Islam in Tribal societies

References

• Ahmed , Akbar S. 1980 . Pukhtun Economy and Society: Traditional Structure and Economic Development in a Tribal Society , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , Lisa . 1986 . The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830–1980 , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , Jon W. 1984 . “ How Afghans Define Themselves in Relation to Islam ” . In Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives , Edited by: Shahrani , M. Nazif and Canfield , Robert . 266 – 287 . Berkeley : Institute of International Studies, University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Banuazizi , Ali and Weiner , Myron , eds. 1986 . The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan , Syracuse, New York : Syracuse University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barth , Fredrik . 1959 . Political Leadership Among Swat Pathans , London School of Economics Monographs on Social Anthropology No. 19 London : The Athlone Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1961 . Nomads of South Persia: The Basseri Tribe of the Khamseh Confederacy , London : George Allen and Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , Lois . 1986 . The Qashqa'i of Iran , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1990 . “ Tribes and the State in Nineteenth‐ and Twentieth‐Century Iran ” . In Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East , Edited by: Khoury , Philip and Kostiner , Joseph . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . Borzu Beg: A Year in the Life of a Qashqa'i Tribal Headman , Berkeley : University of California Press . in press
   Google Scholar
• Brett , M. 1980 . Mufti, Marabout, Murabit and Mahdi: Four Types in the Islamic History of North Africa . Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée , 29 : 5 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Canfïeld , Robert . 1984 . “ Islamic Coalitions in Bamyan: A Problem in Translating Afghan Political Culture ” . In Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives , Edited by: Shahrani , M. Nazif and Canfield , Robert . 211 – 229 . Berkeley : Institute of International Studies, University of California .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1986 . “ Ethnic, Regional, and Sectarian Alignments in Afghanistan ” . In The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan , Edited by: Banuazizi , Ali and Weiner , Myron . 75 – 103 . Syracuse, New York : Syracuse University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , Donald . 1975 . Nomads of the Nomads: The Al Murrah Bedouin of the Empty Quarter , Chicago : Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• Colonna , Fanny . 1974 . Cultural Resistance and Religious Legitimacy in Colonial Algeria . Economy and Society , 3 (3) : 233 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , John . 1987 . Libyan Politics: Tribe and Revolution , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dresch , Paul . 1984 . “ Tribal Relations and Political History in Upper Yemen ” . In Contemporary Yemen: Politics and Historical Background , Edited by: Pridham , B. R. 154 – 174 . London : Croom Helm .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1990 . Tribes, Government and History in Yemen , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , David . 1987 . “ Origins of the Anti‐Soviet Jihad ” . In Afghan Resistance: The Politics of Survival , Edited by: Farr , Grant and Merriam , John . 21 – 50 . Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1989 . Mad Mullahs and Englishmen: Discourse in the Colonial Encounter . Comparative Studies in Society and History , 31 (4) : 649 – 670 .
   Google Scholar
• Eickelman , Dale . 1967 . Musaylima: An Approach to the Social Anthropology of Seventh Century Arabia . Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient , 10 : 14 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1976 . Moroccan Islam: Tradition and Society in a Pilgrimage Center , Austin : University of Texas Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1989 . The Middle East: An Anthropological Approach. Second Edition , Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Evans‐Pritchard , E. E. 1949 . The Sanusi of Cyrenaica , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fernea , Elizabeth . 1965 . Guests of the Sheik: An Ethnography of an Iraqi Village , Garden City, New York : Doubleday Anchor Books .
   Google Scholar
• Friedl , Erika . 1980 . “ Islam and Tribal Women in a Village in Iran ” . In Unspoken Worlds: Women's Religious Lives in Non‐Western Cultures , Edited by: Falk , Nancy and Gross , Rita . 159 – 173 . San Francisco : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1989 . Women of Deh Koh: Lives in an Iranian Village , Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gellner , Ernest . 1969 . Saints of the Atlas , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1972a . “ Doctor and Saint ” . In Scholars, Saints, and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions Since 1500 , Edited by: Keddie , Nikki . 307 – 326 . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1972b . “ Political and Religious Organization of the Berbers of the Central High Atlas ” . In Arabs and Berbers: From Tribe to Nation in North Africa , Edited by: Gellner , Ernest and Micaud , Charles . 59 – 66 . Lexington, Massachusetts : D. C. Heath and Company .
   Google Scholar
• Geertz , Clifford . 1968 . Islam Observed: Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia , New Haven : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ghani , Ashraf . 1978 . Islam and State‐Building in a Tribal Society: Afghanistan 1800–1901 . Modern Asian Studies , 12 (2) : 269 – 284 .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , David M. 1967 . Segmentary Systems and the Role of the “Five Fifths” in Tribal Morocco . Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée , 3 (1) : 65 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Lapidus , Ira . 1988 . A History of Islamic Societies , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , I. M. 1955 . Sufism in Somaliland: A Study in Tribal Islam . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , 17 (3) : 581 – 602 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1956 . Sufism in Somaliland: A Study in Tribal Islam . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , 18 (1) : 145 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1961 . A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1979 . “ Kim II‐Sung in Somalia: The End of Tribalism? ” . In Politics in Leadership: A Comparative Perspective , Edited by: Shack , William and Cohen , Percy . 13 – 44 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lindholm , Charles . 1986 . Leadership Categories and Social Processes in Islam: The Cases of Dir and Swat . Journal of Anthropological Research , 42 (1) : 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Loeffler , Reinhold . 1988 . Islam in Practice: Religious Beliefs in a Persian Village , Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marx , Emanuel . 1977 . “ Communal and Individual Pilgrimage: The Region of Saints’ Tombs in South Sinai ” . In Regional Cults , A. S. A. Monograph 16 Edited by: Werbner , Richard . 29 – 51 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pastner , Stephen . 1978 . Power and Pirs among the Pakistani Baluch . Journal of Asian and African Studies , 13 : 231 – 243 .
   Google Scholar
• Pastner , Stephen and McC Pastner , Carroll . 1972 . Aspects of Religion in Southern Baluchistan . Anthropologica , 14 (2) : 231 – 241 .
   Google Scholar
• Peters , Emrys . 1976 . From Particularism to Universalism in the Religion of the Cyrenaica Bedouin . Bulletin of the British Society for Middle Eastern Studies , 3 (1) : 5 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Salzman , Philip . 1975 . Islam and Authority in Tribal Iran: A Comparative Comment . The Muslim World , 65 (3) : 186 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• Shahrani , M. Nazif and Canfield , Robert , eds. 1984 . Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives , Institute of International Studies Research Series No. 57 Berkeley : Institute of International Studies, University of California .
   Google Scholar
• Tapper , Nancy . 1978 . “ The Women's Subsociety among the Shahsevan Nomads of Iran ” . In Women in the Muslim World , Edited by: Beck , Lois and Keddie , Nikki . 374 – 398 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1980 . Matrons and Mistresses: Women and Boundaries in Two Middle Eastern Tribal Societies . European Journal of Sociology , 21 (1) : 59 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• _____ n.d. Ziyaret: Gender and Shrines in Three Communities of the Muslim Middle East. Unpublished manuscript.
   Google Scholar
• Tapper , Richard . 1979 . Pasture and Politics: Economics, Conflict and Ritual Among Shahsevan Nomads of Northwestern Iran , London and New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1990 . “ Your Tribe or Mine? Anthropologists, Historians and Tribespeople on the Concept of Tribe in the Middle East ” . In Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East , Edited by: Khoury , Philip and Kostiner , Joseph . Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tapper , Richard , ed. 1983 . The Conflict of Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan , London : Croom Helm .
   Google Scholar
• Tavakolian , Bahram . 1976 . “ The Role of Cultural Values and Religion in the Ecology of Middle Eastern Pastoralism ” . In Paths to the Symbolic Self: Essays in Honor of Walter Goldschmidt , Anthropology UCLA 8(1–2) Edited by: Loucky , James and Jones , Jeffery . 99 – 113 .
   Google Scholar
• van Bruinessen , Martin M. 1978 . Agha, Shaikh and State: On the Social and Political Organization of Kurdistan , Netherlands : Utrecht University . Ph.D. dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , J. C. 1977 . Water and Tribal Settlement in South‐East Arabia: A Study of the Aflaj of Oman. Oxford Research Studies in Geography , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• _____ . 1987 . Imamate Tradition of Oman. Cambridge Middle East Library , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar