Modeling and simulation of a continuous biomass hydrothermal carbonization process

References

• Babcock, R. E., Clausen, E. C., Popp, M., and Schulte, W. B. (2007). Yield Characteristics of Biodiesel Produced from Chicken Fat-Tall Oil Blended Feedstocks, Completion Report Project Number MBTC-2092, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Carrasco, S. (2018). Effect of magnesium chloride as an additive in the hydrothermal carbonization of national relevance biomass (in Spanish) (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Santiago, Chile).
   Google Scholar
• Erlach, B., Harder, B., and Tsatsaronis, G. (2012). Combined hydrothermal carbonization and gasification of biomass with carbon capture, Energy, 45, 329–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falco, C., Baccile, N., and Titirici, M.-M. (2011). Morphological and structural differences between glucose, cellulose and lignocellulosic biomass derived hydrothermal carbons, Green Chem., 13, 3273–3281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fakkaew, K., Koottatep, T., and Polprasert, C. (2015). Effects of hydrolysis and carbonization reactions on hydrochar production, Bioresour. Technol., 192, 328–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funke, A., and Ziegler, F. (2010). Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: A summary and discussion of chemical mechanisms for process engineering, Biofuels Bioprod. Bioref., 4, 160–177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GRENOL GmbH (2018). Hydrothermal carbonization. Key Technology in Biomass Waste Treatment. http://philippinen.ahk.de/uploads/media/Grenol_Alfons_Kuhles_Maite_Dittke.pdf (accessed June).
   Google Scholar
• Heilmann, S. M., Jader, L. R., Harned, L. A., Sadowsky, M. J., Schendel, F. J., Lefebvre, P. A., von Keitz, M. G., and Valentas, K. J. (2011). Hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae II. Fatty acid, char, and algal nutrient products, Appl. Energy, 88, 3286–3290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitzl, M., Corma, A., Pomares, F., and Renz, M. (2015). The hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) plant as a decentralbiorefinery for wet biomass, Catal. Today, 257, 154–159. no.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoekman, S. K., Broch, A., and Robbins, C. (2011). Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of lignocellulosic biomass, Energ. Fuel., 25, 1802–1810.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoekman, S. K., Broch, A., Felix, L., and Farthing, W. (2017). Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of loblolly pine using a continuous, reactive twin-screw extruder, Energy Convers. Manag., 134, 247–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoekman, S. K., Leland, A., and Felix, L. (2018). Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of biomass for energy applications. In Biomass Preprocessing and Pretreatments for Production of Biofuels, 196–254. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Hua, D.-R., Wu, Y.-L., Liu, Y.-F., Chen, Y., Yang, M.-D., Lu, X.-N., and Li, J. (2016). Preparation of furfural and reaction kinetics of xylose dehydration to furfural in high-temperature water, Pet. Sci., 13, 167–172. no.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joksimovic, G., and Markovic, Z. (2007). Investigation of the mechanism of acidic hydrolysis of cellulose, Acta Agric. Serbica, 12, 51–57. no.
   Google Scholar
• Kambo, H. S., and Dutta, A. (2014). Strength, storage, and combustion characteristics of densified lignocellulosic biomass produced via torrefaction and hydrothermal carbonization, Appl. Energy, 135, 182–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kambo, H. S., and Dutta, A. (2015). A comparative review of biochar and hydrochar in terms of production, physico-chemical properties and applications, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 45, 359–378.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse, A., and Dahmen, N. (2018). Hydrothermal biomass conversion: Quo vadis? J. Supercrit. Fluids, 134, 114–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse, A., Funke, A., and Titirici, M.-M. (2013). Hydrothermal conversion of biomass to fuels and energetic materials, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 17, 515–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, M., Oyedun, A. O., and Kumar, A. (2018). A review on the current status of various hydrothermal technologies on biomass feedstock, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 81, 1742–1770.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupiainen, L., Ahola, J., and Tanskanen, J. (2011). Kinetics of glucose decomposition in formic acid, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 89, 2706–2713.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libra, J. A., Ro, K. S., Kammann, C., Funke, A., Berge, N. D., Neubauer, Y., Titirici, M.-M., Fühner, C., Bens, O., Kern, J., and Emmerich, K.-H. (2011). Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass residuals: A comparative review of the chemistry, processes and applications of wet and dry pyrolysis, Biofuels, 2, 71–106.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, X., Hoekman, S. K., Farthing, W., and Felix, L. (2017). TC2015: Life cycle analysis of CO-Formed coal fines and hydrochar produced in twin-screw extruder (TSE), Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energ., 36, 668–676.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller, M., Nilges, P., Harnisch, F., and Schröder, U. (2011). Subcritical water as reaction environment: Fundamentals of hydrothermal biomass transformation, ChemSusChem, 4, 566–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olanrewaju, K. B. (2012). Reaction kinetics of cellulose hydrolysis in subcritical and supercritical water (Ph.D. Thesis, University of Iowa).
   Google Scholar
• Reza, M. T., Andert, J., Wirth, B., Busch, D., Pielert, J., Lynam, J. G., and Mumme, J. (2014). Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass for energy and crop production, Appl. Bioenergy, 1, 11–29.
   Google Scholar
• Tekin, K., Karagöz, S., and Bektaş, S. (2014). A review of hydrothermal biomass processing, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 40, 673–687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Stelt, M. J. C., Gerhauser, H., Kiel, J. H. A., and Ptasinski, K. J. (2011). Biomass upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels: A review, Biomass Bioenergy, 35, 3748–3762.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, T., Zhai, Y., Zhu, Y., Li, C., and Zeng, G. (2018). A review of the hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste for hydrochar formation: Process conditions, fundamentals, and physicochemical properties, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 90, 223–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar