Why Should I Care? Exploring the Use of Environmental Concern as a Frame of Communication in Zoos

REFERENCES

• Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). (2010). The accreditation standards and related policies 2010 edition. Silver Spring, MD: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). (2013). Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Retrieved from https://www.aza.org/about-aza/
   Google Scholar
• Batson, D.C., Turk, C.L., Shaw, L.L., & Klien, T.R. (1995). Information function of empathetic emotion: Learning that we value the other's welfare. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 300–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, P., Lewenstein, B., Shouse, A., & Feder, M. (Eds.) (2009). Learning science in informal environments: People, places, and pursuits. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bowman, T.E., Maibach, E., Mann, M.E., Moser, S.C., & Somerville, R.C. (2009). Creating a common climate language. Science, 324, 36–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong, D., & Druckman, J. (2007). Framing theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 103–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R.B., Brown, S.L., Lewis, B.P., Luce, C., & Neuberg, S.L. (1997). Reinterpreting the empathy–altruism relationship: When one into one equals oneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 481–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton, S., Fraser, J., & Saunders, C. (2008). Zoo experiences: Conversations, connections, and concern for animals. Zoo Biology, 28, 377–397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J.J. (1995). The effects of message framing on response to environmental communications. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 72, 285–299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Young, R. (2000). Expanding and evaluating motives for environmentally responsible behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 509–526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dierking, L., Burtnyk, K., Buchner, K.S., & Falk, J.H. (2002). Visitor learning zoos and aquariums: Executive summary. American Zoo and Aquarium Association.
   Google Scholar
• Druckman, J.N., & Bolson, T. (2011). Framing, motivated reasoning, and opinions about emergent technologies. Journal of Communication, 61, 659–688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk, J., Heimlich, J., & Foutz, S. (Eds.). (2009). Free-choice learning and the environment. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
   Google Scholar
• Falk, J.H., Reinhard, E.M., Vernon, C.L. Bronnenkant, K., Deans, N.L., & Heimlich, J.E. (2007). Why zoos and aquariums matter: Assessing the impact of a visit to a zoo or aquarium. Silver Spring, MD: Association of Zoos and Aquariums.
   Google Scholar
• Feldhamer, G., Whittaker, J., Monty, A.M., & Weickert, C. (2002). Charismatic mammalian megafauna: Public empathy and marketing strategy. Journal of Public Culture, 36(1), 160–167.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, J., Clayton, S., Sickler, J., & Taylor, A. (2009). Belonging at the zoo: Volunteers, conservation, activism, and collective identity. Aging and Society, 29, 351–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, L. (1995). Recreation in a zoo environment: Applying animal behavior research techniques to understand how visitors allocate time. Legacy, 6(2), 14–18.
   Google Scholar
• Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, cultural change, and democracy: The human development sequence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kohls, R. (1984). The values Americans live by. Washington, DC: Meridan House International.
   Google Scholar
• Maloney, M.P., & Ward, M.P. (1973). Ecology: Let's hear from the people. An objective scale for the measurement of ecological attitudes and knowledge. American Psychologist, 28, 583–586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maner, J.K., Luce, C.L., Neuberg, S.L., Cialdini, R.B., Brown, S., & Sagarin, B.J. (2002). The effects of perspective taking on motivations for helping: Still no evidence for altruism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1601–1610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers, O.E., Saunders, C., & Bexell, S.M. (2009). Fostering empathy with wildlife: Factors affecting free-choice learning for conservation concern and behavior. In J.H. Falk, J.E. Heimlich, & S. Foutz (Eds.) Free choice learning and the environment (pp. 39–55). Lanham, MD: AltaMira.
   Google Scholar
• Mony, P. (2007). An exploratory study of docents as a channel for institutional messages at free-choice conservation education settings. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.
   Google Scholar
• Nederhoff, A.J. (1985). Methods of coping with social desirability bias: A review. Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 263–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbet, M.C. (2009). Communicating climate change: Why frames matter for public engagement. Environment, 51, 12–23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbet, M.C., & Goidel, R.K. (2007). Understanding citizens’ perceptions of science controversy: Bridging the ethnographic-survey research divide. Public Understanding of Science, 16, 421–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbet, M.C., & Mooney, C. (2007). Science and society: Framing science. Science, 316, 56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohio Department of Natural Resources. (2009). Wildlife that are considered to be endangered, threatened, species of concern, special interest, extirpated, or extinct in Ohio. Retrieved from http://wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/portals/wildlife/pdfs/publications/information/pub356.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Oskamp, S. (2007). Applying psychology to help save the world: Reflections on a career in psychology. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 7, 121–136.
   Google Scholar
• Rennie, L.J., & Williams, G.F. (2006). Adults’ learning about science in free-choice settings. International Journal of Science Education, 28, 871–893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salant, P., & Dillman, D.A. (1994). How to conduct your own survey. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Scheufele, D.A. (2006). Messages and heuristics: How audiences form attitudes about emerging technologies. In J. Turney (Ed.), Engaging science: Thoughts, deeds, analysis and action (pp. 20–25). London, UK: The Welcome Trust.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, P.W. (2000). Empathizing with nature: The effects of perspective taking on concern for environmental issues. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 391–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, P.W. (2001). The structure of environmental concern: Concern for self, other people, and the biosphere. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 327–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, P.W., Shriver, C., Tabanico, J., & Khazian, A. (2004). Implicit connections with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 31–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, P.W., & Zelezny, L.C. (1999). Values as predictors of environmental values: Evidence for consistency across 14 countries. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, 255–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, P.W., & Zelezny, L.C. (2003). Reframing environmental messages to be congruent with American values. Human Ecology Review, 10, 126–136.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S.H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna, (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (25th ed., pp. 1–65). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S.H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and content of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 4, 19–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Screven, M. (1992). Motivating visitors to read labels. ILVS Review, 2, 183–221.
   Google Scholar
• Sevillano, V., Aragones, J.L., & Schultz, P.W. (2007). Perspective taking, environmental concern, and the moderating role of dispositional empathy. Environment and Behavior, 39, 685–705.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, P.C. (2000). Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 407–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, P.C., & Dietz, T. (1994). The value basis of environmental concern. Journal of Social Issues, 50, 65–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, P.C., Dietz, T., & Kalof, L. (1993). Value orientations, gender, and environmental concern. Environment and Behavior, 25, 322–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, P.C., Dietz, T., Kalof, L., & Guagnano, G.A. (1995). Values, beliefs, and proenvironmental action—Attitude formation toward emergent attitude objects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 1611–1636.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takács-Sánta, A. (2007). Barriers to environmental concern. Human Ecology Review, 14(1), 26–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigel, R., & Weigel, J. (1978). Environmental concern: The development of a measure. Environment and Behavior, 10, 3–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yocco, V.S. (2010). Exploring the effects of communication framed by environmental concern in informal science education contexts. (Dissertation). The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. . Retrieved from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/
   Google Scholar
• Yocco, V.S., Danter, E.H., Heimlich, J.E., Dunckel, B.A., & Myers, C. (2011). Exploring use of new media in environmental education contexts: Introducing visitors’ technology use in zoo's model. Environmental Education Research, 17, 801–814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yocco, V.S., Heimlich, J.E., Meyer, E., & Edwards, P. (2009). Measuring public value: An instrument and an art museum case study. Visitor Studies, 12, 152–163.
   Google Scholar