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Original Articles

‘Knowing How’ And ‘Knowing That’ And Physical Education

Pages 97-117 | Published online: 15 Mar 2013

Notes and References

  • November 1975 . November , Ohio : State University . An earlier version of this paper was read at the Annual Conference of the Philosophic Society for the Study of Sport, Kent. I am grateful to Dr. Sheila Mullett and Professor Bernard Suits for their constructive criticism on that occasion.
  • Peters , R. S. 1966 . Ethics and Education 158ff. London, (George Allen & Unwin), pp.
  • Dearden , R. F. 1968 . The Philosophy of Primary Education, London, (Routledge & Kegan Paul) 97 ff
  • Renshaw , P. 1975 . ‘Human Movement Studies and the Curriculum’ in Curriculum Development in Physical Education Edited by: Kane , J. E. and Albans , St. (Crosby Lockwood Staples Ltd.)
  • Ryle , G. 1949 . The Concept of Mind London, (Hutchinson), Ch. 11, ‘Knowing-How and Knowing-That’.
  • Scheffler , Israel . 1965 . Conditions of Knowledge Glenview Illinois, (Scott Foresman & Co.), Ch. V, ‘Knowledge and Skill’.
  • Peters , R. S. , ed. 1967 . The Concept of Education 117 – 9 . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . At least, as far as Ryle is concerned. Cf. his ‘Teaching and Training’ in, ed., pp.
  • Hartland-Swann , J. 1956 . “ ‘The Logical Status of “Knowing That”’ ” . In Analysis Vol. XVI , 111 – 15 . and ‘Knowing-That—A Reply to Mr. Ammerman’, Analysis XVII, 1957, pp. 69–71.
  • Roland Martin , Jane . 1961 . “ ‘On the Reduction of “Knowing That” to “Knowing How”’ in ” . In Language and Concepts in Education Edited by: Othanel Smith , B. and Ennis , Robert H. Chicago : Rand McNally .
  • Powell , Betty . 1967 . Knowledge of Actions 19 – 30 . London, (George Allen & Unwin), Ch. 11, ‘Knowing How and Knowing That’, pp.
  • Geach , Peter . 1957 . Mental Acts New York : Humanities Press . London, (Routledge & Kegan Paul),.
  • Hamlyn , D. W. 1970 . The Theory of Knowledge 87 – 8 . London & New York, (Macmillan), pp.
  • Plato . Theaetetus 208B ff.,(trans. F. M. Cornford in his Plato's Theory of Knowledge London, (R. & K. P.), 1935).
  • Entwistle , H. 1969 . “ ‘Practical and Theoretical Learning’ ” . In British Journal of Educational Studies 117 – 28 . (B.J.E.S.), XV II, pp.
  • Polanyi , M. 1961 . “ ‘Knowing and Being’ ” . In Mind 458 – 70 . ns. 70, pp.,repr. in his Knowing and Being Chicago, (University of Chicago Press), 1969, pp. 123–37.
  • Entwistle , H. 1963 . “ ‘Knowledge in Education’ ” . In Researches and Studies 27 – 37 . (Leeds University), XXVI, pp.
  • Gellner , E. 1959 . Words and Things London, (Gollancz), repr. Harmondsworth, (Pelican Books), 1968
  • Popper , K. R. 1972 . Objective Knowledge 123 – 4 . London : Oxford U. P. . Cf., pp.
  • Hospers , J. 1953 . Introduction to Philosophical Analysis Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prestice-Hall Inc. . Cf.,; London, (Routledge & Kegan Paul),—1956—on ‘definition’ and ‘necessary’ and ‘sufficient’.
  • Peters , R. S. 1965 . “ ‘Education as Initiation’ in ” . In Philosophical Analysis and Education Edited by: Archambault , R. D. 88 – 9 . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . So cf., ed., pp.
  • 1967 . So also cf. R. F. Dearden, op. cit., Chs. II and V; and his ‘The Concept of Play’ in R. S. Peters (, op. cit.; R. S. Peters,(1966, op. cit., Ch. X, ‘Punishment and Discipline’. The literature on ‘Indoctrination’ (for an admirable collection of examples cf. the symposium edited by I. A. Snook, Concepts of Indoctrination London, (R. & K. P.), 1972) is particularly rich in this approach.
  • Wittgenstein , L. 1953 . Philosophical Investigations 175 – 6 . (trans. G.E.M. Anscombe), Oxford, (Basil Blackwell), Sect. 43 and pp.
  • Wittgenstein , L. 1958 . ibid. sect. 66–7, and Brown Book I, (Blue and Brown Books, Oxford, (Basil Blackwell), ss. 17.
  • Edel , Abraham . 1973 . “ ‘Analytic Philosophy of Education at the Crossroads’ in ” . In Educational Judgments Edited by: Doyle , James F. 243 London & Boston Mass. : Routledge & Kegan Paul . esp. ff. p.
  • Hamlyn , D. W. 1970 . op. cit. 103 – 4 . (, pp. ff.
  • Wittgenstein , L. 1953 . op. cit. (, ss. 75, 149, 150, 151, 179, etc.
  • Wittgenstein , L. op. cit. Sect. 583.
  • Wittgenstein , L. op. cit. , 11 p. 221.
  • Popper , K. R. 1972 . Objective Knowledge (Oxford University Press) : London . Cf. also his Logic of Scientific Discovery, London, (Hutchinson), 1959
  • Aristotle . Nicomachean Ethics I, iii, 4, 1094 b 25.
