The Impact of Female Leadership in Collegial Courts on Time to Render Merits Decisions: Evidence from the Norwegian Supreme Court

References

• Allern, Elin H., Rune Karlsen, and Hanne M. Narud. 2019. “Kvinnerepresentasjon og Parlamentariske Posisjoner [the Representation of Women and Parliamentarian Positions].” Tidsskrift for Kjønnsforskning 43 (3):230–45. doi:10.18261/issn.1891-1781-2019-03-07.
   Google Scholar
• Arold, Nina-Louisa. 2010. “The Melting Pot or the Salad Bowl Revisited. Rendezvouz of Legal Cultures at the European Court of Human Rights.” In Rendezvous of European Legal Cultures, edited by Jørn Ø. Sunde and Knut E. Skodvin. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Atkins, Burton M. 1991. “Party Capability Theory as an Explanation for Intervention Behavior in the English Court of Appeal.” American Journal of Political Science 35 (4):881–903. doi: 10.2307/2111498.
   Google Scholar
• Baum, Larry. 1997. The Puzzle of Judicial Behavior. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bentsen, Henrik L. 2018. “Court Leadership, Agenda Transformation, and Judicial Dissent: A European Case of a "Mysterious Demise of Consensual Norms.” Journal of Law and Courts 6 (1):189–213. doi: 10.1086/695555.
   Google Scholar
• Bentsen, Henrik L., Gunnar Grendstad, William R. Shaffer, and Eric N. Waltenburg. 2021. “A High Court Plays the Accordion: Validating Ex Ante Case Complexity on Oral Arguments.” Justice System Journal 42 (2):130–49. doi: 10.1080/0098261X.2021.1881667.
   Google Scholar
• Bielen, Samantha, and Wim Marneffe. 2017. “Are Courts to Blame for Delays in Belgian Civil Procedures?: A Decomposition of Case Duration.” Justice System Journal 38 (4):399–420. doi: 10.1080/0098261X.2017.1331772.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M., and Bradford S. Jones. 2004. Event History Modeling: A Guide for Social Scientists. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd, Christina L. 2013. “She'll Settle It?” Journal of Law and Courts 1 (2):193–219. doi: 10.1086/670723.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd, Christina L. 2016. “Representation on the Courts? The Effects of Trial Judges’ Sex and Race.” Political Research Quarterly 69 (4):788–99. doi: 10.1177/1065912916663653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd, Christina L., Lee Epstein, and Andrew D. Martin. 2010. “Untangling the Causal Effects of Sex on Judging.” American Journal of Political Science 54 (2):389–411. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00437.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderia, Gregory A., and Christopher J. W. Zorn. 1998. “Of Time and Consensual Norms in the Supreme Court.” American Journal of Political Science 42 (3):874–902. doi: 10.2307/2991733.
   Google Scholar
• Cauthen, James N. G, and Barry Latzer. 2008. “Why so Long? Explaining Processing Time in Capital Appeals.” Justice System Journal 29 (3):298–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, Robert K, and John Szmer. 2012. “Examining the Efficiency of the U.S. Courts of Appeals: Pathologies and Prescriptions.” International Review of Law and Economics 32 (1):30–7. doi: 10.1016/j.irle.2011.12.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corley, Pamela C., Amy Steigerwalt, and Artemus Ward. 2013. The Puzzle of Unanimity: Consensus on the United States Supreme Court. Stanford, CA: Stanford Law Books.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, D. R. 1972. “Regression Models and Life Tables.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological) 34 (2):187–220. doi: 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, Nicholas J. 2004. “Speaking Stata: Graphing Distributions.” The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata 4 (1):66–88. doi: 10.1177/1536867X0100400106.
