Times, March 18, 1971.
- Ferretti, “Tv's ‘F.B.I.’ To Drop ‘Mafia’ and ‘Cosa Nostra’ from Its Scripts.”
- Raab, Five Families, 190; “Joseph Colombo Sr., 54, Paralyzed in Shooting at 1971 Rally, Dies”; and Jay Maeder, “No Such Thing as the Mob; the End of Joe Colombo,” New York Daily News, June 28, 2001.
- Sann, “Letter to Dorothy Schiff.”
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Anthony Burton, “Colombo Says FBI Bugs Creep Even into Bedroom,” Daily News, April 1, 1971.
- Van Gelder, “Colombo: A Man with Several Roles.”
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memo,” File 92-5509-295 (July 9, 1971).
- John Sibley, “Hospital Emergency Room a Mixture of Chaos and Efficience after Shooting,” New York Times, June 29, 1971.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memo,” File 92-5509-295 (July 9, 1971).
- Gage, “Many of Mafioso Resent Colombo.”
- Ibid.
- Raab, Five Families, 186.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Davis, Mafia Dynasty.
- Ibid., 130, 33.
- Hobsbawm, “The Mafia as a Social Movement,” 192.
- Fred J. Cook, “Colombo: ‘They Got Joe!”—Is the War On?’” New York Times, July 4, 1971.
- Ibid.
- Wilfrid Sheed, Three Mobs: Labor, Church and Mafia (New York: Universal Press Syndicate, 1974), 146.
- Nicholas Gage, The Mafia Is Not an Equal Opportunity Employer (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971).
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memo,” File 92–5509 (June 15, 1971).
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memo,” File 92-5509-282 (July 9, 1971).
- Ibid.
- Davis, Mafia Dynasty.
- Raab, Five Families.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memo,” File 92–5509 (Nov. 8, 1971).
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memo,” File 92-5509-295 (July 9, 1971).
- Nicholas Gage, “Informants Give Mafia Reaction to Colombo Shooting,” New York Times, June 30, 1971.
- “Key Mafia Figure Tells of ‘Wars’ and Gallo-Colombo Peace Talks,” New York Times, July 7, 1975.
- Ibid.
- Campbell, “Police Firm on Gang Tie in Shooting.”
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memo,” File 92–5509 (Aug. 6, 1971).
- Whitney, “Italians Picket F.B.I. Office Here.”
- Raab, Five Families.
- William E. Farrell, “Colombo Shot, Gunman Slain at Columbus Circle Rally Site,” New York Times, June 29, 1971.
- “Jerome A. Johnson Is Depicted by the People Who Knew Him,” New York Times, June 30, 1971.
- Lesley Oelsner, “‘Facts’ about Colombo's Attacker Vary,” New York Times, June 29, 1971.
- Barbara Campbell, “Cousin Asserts Jerome Johnson Told of Job with Italian League,” New York Times, July 1, 1971.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memo,” File 92-5509-295 (July 9, 1971).
- “Jerome A. Johnson Is Depicted by the People Who Knew Him.”
- William E. Farrell, “Police Continue Colombo Inquiry,” New York Times, June 30, 1971.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Oelsner, “‘Facts’ about Colombo's Attacker Vary”; and Campbell, “Cousin Asserts Jerome Johnson Told of Job with Italian League.”
- McFadden, “No Arrests Are Imminent in Colombo Shooting Case.”
- Fred Ferretti, “Colombo's Son Condemns Police View of Shooting,” New York Times, July 21, 1971; and Barbara Campbell, “Last Hours of Suspect Offer Little Hint of Colombo Shooting,” New York Times, Aug. 2, 1971.
- Fred Ferretti, “Suspect in Shooting of Colombo Linked to Gambino Family,” New York Times, July 20, 1971.
- Davis, Mafia Dynasty; and Farrell, “Police Continue Colombo Inquiry.”
- Raab, Five Families.
- William E. Farrell, “Police Say Johnson Took Pictures of Colombo before Shooting,” New York Times, July 1, 1971.
- Francis X. Cline, “Police Reviewing Colombo Attack,” New York Times, July 10, 1971.
- Maeder, “No Such Thing as the Mob; the End of Joe Colombo.”
- George Robert Blakey and Richard N. Billings, The Plot to Kill the President (New York: New York Times Books, 1981).
- Campbell, “Police Firm on Gang Tie in Shooting.”
- William E. Farrell, “Bullets Found at Johnson Home,” New York Times, July 2, 1971.
- Raab, Five Families; and Farrell, “Police Continue Colombo Inquiry.”
- Ibid.
- “Colombo (Contd.),” Time, July 19, 1971.
- Jerry Capeci, “‘Irishman’ Comes Clean,” New York Sun, June 3, 2004.
- Ibid.
- Raab, Five Families, 545.
- “The Mafia: Back to the Bad Old Days?” Time, July 12, 1971.
- Fred Ferretti, “Rally Day Crowd Reacts with Sorrow and Anger,” New York Times, June 29, 1971.
- “Madness in Columbus Circle,” New York Times, June 29, 1971.
- Farrell, “Colombo Shot, Gunman Slain at Columbus Circle Rally Site.”
- Fred Ferretti, “Italian-American League Absolves Blacks of Attack,” New York Times, June 30, 1971.
- Nicholas Gage, “Key Mafia Figure Tells of ‘Wars’ and Gallo-Colombo Peace Talks.”
- McFadden, “No Arrests Are Imminent in Colombo Shooting Case.”
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memo,” File 92–5509 (Nov. 8, 1971).
- Ibid.
- Ferretti, “Rally Day Crowd Reacts with Sorrow and Anger.”
- Farrell, “Police Continue Colombo Inquiry.”
- Campbell, “Last Hours of Suspect Offer Little Hint of Colombo Shooting.”
- Ibid.
- Ferretti, “Colombo's Son Condemns Police View of Shooting.”
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memo,” File 92–5509 (Nov. 8, 1971).
- Gage, “Yacovelli Said to Succeed Colombo in Mafia Family.”
- Ferretti, “Colombo Attack Linked by Police to a Gang Plot.”
- Ibid.; and Ferretti, “Suspect in Shooting of Colombo Linked to Gambino Family.”
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memo,” File 92–5509 (Nov. 8, 1971).
- Farrell, “Police Continue Colombo Inquiry.”
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memo,” File 92–5509 (Nov. 8, 1971).
- “Italian League Charges Insult,” New York Times, Oct. 9, 1971.
- “Italian-American League Holds Its Own Columbus Day Ceremony,” New York Times, Oct. 12, 1971.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memo,” File 92–5509 (March 14, 1972).
- Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memo,” File 92–5509 (May 25, 1972).
- United States v. Langella, 776 F.2d 1078 (2d Cir. 1985). On July 17, 1981, Gennaro Langella told a grand jury investigating loan sharking, extortion and murder he had attended a meeting of the Colombo group and the DeCavalcante group. The only purpose of this meeting, Langella said, was to revive the Italian-American Civil Rights League (IACRL). Langella later was charged with making false statements to a grand jury and with obstruction of justice. The IACRL as a community action organization is still in existence, and can be found at http://www.italianamericanleaguenyc.org.
- “Joseph Colombo Sr., 54, Paralyzed in Shooting at 1971 Rally, Dies.”
- Pranay Gupte, “Colombo Is Eulogized as a Champion of Civil Rights,” New York Times, May 27, 1978.
- Public Relations Society of America, “Official Statement on Public Relations.”