  • Malcolm , Norman . 1952 . Knowledge and Certainty 178ff. (Prentice-Hall Inc.) : Englewood Cliffs, N.J. . Knowledge and Belief, Mind, ns. LXI, p., repr. in his 1963, p. 58ff.
  • Scheffler , Israel . 1965 . op. cit. 74 (, p.
  • Powell , J. P. 1965 . “ ‘The Idea of a Liberal Education’ in ” . In The Australian University 11 III, p.
  • 1957 . 5 – 8 . So cf. Geach, (, op. cit., pp. 11 ff. and 38 ff. (ss. 5 and 11). Cf. also Jonathan Bennett, Rationality, London, (Routledge & Kegan Paul), (New York: The Humanities Press), 1964, pp. and 93 ff.; also pp. 42–49; also B. R. Wilson Rationality Oxford (Blackwell's) 1973. See esp. here S. Körner Categoreal Frameworks, Oxford (Black- well's) 1975
  • Arnaud Reid , L. 1961 . Ways of Knowledge and Experience 7 London, (George Allen & Unwin), p.
  • Arnaud Reid , L. 1973 . ‘Knowledge, Aesthetic Insight and Education’ in . Proceedings of the Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain , VII ( No. 1 ) January : 66 – 84 .
  • Polanyi , M. 1958 . Personal Knowledge London, (Routledge & Kegan Paul), and Chicago, (University of Chicago Press), p. vii.
  • Ryle . 1949 . op. cit. 168 (, p.
  • Strawson , P. F. 1959 . Individuals 104 – 110 . London, (Methuen), Ch. 3, ‘Persons’, cf. esp. pp.
  • 1973 . Problems of the Self I am aware that there are objections to this view. Cf. for example those put forward by Bernard Williams in his collection, Cambridge (Cambridge University Press), especially: 5 ‘Are Persons Bodies?’ (from The Philosophy of the Body, ed. Spicker, Chicago, (Quadrant Books), 1970); and 7 ‘Strawson on Individuals’ (from Philosophy XXXVI, 1961).
  • Hirst , P. H. 1965 . “ ‘Liberal Education and the Nature of Knowledge’ ” . Edited by: Archambault , R. D. 123 (, op. cit., p. Cf. Jonathan Bennet, (1964), op. cit., p. 44
  • Arnaud Reid , L. , ed. Apart from, (op. cit., n 35 sup.) and W. P. Montague, Ways of Knowing, London, (Allen & Unwin), 1925, cf. the more recent work in this connection by Hirst, P. H. Phenix, Realms of Meaning, New York, (McGraw-Hill), 1964; Phenix, ‘The Architectonics of Knowledge’ in Education and the Structure of Knowledge, ed. Stanley Elam, Chicago, (Rand McNally), 1964; J. T. Tykociner, ‘Zetetics and Areas of Knowledge’ in Elam, (1964), op. cit.; and J. J. Schwab, ‘Problems Topics and Issues’, ibid.; and Schwab, ‘Structure of the Disciplines: Meanings and Significances’ in The Structure of Knowledge and the Curriculum, eds. G. W. Ford, Lawrence Pugno, Chicago, (Rand McNally), 1964.
  • Gallie , W. B. ‘Essentially Contested Concepts’ in . Aristotelian Society Proceedings , LVI 1955 – 6 . Also W. B. Gallie, Philosophy and the Historical Understanding, London, (Chatto & Windus), 1964, Ch. 8. Cf. his ‘Art as Essentially Contested Concept’, Philosophical Quarterly VI, 1956.
  • Zeigler , Earle F. May 1972 . May , Windsor : University of Windsor . ‘A Model for Optimum Professional Development in a Field Called “X”’—a paper presented to the First Canadian Symposium on The Philosophy of Sport and Physical Activity, Ontario
  • Peters , R. S. 1966 . This is the argument of, (, op. cit., Ch. V, ‘Worthwhile Activities’. Among a number of sources where this argument has been criticized cf. esp. P. S. Wilson, ‘In Defence of Bingo’, in British Journal of Educational Studies, Vol. XV, No. 1, February 1967; J. P. Powell, ‘On Justifying a Broad Educational Curriculum’ in Educational Philosophy and Theory, (E.P.A.T.), Vol. II, No. i. March 1970; A. W. Beck, ‘Does “Ethics and Education” Rest on a Mistake?’ in E.P.A.T., Vol. Ill, No. ii, October 1971; John Kleinig, ‘R. S. Peters’ Use of Transcendental Arguments’ in Proceedings of the Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain, (P.E.S.G.B.), Vol II, No. 2, 1973; R. S. Downie, Eileen Loudfoot, and Elizabeth Telfer, Education and Personal Relationships, London (Methuen); K. E. Robinson, ‘Worthwhile Activities and the Curriculum’, B.J.E.S., Vol. XXII, No. 1, February 1974; and D. N. Aspin, “On the Justification of Curriculum Choices: A Case and an Example” in Research in Education, No. XV, May 1976. For all that such an argument allows cf. Peter Winch, ‘Nature and Convention’ in Aristotelian Society Proceedings, Vol. LX, 1959–60, pp. 231–252; Barry Stroud, ‘Transcendental Arguments’ in Journal of Philosophy, Vol. LXV, May 1968, pp. 241–256; and A. J. Watt, ‘Transcendental Arguments and Moral Principles’ in Philosophical Quarterly Jan. 1975, pp. 40–57.
  • 1975 . Proceedings of the Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain , IX July Cf. D. N. Aspin “Ethical Aspects of Sport and Games, and Physical Education”

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