   Google Scholar
• Danelski, David J. 1989. “The Influence of the Chief Justice in the Decisional Process of the Supreme Court.” In American Court Systems, edited by G. Sheldon and A. Sarat. New York: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Eagly, Alice H, and Mary C. Johannesen-Schmidt. 2001. “The Leadership Styles of Women and Men.” Journal of Social Issues 57 (4):781–97. doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly, Alice H, and Blair T. Johnson. 1990. “Gender and Leadership Style: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 108 (2):233–56. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.108.2.233.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly, Alice H., Mona G. Makhijani, and Bruce G. Klonsky. 1992. “Gender and the Evaluation of Leaders: A Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 111 (1):3–22. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flango, Victor E., Craig R. Ducat, and R. N. McKnight. 1986. “Measuring Leadership through Opinion Assignments in Two State Supreme Courts.” In Judicial Conflict and Consensus: Behavioral Studies of American Appellate Courts, edited by S. Goldman and C. M. Lamb. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.
   Google Scholar
• Gjølstad, Liv, and Steinar Tjomsland. 2016. “Tore Schei 70 år.” In Rettsavklaring og Rettsutvikling. Festskrift Til Tore Schei, edited by Magnus Matningsdal, Jens E. A. Skoghøy, Toril M. Øie and Gunnar Bergby. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Goelzhauser, Greg, Benjamin J. Kassow, and Douglas Rice. 2021. “Measuring Supreme Court Case Complexity.” The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 38 (1):92–118. doi: 10.1093/jleo/ewaa027.
   Google Scholar
• Grendstad, Gunnar, William R. Shaffer, Jørn Ø. Sunde, and Eric N. Waltneburg. 2020. Proactive and Powerful: Law Clerks and the Institutionalization of the Norwegian Supreme Court. The Hague: Eleven International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Grendstad, Gunnar, William R. Shaffer, and Eric N. Waltenburg. 2015. Policy Making in an Independent Judiciary: The Norwegian Supreme Court, Colchester. Colchester, UK: ECPR Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grendstad, Gunnar, and Jon K. Skiple. 2021. “Tilfeldighetsprinsippet i Norges Høyesterett: Fordelingen av Saker Mellom Dommere og Fordelingen av Dommere på Avdeling. En Empirisk Undersøkelse.” Tidsskrift for Rettsvitenskap 134 (1):46–76. doi:10.18261/issn.1504-3096-2021-01-02.
   Google Scholar
• Haire, Susan B., Laura P. Moyer, and Shawn Treier. 2013. “Diversity, Deliberation, and Judicial Opinion Writing.” Journal of Law and Courts 1 (2):303–30. doi: 10.1086/670724.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, Peter A, and Rosemary C. Taylor. 1996. “Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms.” Political Studies 44 (5):936–57. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb00343.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendershot, Marcus E., Mark S. Hurwitz, Drew N. Lanier, and Richard L. Pacelle. 2013. “Dissensual Decision Making.” Political Research Quarterly 66 (2):467–81. doi: 10.1177/1065912912436880.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewell, M., and M. L. Whicker. 1994. Legislative Leadership in the American States. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, Susan W., Donald R. Songer, and Nadia A. Jilani. 2011. “Judge Gender, Critical Mass, and Decision Making in the Appellate Courts of Canada.” Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 32 (3):237–60. doi: 10.1080/1554477X.2011.589293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kathlene, Lyn. 1994. “Power and Influence in State Legislative Policymaking: The Interaction of Gender and Position in Committee Hearing Debates.” American Political Science Review 88 (3):560–76. doi: 10.2307/2944795.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinander, Morten. 2002. “Trenger Man Egentlig Reelle Hensyn.” Lov og Rett 41 (4):224–41. doi:10.18261/ISSN1504-3061-2002-04-03.
   Google Scholar
• Leonard, Meghan E., and Joseph V. Ross. 2020. “Gender Diversity, Women’s Leadership, and Consensus in State Supreme Courts.” Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 41 (3):278–302. doi: 10.1080/1554477X.2019.1698213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letvik, Tore. 2021. “Forskere Stiller Spørsmål Ved Fordeling av Saker i Høyesterett.” Juristen. https://juristen.no/nyheter/2021/06/forskere-stiller-sp%C3%B8rsm%C3%A5l-ved-fordeling-av-saker-i-h%C3%B8yesterett (Accessed July 14, 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Licht, Amanda A. 2011. “Change Comes with Time: Substantive Interpretation of Nonproportional Hazards in Event History Analysis.” Political Analysis 19 (2):227–43. doi: 10.1093/pan/mpq039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohne, Lone, and Ingrid Bjorklund. 2015. “Mener Kjønnskvotering Senker Nivået.” Dagens Naeringsliv. November 28, pp. 1,6-7.
   Google Scholar
• Maltzman, Forrest, James F. Spriggs II, and Paul J. Wahlbeck. 2000. Crafting Law on the Supreme Court. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maltzman, Forrest, and Paul J. Wahlbeck. 1996. “May It Please the Chief? Opinion Assignments in the Rehnquist Court.” American Journal of Political Science 40 (2):421–43. doi:10.2307/2111631.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March, James G., and Johan P. Olsen. 1983. “The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life.” American Political Science Review 78 (3):734–49. doi: 10.2307/1961840.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, James R. Jr. 2018. “Consensus Builders? The Influence of Female Cabinet Ministers on the Duration of Parliamentary Governments.” Politics & Policy 46 (4):630–52. doi: 10.1111/polp.12266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meland, Ida M. S., Welat A. Westrheim, and Gunnar Grendstad. 2022. “Spørsmål og Dialog i Muntlige Forhandlinger i Norges Høyesterett.” Lov og Rett 61 (2):117–28. doi:10.18261/lor.61.2.5.
   Google Scholar
• Moyer, Laura P., and Susan Haire. 2015. “Trailblazers and Those That Followed: Personal Experiences, Gender, and Judicial Empathy.” Law & Society Review 49 (3):665–89. doi: 10.1111/lasr.12150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer, Laura P., and Holley Tankersley. 2012. “Judicial Innovation and Sexual Harassment Doctrine in the U.S. Courts of Appeals.” Political Research Quarterly 65 (4):784–98. doi: 10.1177/1065912911411097.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie, Mintao, Eric N. Waltenburg, and William P. McLauchlan. 2019. “Time Chart of the Justices Revisited: An Analysis of the Influences on the Time It Takes to Compose the Majority Opinion on the U.S. Supreme Court.” Justice System Journal 40 (1):54–75. doi: 10.1080/0098261X.2019.1596044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norges, Høyesterett. 2014. Høyesteretts Årsmelding 2013. Oslo.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, Mikel, and Holley Tankersley. 2018. “Women Rule: Gendered Leadership and State Supreme Court Chief Justice Selection.” Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 39 (1):104–25. doi: 10.1080/1554477X.2017.1375789.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NTB. 2016. “Øie er Pragmatisk og i Sentrum, Men Ikke Ufarlig.” February 19.
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien, Timothy L. 2018. “Gender, Expert Advice, and Judicial Gatekeeping in the United States.” Social Science Research 72:134–45. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.02.011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ostberg, C. L., Matthew E. Wetstein, and Craig R. Ducat. 2004. “Leaders, Followers, and Outsiders: Task and Social Leadership on the Canadian Supreme Court in the Early 'Nineties.” Polity 36 (3):505–28. doi: 10.1086/POLv36n3ms3235388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, Jan, and Saul Brenner. 1990. “Determinants of the Amount of Time Taken by the Vinson Court to Process Its Full-Opinion Cases.” Journal of Supreme Court History 15:142–51.
   Google Scholar
• Rathjen, Gregory J. 1980. “Time and Dissension on the United States Supreme Court.” Ohio Northern University Law Review 7:227–58.
   Google Scholar
• Reingold, Beth. 1996. “Conflict and Cooperation: Legislative Strategies and Concepts of Power among Female and Male State Legislators.” The Journal of Politics 58 (2):464–84. doi: 10.2307/2960235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robberstad, Anna. 2016. “Viljen Til å Skape Lov og Grunnlov.” Lov og Rett 55 (1):49–64. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-3061-2016-01-04.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, Roby D. 1980. “Small Group Decision Making: The Uncertain Role of Information in Reducing Uncertainty.” Political Behavior 2 (2):163–88. doi: 10.1007/BF00989889.
   Google Scholar
• Rosener, Judy B. 1990. “Ways Women Lead.” Harvard Business Review 68 (6):119–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenthal, Cindy S. 1997. “A View of Their Own: Women's Committee Leadership Styles and State Legislatures.” Policy Studies Journal 25 (4):585–600. doi: 10.1111/j.1541-0072.1997.tb00043.x.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, Cindy S. 1998a. “Determinants of Collaborative Leadership: Civic Engagement, Gender or Organizational Norms?” Political Research Quarterly 51 (4):847–68. doi: 10.1177/106591299805100401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, Cindy S. 1998b. When Women Lead: Integrative Leadership in State Legislatures. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schei, Tore. 2015. “Norges Høyesterett Ved 200-Årsjubileet.” In Lov, Sannhet, Rett. Norges Høyesterett 200 år, edited by Tore Schei, Jens E. A. Skoghøy, and Toril M. Øie, 1–42. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Shair-Rosenfield, Sarah, and Alissandra T. Stoyan. 2018. “Gendered Opportunities and Constraints: How Executive Sex and Approval Influence Executive Decree Issuance.” Political Research Quarterly 71 (3):586–99. doi: 10.1177/1065912917750279.
   Google Scholar
• Skarpnes, Oluf. 1986. “Minner Fra Lovavlelingen.” In Festskrift Lovavdelingen - 100 år, 1885-1985, edited by Helge O. Bugge, Kirsti Coward, and Stein Rognlien. Oslo: Universeitsforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Skiple, Jon K., Henrik L. Bentsen, and Chris Hanretty. 2020. “The Government Deference Dimension of Judicial Decision Making: Evidence from the Supreme Court of Norway.” Scandinavian Political Studies 43 (4):264–85. doi: 10.1111/1467-9477.12176.
   Google Scholar
• Skiple, Jon K., Gunnar Grendstad, William R. Shaffer, and Eric N. Waltenburg. 2016. “Supreme Court Justices’ Economic Behavior. A Multi-Level Model Analysis.” Scandinavian Political Studies 39 (1):73–94. doi: 10.1111/1467-9477.12060.
   Google Scholar
• Smyth, Russell. 2002. “Historical Consensual Norms in the High Court.” Australian Journal of Political Science 37 (2):255–66. doi: 10.1080/10361140220148133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Songer, Donald R., Sue Davis, and Susan Haire. 1994. “A Reappraisal of Diversification in the Federal Courts: Gender Effects in the Courts of Appeals.” The Journal of Politics 56 (2):425–39. doi: 10.2307/2132146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Songer, Donald R., Miroslava Radieva, and Rebecca Reid. 2016. “Gender Diversity in the Intermediate Appellate Courts of Canada.” Justice System Journal 37 (1):4–19. doi: 10.1080/0098261X.2015.1083816.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunde, Jørn Ø. 2015. Høgsteretts Historie 1965–2015 - At Dømme i Sidste Instans. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
   Google Scholar
• Szmer, John, Robert K. Christensen, and Ashlyn Kuersten. 2012. “The Efficiency of Federal Appellate Decisions: An Examination of Published and Unpublished Opinions.” Justice System Journal 33 (3):318–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volden, Craig, Alan E. Wiseman, and Dana E. Wittmer. 2013. “When Are Women More Effective Lawmakers than Men?” American Journal of Political Science 57 (2):326–41. doi: 10.1111/ajps.12010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vroom, Victor H., and Philip W. Yetton. 1973. Leadership and Decision-Making. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, Thomas G., Lee Epstein, and William J. Dixon. 1988. “On the Mysterious Demise of Consensual Norms in the United States Supreme Court.” The Journal of Politics 50 (2):361–89. doi: 10.2307/2131799.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar