Distinct Contributions of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Resilience Resources: A Cohort Analysis of Adult Physical and Mental Health

REFERENCES

• Anda, R.F., Felitti, V.J., Bremner, J.D., Walker, J., Whitfield, C., & Perry, B. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 256(3), 174–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, J., Gunnar, M., Pears, K., & Fisher, P. (2013). Early adverse care, stress neurobiology, and prevention science: lessons learned. Prevention Science: The Official Journal Of The Society For Prevention Research, 14(3), 247–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Adverse childhood experiences reported by adults—Five states, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 59(49), 1609–1613.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). BRFSS: Turning information into health. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/BRFSS/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Publications by health outcome. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ace/outcomes.htm
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, D.P., Wheaton, A.G., Anda, R.F., Croft, J.B., Edwards, V.J., Liu, Y., … & Perry, G.S. (2011). Adverse childhood experiences and sleep disturbances in adults. Sleep Medicine, 12, 773–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cyr, K., Chamberland, C., Lessard, G., Clément, M.È., Wemmers, J.A., Collin-Vézina, D., … Damant, D. (2012). Polyvictimization in a child welfare sample of children and youths. Psychology of Violence, 2(4), 385–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danese, A., & McEwen, B. (2012). Adverse childhood experiences, allostatis, allostatic load, and age-related disease. Physiology & Behavior, 106, 29–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danese, A., Pariante, C.M., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., & Poulton, R. (2007). Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(4), 1319–1324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, G., Devaney, J., & Spratt, T. (2010). The impact of adversity in childhood on outcomes in adulthood: Research lessons and limitations. Journal of Social Work, 10, 369–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, R.J., & McEwen, B.S. (2012). Social influences on neuroplasticity: Stress and interventions to promote well-being. Nature Neuroscience, 15(5), 689–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, J. (n.d.). Interpreting interaction effects. Retrieved from http://www.jeremydawson.com/slopes.htm
   Google Scholar
• Dickens, A.P., Richards, S.H., Greaves, C.J., & Campbell, J.L. (2011). Interventions targeting social isolation in older people: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 11, 647–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draper, B., Pfaff, J.J., Pirkis, J., Snowdon, J., Lautenschlager, N.T., Wilson, I., & Almeida, O.P. (2008). Long-term effects of CSA on the quality of life and health of older people: Results from the depression and early prevention of suicide in general practice project. Journal of American Geriatrics Society, 56(2), 262–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube, S.R., Felitti, V.J., Dong, M., Chapman, D.P., Giles, W.H., & Anda, R.F. (2003) Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: The adverse childhood experiences study. Pediatrics, 111(3), 564–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, G.W., & Kim, P. (2010). Multiple risk exposure as a potential explanatory mechanism for the socioeconomic status-health gradient. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186, 174–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairchild, A., & MacKinnon, D. (2009). A general model for testing mediation and moderation effects. Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 10(2), 87–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, V.J., Anda, R.F., Felitti, V.J., & Dube, S.R. (2003). Adverse childhood experiences and health-related quality of life as an adult. In K. Kendall-Tackett (ed.), Health Consequences of Abuse in the Family: A Clinical Guide for Evidence-Based Practice (pp. 81–94). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Ferraro, K.F., & Shippee, T.P. (2009). Aging and cumulative inequality: How does inequality get under the skin? The Gerontologist, 49(3), 333–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findlay, R.A. (2003). Interventions to reduce social isolation amongst older people: Where is the evidence? Ageing and Society, 23(5), 647–658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelhor, D., Shattuck, A., Turner, H., & Hamby, S. (2013). Improving the adverse childhood experiences study scale. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(1), 70–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelhor, D., Turner, H.A., Hamby, S.L., & Ormrod, R. (2011). Polyvictimization: Children’s Exposure to Multiple Types of Violence, Crime, and Abuse. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Deliquency Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Geronimus, A.T., Hicken, M., Keene, D., & Bound, J. (2006). “Weathering” and age patterns of allostatic load scores among blacks and whites in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 96(5), 826–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn, N.D. (2003). “Distinguishing age, period, and cohort effects.” In J.T. Mortimer and M.J. Shanahan (eds.), Handbook of the Life Course (pp. 465–476), New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
   Google Scholar
• Greenfield, E.A., Lee, C., Friedman, E.L., & Springer, K.W. (2011). Childhood abuse as a risk factor for sleep problems in adulthood: Evidence from a U.S. national study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 42(2), 245–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, J., Porter, L., Longhi, D., Becker-Green, J., & Dreyfus, S. (2012). Reducing Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) by building community capacity: A summary of Washington family policy council research findings. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 40(4), 325–334.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Happell, B. (2011). Effect of aging on the perceptions of physical and mental health in an Australian population. Nursing & Health Sciences, 13, 27–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honkalampi, K., Hintikka, J., Haatainen, K., Koivumaa‐Honkanen, H., Tanskanen, A., & Viinamäki, H. (2005). Adverse childhood experiences, stressful life events or demographic factors: which are important in women’s depression? A 2‐year follow‐up population study. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39(7), 627–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooven, C., Nurius, P. S., Logan-Greene, P., & Thompson, E. A. (2012). Childhood violence exposure: Cumulative and specific effects on adult mental health. Journal of family Violence, 27(6), 511–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juster, R.P., McEwen, B.S., & Lupien, S.J. (2010). Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), 2–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B.P., & Glass, R. (1999). Social capital and self-rated health: A contextual analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 89(8), 1187–1193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S., Egerter, S., Cubbin, C., Takahashi, E., & Braveman, P. (2007). Potential implications of missing income data in population-based surveys: an example from a postpartum survey in California. Public Health Reports, 122(6), 753–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larkin, H., Felitti, V.J., & Anda, R.F. (2014). Social work and adverse childhood experiences research: Implications for practice and health policy. Social Work in Public Health, 29(1), 1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larkin, H., Shields, J.J., & Anda, R.F. (2012). The health and social consequences of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) across the lifespan: An introduction to prevention and intervention in the community. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 40(4), 263–270.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindenberger, U., & Pötter, U. (1998). The complex nature of unique and shared effects in hierarchical linear regression: Implications for developmental psychology. Psychological Methods, 3(2), 218–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, K.A., Gallo, L.C., & Taylor, S.E. (2010). Are psychosocial factors mediators of socioeconomic status and health connections? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186, 146–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meichenbaum, D. (May, 2005). Understanding resilience in children and adults: Implications for prevention and interventions. Paper presented at the annual conference of Strengthening Resilience in Children and Adults, Miami, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, G.E., Chen, E., & Parker, K.J. (2011). Psychological stress in childhood and a susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 137(6), 959–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min, M.O., Minnes, S., Kim, H., & Singer, L.T. (2013). Pathways linking childhood maltreatment and adult physical health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(6), 361–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirowsky, J. (2013). Analyzing associations between mental health and social circumstances. In C.S. Aneshensel, J.C. Phelan, & A. Bierman (eds.), Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health, 2nd ed. (pp. 143–165). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L.K., & Muthén, B.O. (1998–2010). Mplus User’s Guide. Sixth Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Nurius, P., Green, S., Logan-Greene, P., & Longhi, D. (January, 2013). Stress pathways to health disparities: ACEs, social disadvantage, and protective factors. Paper presented at the Society for Social Work Research (SSWR) 17th Annual Conference, San Diego, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Nurius, P.S., Logan-Greene, P., & Green, S. (2012). ACEs within a social disadvantage framework: Distinguishing unique, cumulative, and moderated contributions to adult mental health. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 40(4), 278–290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oswald, A.J., & Wu, S. (2009). Objective confirmation of subjective measures of human well-being: Evidence from the U.S.A. Science, 327(1126), 576–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packard, C.J., Bezlyak, V., McLean, J.S., Batty, G.D., Ford, I., Burns, H., … & Tannahill, C. (2011). Early life socioeconomic adversity is associated in adult life with chronic inflammation, carotid atherosclerosis, poorer lung function and decreased cognitive performance: A cross-sectional, population-based study. BMC Public Health, 11, 42–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlin, L.I. (1989). The sociological study of stress. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 30(3), 241–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlin, L.I., Schieman, S., Faxio, E.M., & Meersman, S.C. (2005). Stress, health, and the life course: Some conceptual perspectives. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 46, 205–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansone, R.A., Leung, J.S., & Wiederman, M.W. (2012). Five forms of childhood trauma: Relationships with employment in adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(9), 676–679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer, M.H., & Ferraro, K.F. (2012). Childhood misfortune as a threat to successful aging: Avoiding disease. The Gerontologist, 52(1), 111–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer, M.H., Ferraro, K.F., & Mustillo, S.A. (2011). Children of misfortune: Early adversity and cumulative inequality in perceived life trajectories. American Journal of Sociology, 116(4), 1053–1091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shonkoff, J.P., Boyce, W.T., & McEwen, B.S. (2009). Neuroscience, molecular biology, and the childhood roots of health disparities. JAMA, 301, 2252–2259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shonkoff, J.P., Garner, A.S., Siegel, B.S., Dobbins, M.I., Earls, M.F., McGuinn, L., … & Wood, D.L. (2011). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), e232–e246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperry, D.M., & Widom, C.S. (2013). Child abuse and neglect, social support, and psychopathology in adulthood: A prospective investigation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(6), 415–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strine, T.W., & Chapman, D.P. (2005). Associations of frequent sleep insufficiency with health-related quality of life and health behaviors. Sleep Medicine, 6(1), 23–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suldo, S.M., & Huebner, E.S. (2004). Does life satisfaction moderate the effects of stressful life events on psychopathological behavior during adolescence? School Psychology Quarterly, 19(2), 93–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbot, N.L., Chapman, B., Conwell, Y., McCollumn, K., Franus, N., Cotescu, S., & Duberstein, P.R. (2009). Childhood sexual abuse is associated with physical illness burden and functioning in psychiatric patients 50 years of age and older. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71(4), 417–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoits, P.A. (2010). Stress and health: Major findings and policy implications. Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 51, S41–S53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, R.J. (2013). Understanding health disparities: The relevance of the stress process model. Society & Mental Health, 3, 170–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchino, B.N. (2009). Understanding the links between social support and physical health: A life-span perspective with emphasis on the separability of perceived and received support. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(3), 236–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velikova, G., Booth, L., Smith, A., Brown, P., Lynch, P., Brown, J., & Selby, P. (2004). Measuring quality of life in routine oncology practice improves communication and patient well-being: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22(4), 714–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WA Department of Health. (2010). Center for Health Statistics: What is BRFSS? Retrieved from http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehsphl/chs/chs-data/brfss/brfss_keypoints.htm
   Google Scholar
• Zielinski, D.S. (2009). Child maltreatment and adult socioeconomic well-being. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(10), 666–678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar