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Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society Volume 12, 1983 - Issue 3
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Original Articles

Proposed American National Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting

Pages 146-196 | Published online: 20 Sep 2013

General Reference

  • IES Lighting Handbook, 1981 Reference Volume, New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 1981.
  • IES Lighting Handbook, 1981 Application Volume, New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 1981.
  • IES Lighting Handbook, 5th Edition, New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 1972.
  • Lighting Handbook, Bloomfield, NJ: Westinghouse Electric Corp., 1973.
  • Lighting Manual, Eindhoven: N.V. Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken, 1975.
  • EEI Street Lighting Manual, 2nd Edition, New York: Edison Electric Institute, 1969.
  • Roadway Lighting Handbook, Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration, 1978.
  • Ketvirtis A. Highway Lighting Engineering, Toronto: Foundation of Canada Engineering Corp., 1967.
  • de Boer J. B. (Editor), Public Lighting, Eindhoven: Philips Technical Library, 1967.
  • van Bommel W. J. M. and de Boer J. B., Road Lighting, Kluwer Technische Boeken B.V.: Philips Technical Library, 1980 (available from Scholium International, Inc.).

North American practices and guides

  • IES Roadway Lighting Committee, “American National Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Oct. 1977, p. 16.
  • “American National Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., July 1972, p. 334.
  • IES Roadway Lighting Committee, “American Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting,” Ilium. Eng., Feb. 1964, p. 73.
  • IES Committee on Street Highway Lighting, “American Standard Practice for Street and Highway Lighting,” New York: Illuminating Engineering Society, 1953.
  • IES Committee on Street and Highway Lighting, “American Standard Practice for Street and Highway Lighting,” New York: Illuminating Engineering Society, 1947.
  • IES Committee on Street and Highway Lighting, “Recommended Practice of Street and Highway Lighting,” Ilium. Eng., Feb. 1946, p. 103.
  • IES Committee on Street and Highway Lighting, “Recommended Practice of Street Lighting,” Ilium. Eng., Jan. 1941, p. 17.
  • IES Committee on Street and Highway Lighting, “Code of Highway Lighting,” Trans. IES, Feb. 1937, p. 141.
  • IES Street Lighting Committee, “Code of Street Lighting,” Trans. IES., Jan. 1935, p. 96.
  • IES Committee on Street Lighting, “Code of Street Lighting,” Trans. IES Jan. 1931, p. 15.
  • IES Committee on Street Lighting, “Principles of Street Lighting,” Trans. IES, July 1928, p. 615.
  • “An Informational Guide for Roadway Lighting,” Washington, D.C.: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1976.
  • IES Roadway Lighting Committee, “Lighting Tunnels,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., April 1972, p. 247.
  • IES Roadway Lighting Committee, “Lighting Roadway Safety Rest Areas,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Oct. 1974, p. 75.
  • IES Testing Procedures Committee, “IES Guide for Photometric Measurement of Roadway Lighting Installations,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Jan. 1975, p. 154.
  • IES Roadway Lighting Committee, “Roadway Sign Illumination,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Oct. 1974, p. 78.
  • IES Testing Procedures Committee, “IES Guide for Photometric Measurements of Roadway Sign Installations,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., July 1976, p. 244.
  • IES Testing Procedures Committee, “IES Approved Method for Photometric Testing of Roadway Luminaires,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Jan. 1978, p. 132.
  • IES Committee on Store Lighting, “Recommended Practice of Outdoor Parking Area Lighting,” Illuminating Engineering, May 1960, p. 307.
  • IES Roadway Lighting Committee, “Lighting Traffic Tunnels and Underpasses,” Illuminating Engineering, June 1957, p. 325.
  • IES Testing Procedures Committee, “IES Approved Method for Determining Luminaire-Lamp-Ballast Combination Operating Factors for High Intensity Discharge Luminaires,” Illuminating Engineering, Dec. 1970, p. 718.
  • “Application and Presentation of Photometric Data for Street Lighting Luminaires,” EEI/NEMA Publication No. 69–31, Washington, D.C.: Edison Electric Institute/National Electrical Manufacturers Association.
  • IES Testing Procedures Committee, “IES Approved Method for Life Testing of High Intensity Discharge Lamps,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., July 1981, p. 211.

CIE practices and guides

  • Recommendations for the Lighting of Roads for Motorized Traffic, CIE 12.2, Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1977.
  • Recommendations for Motorway Lighting, CIE 23, Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1972.
  • International Recommendations for Tunnel Lighting, CIE 26, Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1973.
  • Calculation and Measurement of Luminance and Illuminance in Road Lighting, CIE 30, Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1976.
  • Glare and Uniformity in Road Lighting Installations, CIE 31, Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1976.
  • Depreciation and Maintenance of Public Lighting Installations, CIE 33A/33B, Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1977.
  • Road Lighting Lantern and Installation Data—Photometrics, Classification and Performance, CIE 34, Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1977.
  • Road Lighting and Accidents, CIE 8.2, second draft, Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, to be published.
  • Road Lighting for Wet Conditions, CIE 47, Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1979.
  • Photometry of Luminaires for Street Lighting, CIE 27, Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1973.
  • A Unified Framework of Methods for Evaluating Visual Performance Aspects of Lighting, CIE 19, Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1972.
  • An Analytic Model for Describing the Influence of Lighting Parameters Upon Visual Performance, CIE 19/2, Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1980.
  • Austin B. R. “Public Lighting—The Deadly Reckoning,” Public Lighting, Sept. 1976, p. 67.
  • Box P. C. “Effect of Lighting Reduction on an Urban Major Route,” Traffic Engineering, Oct. 1976, p. 26.
  • Box P. C., “Relationship Between Illumination and Freeway Accidents,” IERI Project 85–67, Ilium. Eng. May/June 1971, p. 365.
  • Electrical Demonstration Branch of the Tennessee Valley Authority, “A Study of the Benefits of Suburban Highway Lighting,” Ilium. Eng., April 1969, p. 359.
  • Farouki O. T., “The Effect of Improved Road Lighting on Accidents At Night,” Public Lighting, Sept. 1977, p. 74.
  • Fisher A. J., A Review of Street Lighting In Relation to Road Safety, Report No. NR/18, Australian Department of Transport, June 1973.
  • Hargroves R. A. and Scott P. P., “Measurements of Road Lighting and Accidents—The Results,” Public Lighting, Dec. 1979, p. 213.
  • Hilton M. H., Continuous Freeway Illumination and Accidents on a Section of Route I–95, Report No. 79-R4, Charlottsville: Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council, Aug. 1976.
  • Janoff M. S., et al., “Driver and Pedestrian Behavior—The Effect of Specialized Crosswalk Illumination,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., July 1977, p. 202.
  • Janoff M. S., et al., Effectiveness of Highway Arterial Lighting, Report No. FHWA-RD–77–37, Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration, Offices of Research and Development, 1977.
  • Janoff M. S., et al., “The Relationship Between Visibility and Traffic Accidents,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Jan. 1978, p. 95.
  • Joint Committee of the Institute of Traffic Engineers and the IES, “Public Lighting Needs,” Ilium. Eng., Sept. 1966, p. 585.
  • Ketvirtis A., “Road Illumination and Traffic Safety,” Transport Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 1977.
  • Marks V. J., “Effects of Reduced Intersection Lighting on Nighttime Accident Frequency,” Final Report HR–1003A, Ames, Iowa: Dept. of Trans., Highway Div., Nov. 1977.
  • Marsden A. M., “Roadway Lighting Visibility and Accident Reduction,” Public Lighting, Dec. 1976, p. 106.
  • Richards S. H., The Effects of Reducing Continuous Roadway Lighting to Conserve Energy: A Case Study, 15th Annual SAFE Symposium, College Station: Texas Transportation Institute, Dec. 1977.
  • Russell E. R., and Konz S., “Night Visibility of Trains at Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings,” Manhattan: Kansas State University, Dec. 1979.
  • Scholz I., “Street Lighting and Motoring Accidents,” ILR, 1978/4, p. 120.
  • Tien J. M., “Lighting's Impact On Crime,” LD&A, Dec. 1979, p. 20.
  • Walker F. W. and Roberts S. E., “Evaluation of Lighting On Accident Frequency at Highway Intersections,” Transportation Research Record 562, Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, 1976, p. 73.
  • P. C. Box, “Comparison of Accidents and Illumination,” Highway Research Record No. 416, Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1972, p. 10.
  • P. C. Box, “Freeway Accidents and Illumination,” Highway Research Record No. 416, National Academy of Sciences, 1972.

Design and calculations

  • Adrian W., “On the Influence of Light-Intensity-Distribution of Lights on the Luminance, its Uniformity and Glare in Road Illumination,” Lichttechnik, No. 2, 1968, p. 15A.
  • Alexander G. A., et al., “Lighting the New Four-Lane Highway Tunnel at Thorold, Ontario,” Ilium. Eng., March 1970, p. 163.
  • Barr V., “Improving City Streets for Use at Night—the Norfolk Experiment,” LD&A, April 1976, p. 25.
  • Blarney C., “Photometric Measurements and Computer Simulation of the Lighting on the Toronto Bypass of Highway 401,” Ontario: Research and Development Division, Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Mar. 1977.
  • Christofferson F. W., “Investigation of Highway Lighting,” Final Report HR–154, Ames, Iowa: Dept. of Trans., Highway Division, Nov. 1976.
  • Clark F., “The Case for Step-by-Step Procedures for Calculations in Roadway Lighting Design,” Ilium. Eng., Nov. 1970, p. 637.
  • Cook L. F., “Computer-Assisted Design of Street Lighting Service Cabling,” Public Lighting, June 1976, p. 43.
  • Cossyphas H. and Stark R., “Evaluation of an Experimental High-Mount Illumination Technique for Expressway Interchanges,” Ilium. Eng., Feb. 1971, p. 84.
  • de Boer J. B., “Road Surface Luminance and Glare Limitation in Lighting for Safe and Comfortable Road Traffic,” Highway Research Board Bulletin 295, National Research Council, 1961, p. 56.
  • Dorrington J. W., “Conservation,” Public Lighting, Mar. 1975, p. 6.
  • Elmer W. B., “Pedestrian Walkway Lighting Comes into its Own,” Ilium. Eng., June 1967, p. 377.
  • Ewing J. L., “Extending the Coefficient of Utilization,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., July 1978, p. 207.
  • Ewing J. L. and Keck M. E., “Street Lighting Luminaire Distributions for Uniform Luminance and Illumination,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Apr. 1978, p. 190.
  • Faucett R. E. and Frier J. P., “Roadway Lighting Design from Extra High Mounting Heights,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., July 1973, p. 422.
  • Faucett R. E., “The New Economics of Roadway Lighting,” LD&A, January 1973, p. 29.
  • Faucett R. E., “The Zonal-Cavity System Applied to Tunnels,” Ilium. Eng., March 1970, p. 141.
  • Fowle A. W. and Kaercher R. L., “Light Distributions for Effective Control of Glare in Roadway Lighting,” Ilium. Eng., May 1962, p. 336.
  • Fowle A. W. and Kaercher R. L., “Roadway Brightness and Illumination as Related to Luminaire Distribution,” Ilium. Eng., April 1961, p. 279.
  • Franklin J. S., “Semi-Directional Fixed Lighting for One-Way Highways,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Oct. 1971, p. 14.
  • Freedman M., et al., “Fixed Illumination for Pedestrian Protection,” Reports No. FHWA-RD–76–8/9, Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration, Offices of Research and Development, 1975.
  • Furter H. W., “Simplification of Street Lighting Installation Designs,” Lichttechnik, May 1968, p. 57A.
  • Gallagher V. et al., “The Specification of Street Lighting Needs,” Report No. FHWA-RD–76–17, Washington, D.C.: Federal Highway Administration, Offices of Research and Development, 1975.
  • Horton J. G., “Do's and Don'ts of High Mast Lighting,” LD&A, Dec. 1976, p. 5.
  • Husby D. E. and Stark R. E., “A Better Way … Lighting for High Speed, Multilane Highways,” Ilium. Eng., Mar. 1979, p. 156.
  • Jung F. W. and Blarney C., “Computer Systems Program for Roadway Lighting,” Ontario: Research and Development Division, Ministry of Transportation and Communications, 1976.
  • Jung F. W., “The Limitation of Disability Glare in Roadway Lighting,” Ontario: Systems Research and Development Branch, Ministry of Transportation and Communication, 1977.
  • Ketvirtis A. and Hobson R. C., “Safety Features in Highway Lighting System Design,” Ilium. Eng., Jan. 1971, p. 47.
  • LeVere R. and Mahler E., “Uniformity of Illumination (U.I.),” Ilium. Eng., Apr. 1970, p. 211.
  • Loudon J. H., “Street Lighting in Great Britain,” Ilium. Eng., June 1967, p. 381.
  • Rex C. H., “Roadway Lighting for the Motorist,” Ilium. Eng., Feb. 1967, p. 95.
  • Schreuder D. A., “Trends in European Tunnel Lighting Practice,” Ilium. Eng., June 1967, p. 390.
  • Singh H., “Public Lighting Systems,” Public Lighting, Sept. 1976, p. 75.
  • Smith R. A. and Goguen G., “Relating Design, Economic Analysis, and Energy Conservation Techniques in Highway Lighting,” LD&A, April 1976, p. 18.
  • Stark R., and Gossyphas H., “A Second Look at Low Pressure Sodium,” LD&A, Apr. 1972, p. 13.
  • Stark R. E., “Test Results of Higher-Mounted Roadway Luminaires,” Ilium. Eng., Apr. 1968, p. 223.
  • van Bommel W. J. M., “Costs and Energy Consumption in Road Lighting,” ILR, 1978/4, p. 114.
  • van Bommel W. J. M., “Design Considerations for Roadway Lighting,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Oct. 1978, p. 40.
  • van Bommel W. J. M., “Optimization of the Quality of Roadway Lighting Installations—Especially Under Adverse Weather Conditions,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Jan. 1976, p. 99.
  • van Bommel W. J. M., “Tunnel Lighting,” ILR, 1977/4, p. 110.
  • van den Bijllaardt D., “High Mast Lighting,” ILR, 1977/4, p. 97.
  • Van Dusen H. A., Jr., “Roadway Lighting System Design,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., 1974, p. 115.
  • Walthert R., “Tunnel Lighting Systems,” ILR, 1977/4, p. 112.
  • Walton N. E. and Rowan N. J., “Warrants for Highway Lighting,” National Cooprative Highway Research Program Report 152, Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1974.
  • Welty D., “System Analysis of High Mast and Conventional Street Lighting,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Jan. 1973, p. 121.
  • Wilson A. R., “The Offset System—Status and Application Concepts,” LD&A, April 1976, p. 6.
  • Yeager J. C. and Van Dusen H. A., Jr., “Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Street Lighting Systems,” Ilium. Eng., Apr. 1961, p. 262.
  • Ketvirtis A. and McCullough V. A., “Highway Lighting Design—Canadian Style,” LD&A, Apr. 1980, p. 34.
  • IES Design Practice Committee, “Available Lighting Computer programs: A Compendium and a Survey,” LD&A, Mar. 1981, p. 35.
  • Konz S., et al., “Improving Night Visibility of Trains at Crossings,” LD&A, June 1981, p. 37.
  • Young S. H., “Lighting a Special Purpose Urban Freeway,” LD&A, June 1981, p. 18.

