The gypsum reduction process and its validation using the Mintek Pyrosim model

References

• Abdellatif, M., and Freeman, M. (2011). Mintek thermal magnesium process: Status and prospective. Paper presented at the advanced metals initiative, Department of Science and Technology, October 18–19, Gold Reef City, Johannesburg, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• APHA, AWWA, and WEF. (1995). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, R. J., and Howard, C. J. (1987). Quantitative phase analysis from neuron powder diffraction data using Rietveld method, J. Appl. Cryst., 20, 467–474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, R. T. (1997). Thermodynamics and its application – An overview. Paper presented at the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Symposium, May 20–21, 2008, Randburg, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, R. T. (2013). Reductive smelting for the recovery of nickel in a DC arc furnace. Paper presented at the proceedings of EMC, June 5–8, Randburg, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, R. T., and Curr, T. R. (2006). Pyrometallurgy at Mintek. Paper presented at the Southern African pyrometallurgy conference, March 5–8, Johannesburg, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, R. T., Geldenhuys, I. J., and Reynolds, Q. G. (2009). Recovery of base metals and PGMs in a DC alloy-smelting furnace, J. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., 109, 587–592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J. H., Gui, W. H., Xie, Y. F., and Yang, C. H. (2013). Dynamic modelling of copper flash smelting process at a smelter in China, Appl. Math. Model., 1, 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, G. M. (1985). Phosphogypsum. A Review of the Florida Institute of Phosphate Research Programs to Develop Uses for Phosphogypsum, Florida Institute of Phosphate Research, Bartow, Florida, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Lucko, G. (2003). A statistical analysis and model of the residual value of different types of heavy construction equipment. PhD thesis (Civil Engineering), Virginia State University and Polytechnic, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Kitula, A. G. N. (2008). The environmental and socio-economic impacts of mining on livelihoods in Tanzania. A case study of Geita district, J. Clean. Prod., 14, 405–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbhele, N. R., van der Merwe, E. M., and Maree, J. P. (2009). Recovery of sulphur from waste gypsum, Inst. Min. Water Assoc., 23, 34–41.
   Google Scholar
• Nengovhela, R. N., Strydom, C. A., Maree, J. P., Oosthuizen, S., and Theron, D. J. (2007). Recovery of sulphur and calcium carbonate from waste gypsum, Water SA, 33(5), 741–748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz, A., Cumrera, F., Sanchez-Bajo, F., Guiberteau, F., and Caruso, R. (2000). Fundamental approach in the Rietveld method: a study of the stability of results versus the accuracy of the instrument profile, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 20, 1845–1851.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruto, S. J., Maree, J. P., Zvinowanda, C. M., and Louw, W. J. (2012). Thermal studies on gypsum in a pilot-scale, rotary kiln. Paper presented at the 2012 Water Institute of South Africa biennial conference and exhibition, May 6–10, Cape Town, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, M., and Garg, M. (2000). Making of anhydrite cement from waste gypsum, Cem. Concr. Res., 30, 571–577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, J. M., van Ness, H. C., and Abbot, M. M. (2001). Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill Companies, New York, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Strydom, C. A., Groenewald, E. M., and Potgieter, J. H. (1997). Thermogravimetric studies on the synthesis of CaS from gypsum, CaSO4 · 2H2O, and phosphogypsum, Therm. Anal., 49, 1501–1507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele, D., Blevins, T., Ottenbacher, R., and Wojsznis, W. (2004). Configuration and viewing display for an integrated model predictive control and optimizer function block. USA Patent No. US20040049300-A1. Justia Patents, Fisher - Rosemount Systems, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Thiele, D., and Ottenbacher, R. (2003). Simulation of Multivariable Model Predictive Control, Fisher-Rosemount Systems, Inc, Austin, Texas, USA.
   Google Scholar
• van der Merwe, E. M., Strydom, C. A., and Potgieter, J. H. (1999). Thermogravimetric analysis of the reaction between carbon and CaSO4 · 2H2O, gypsum and phosphogypsum in an inert atmosphere, Thermochim. Acta, 340, 431–437.
   Google Scholar