References
- Ali E. 2019a. Dynamic analysis and modeling of direct contact membrane distillation for water desalination during startup using linear system theory. Chem Eng Process. 136:17–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2018.12.003
- Ali E. 2019b. Modeling direct contact membrane distillation using experimental data. J Eng Res. 7(2):25–44.
- Ali E, Orfi J. 2018. An experimentally calibrated model for heat and mass transfer in full-scale direct contact membrane distillation. Desalin Water Treat. 116:1–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22471
- Ali E, Orfi J, Najib A. 2018. Assessing the thermal efficiency of brackish water desalination by membrane distillation using exergy analysis. Arab J Sci Eng. 43(5):2413–2424. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2831-5
- Ali E, Saleh J, Orfi J, Najib A. 2020. Developing and validating linear dynamic models for direct contact membrane distillation during start-up over wide operating conditions. Comput Chem Eng. 134:106678. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2019.106678
- Alkhudhiri A, Darwish N, Hilal N. 2012. Membrane distillation: a comprehensive review. Desalination. 287:2–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.08.027
- Alklaibi AM, Lior N. 2005. Membrane-distillation desalination: status and potential. Desalination. 171(2):111–131. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.03.024
- Andrjesdóttir O, Ong CL, Nabavi M, Paredes S, Khalil ASG, Bruno M, Poulikakos D. 2013. An experimentally optimized model for heat and mass transfer in direct contact membrane Distillation. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 66:855–867. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.07.051
- Banat F, Jwaied N, Rommel M, Koschikowski J, Wieghaus M. 2007. Desalination by a “compact SMADES” autonomous solar-powered membrane distillation unit. Desalination. 217(1-3):29–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.11.028
- Bouguecha ST, Aly SE, Al-Beirutty MH, Hamdi MM, Boubakri A. 2015. Solar Driven DCMD: performance evaluation and thermal energy efficiency. Chem Eng Res Des. 100:331–340. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2015.05.044
- Cath TY, Adams VD, Childress AE. 2004. Experimental study of desalination using direct contact membrane distillation: a new approach to flux enhancement. J Membr Sci . 228(1):5–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2003.09.006
- Charfi K, Khayet M, Safi MJ. 2010. Numerical simulation and experimental studies on heat and mass transfer using sweeping gas membrane distillation. Desalination. 259 (1-3):84– 96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.04.028
- Chen T-C, Ho C-D. 2010. Immediate Assisted Solar Direct Contact Membrane Distillation in Saline Water Desalination. J Membr Sci. 358(1-2):122–130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.04.037
- Chen T-C, Ho C-D, Yeh HM. 2009. Theoretical modeling and experimental analysis of direct contact membrane distillation. J Membrane Sci. 330 (1-2):279–287. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.12.063
- Drioli E, Ali A, Macedonio F. 2015. Membrane distillation: recent developments and perspectives. Desalination. 356:56–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.028
- Duong HC, Cooper P, Nelemans B, Tzahi YC, Nghiem LD. 2015. Optimising thermal efficiency of direct contact membrane distillation by brine recycling for small-scale seawater desalination. Desalination. 374:1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.07.009
- Eleiwi F, Ghaffour N, Alsaadi AS, Francis L, Laleg-Kirati TM. 2016. Dynamic modeling and experimental validation for direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process. Desalination. 384:1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.01.004
- Fard K, Manawi YM, Rhadfi Y, Mahmoud KA, Khraisheh M, Benyahia F. 2015. Synoptic analysis of direct contact membrane distillation performance in Qatar: a case study. Desalination. 360:97–107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.01.016
- Francis L, Ghaffour N, Alsaadi AA, Amy GL. 2013. Material gap membrane distillation: a new design for water vapor flux enhancement. J Membrane Sci. 448:240–247. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.08.013
- Geng H, Wang J, Zhang C, Li P, Chang H. 2015. High Water Recovery of RO Brine Using Multi-Stage Air Gap Membrane Distillation. Desalination. 355:178–185. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.038
- Ghadiri M, Fakhri S, Shirazian S. 2013. Modeling and CFD simulation of water desalination using nano-porous membrane contactors. Ind Eng Chem Res. 52 (9):3490–3498. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ie400188q
- Guan G, Yang X, Wang R, Fane AG. 2015. Evaluation of heat utilization in membrane distillation desalination system integrated with heat recovery. Desalination. 366:80–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.01.013
- Hassan AS, Fath HES, Darwish M, Abdulrahim H. 2016. Dynamic performance of vacuum membrane distillation system. Desalin Water Treat. 57(48/49):23196–23110. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1099330[Mismatch] https://solarspring.de/en/technology/#membrandestillation.
- Incropera FP, DeWitt DP, Bergman TL, Lavine AS. 2007. Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer (6th ed.). NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
- Karam AM, Alsaadi AS, Ghaffour N, Laleg-Kirati TM. 2017. Analysis of direct contact membrane distillation based on a lumped-parameter dynamic predictive model. Desalination. 402:50–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.09.002
- Khalifa E. 2015. Water and air gap membrane distillation for water desalination—an experimental comparative study. Sep Purif Technol. 141:276–284. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.12.007
- Khayet M. 2010. Desalination by membrane distillation. In: Encyclopedia of life support science (EOLSS), Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies, Paris, France.
- Khayet M. 2011. Membranes and theoretical modeling of membrane distillation: a review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 164(1/2):56–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2010.09.005
- Lawal DU, Khalifa AE. 2014. Flux prediction in direct contact membrane distillation. Int J Mater. Int J Mech, Mater Manuf. 2(4):302–308.
- Lee J-G, Kim W-S, Choi J-s, Ghaffour N, Kim Y-D. 2016. A novel multi-stage direct contact membrane distillation module: Design, experimental and theoretical approaches. Water Res. 107:47–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.059
- Lienhard LH, Antar MA, Smith A, Blanco J, Zaragoza G. 2012. Solar Desalination. Ann Rev Heat Transfer. 15:277–347.
- Lokare OR, Tavakkoli S, Khanna V, Vidic RD. 2018. Importance of feed recirculation for the overall energy consumption in membrane distillation systems. Desalination. 428:250–254. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.11.037
- Lu Y, Chen J. 2011. Optimal Design of Multistage Membrane Distillation Systems for Water Purification. Ind Eng Chem Res. 50(12):7345–7354. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ie1016877
- Najib A, Orfi J, Ali E, Ajbar A, Boumaaza M, Alhumaizi K. 2017. Performance analysis of cascaded membrane distillation arrangement of desalination of brackish water. Desalin Water Treat. 76:19–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20303
- Nakoa K, Date A, Akbarzadeh A. 2015. A research on water desalination using membrane distillation. Desalin Water Treat. 56(10):2618–2613. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.972731
- Orfi J, Najib A, Ali E, Ajbar A, AlMatrafi M, Boumaaza M, Alhumaizi K. 2017. Membrane distillation and reverse osmosis-based desalination driven by geothermal energy sources. Desalin Water Treat. 76:40–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.11378
- Pangarkar BL, Sane MG, Guddad M. 2011. Reverse Osmosis and Membrane Distillation for Desalination of Groundwater: A Review. ISRN Mater Sci. 2011:1–9. Volume Article ID 523124, doi:https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/523124
- Qtaishat M, Matsuura T, Kruczek B, Khayet M. 2008. Heat and mass transfer analysis in direct contact membrane distillation. Desalination. 219 (1–3):272–292. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.05.019
- Summers E, Arafat H, Lienhard J. 2012. Energy efficiency comparison of single-stage membrane distillation (MD) desalination cycles in different configurations. Desalination. 290:54–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.01.004
- Swaminathan J, Chung HW, Warsinger D, Al-Marzooqi F, Arafat HA, Lienhard LH. 2016b. Energy efficiency of permeate gap and novel conductive gap membrane distillation. J Membrane Science. 502:171–178. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.12.017
- Swaminathan J, Chung HW, Warsinger DM, Lienhard JH. 2016a. Membrane Distillation Model Based on Heat Exchanger Theory and Configuration Comparison. Appl Energy. 184:491–505. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.090
- Winter D, Koschikowski J, Wieghaus M. 2011. Desalination using membrane distillation: experimental studies on full-scale spiral wound modules. J Membr Sci. 375(1-2):104–112. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.03.030
- Yu H, Yang X, Wang R, Fane AG. 2012. Analysis of heat and mass transfer by CFD for performance enhancement in direct contact membrane distillation. J. Membrane Science. 405-406:38–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.02.035