Economics and maintenance

  • Bain A. W., “Fault Finding in Underground Cables,” Public Lighting, Sept. 1974, p. 165.
  • Clark F., “Economical Mercury Street Lighting Maintenance,” Ilium. Eng., Nov. 1964, p. 741.
  • Cook L. F., “Computerization of Highway Lighting Maintenance,” Public Lighting, Mar. 1976, p. 8.
  • DeLaney W. B. and MacLennan D. A., “A Financial Decision Technique for Choosing Between Alternative Lighting Systems,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Jan. 1974, p. 119.
  • Edman W. H., “Cost Analysis of Roadway Lighting and Vehicular Lighting Practice in Urban Area,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Jan. 1974, p. 129.
  • Janoff M. S. and McCunney W., “Economic Analysis of Roadway Lighting,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., July 1979, p. 244.
  • Ketvirtis A. and Razauskas S. G., “Interchange Illumination—Engineering and Economics,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Oct. 1972, p. 50.
  • Macaulay N. S., “Maintenance by Need,” Public Lighting, Dec. 1978, p. 122.
  • MacCracken J. A., “The Economic Dilemma of Roadway Lighting,” Ilium. Eng., Mar. 1970, p. 122.
  • Ooerkvitz C. A., “Field Evaluation of Roadway Lighting Maintenance Factors,” Ilium. Eng., Feb. 1971, p. 90.
  • Scholz C. F., “Luminaire Dirt Depreciation and Maintenance,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Apr. 1975, p. 177.
  • Smiatek G., “The Road Surface as an Economic Cost Factor in Street Lighting,” Lichttechnik, June 1968, p. 63A.
  • Van Dusen H. A., Jr., “Maintenance and Adjustment Factors in Street Lighting Design Calculations,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Oct. 1971, p. 62.
  • Van Dusen H. A., Jr., “Street Lighting Luminaire Dirt Depreciation,” Ilium. Eng., Feb. 1971, p. 122.
  • Whittemore J., “Street Lighting Maintenance,” Public Lighting, Sept. 1978, p. 71.

Equipment and energy

  • Austin B. R., “Lamp Life Performance of High Pressure Sodium Lamps in the City of London,” Report No. 4, Public Lighting, September 1976, p. 85.
  • Barry D. M. and Kohbodi S. M. F., “Degradation Analysis in Switched Low Pressure Sodium Lamps,” Lighting Research and Technology, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1979, p. 189.
  • Crowther R., “High Lighting Masts,” Public Lighting, Dec. 1977, p. 110.
  • de Boer J. B., “Modern Light Sources for Highways,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Jan. 1974, p. 142.
  • Brass J. R., “The Classification Dilemma for Sharp Cutoff Roadway Luminaires,” Ilium. Eng., Mar. 1970, p. 115.
  • Hilton M. H., “Alternatives for Energy Conservation in Roadway Lighting,” Report VHTRC 80-R8, Charlottesville: Virginia Highway and Transportation Research Council, Aug. 1979.
  • Lewin I., “A Luminance Approach to Highway Sign Lighting,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Jan. 1974, p. 122.
  • Lin F. C. and Knochel W. J., “High Efficacy Low Wattage HPS Lamps for Street Lighting,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Apr. 1975, p. 204.
  • Lurkis A. and Stonehill E. A., “Shielded-Zone Low-Elevation Outdoor Lighting Utilizing Specular Parabolic Wedge Louvered Luminaires,” Ilium. Eng., Feb. 1966, p. 107.
  • Mollin R., “Progress Report on Lighting Highway Signs: The Use of Mercury Lamps,” Ilium. Eng., Feb. 1967, p. 115.
  • “Sodium Update—Public Response Proves Positive,” ILR, 1978/4, p. 107.
  • Van Dusen H. A., Jr., “Optical Plastics Application in Street-Lighting Luminaires,” Ilium. Eng., Feb. 1966, p. 91.
  • Van Dusen H. A., Jr., “Street Lighting Luminaire Vibration,” Ilium. Eng. Feb. 1968, p. 67.
  • Van Dusen H. A., Jr., and Wandler D., “Street Lighting Pole Vibration Research,” Ilium. Eng., Nov. 1965, p. 650.
  • Van Dusen H. A., Jr., “Structural Ratings of Outdoor Lighting Equipment,” LD&A, Oct. 1975, p. 24.
  • Van Dusen H. A., Jr., “Thermal Performance of Street Lighting Luminaires,” Ilium. Eng., Mar. 1970, p. 172.
  • Van Dusen H. A., “Vibration Testing of Luminaires,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Jan. 1980, p. 115.
  • Wilson A. R. and Johnson J. F., “The Offset Luminaire System—a New Concept in Roadway Lighting,” LD&A, Sept. 1974, p. 33.
  • Zeller R. D., “Complexities and Interrelationships in Lowering Device Design for High Mast Lighting Equipment,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., July 1978, p. 212.
  • Unglert M. C. and Kane M. C., “The Interaction of High Pressure Sodium Lamps, Ballasts, and Luminaires,” LD&A, Nov. 1980, p. 44.

Luminance

  • Berger M. and Fischer U., “A Physical Luminance Measuring Device,” Lichttechnik, Apr. 1968, p. 37A.
  • Cobb J., “Road Surface Reflection Characteristics,” Public Lighting, Dec. 1979, p. 222.
  • Finch D. M., et al., “A Bridge-Roadway Lighting Study Based on Roadway Luminance Factors,” Ilium. Eng., February 1968, p. 77.
  • Fischer D., “European Approach to the Luminance Aspect of Roadway Lighting,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Jan. 1975, p. 111.
  • Hentschel H. J., “Systematic Description of the Reflection of Road Surfaces,” Lichttechnik, Nov. 1967, p. 138A.
  • Kebscull W., “Luminance Ratios on Wet Roads,” Lichttechnik, No. 9, 1966, p. 109A.
  • Keck M. E. and Odle H. A., “A Field Evaluation of Pavement Luminance and Glaremark,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Oct. 1975, p. 37.
  • Ketvirtis A. and Bastianpillai J. A., “Road Surface Reflectance,” Transport Canada, Sept. 1978.

Vision and visibility

  • Ahmed I. and Bennett C. A., “Discomfort Glare: Duration-Intensity Relationship,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Oct. 1978, p. 36.
  • Ashley A. and Douglas C. A., “Can Infrared Improve Visibility Through Fog?”, Ilium. Eng., Apr. 1966, p. 243.
  • Bennett C. A., “Discomfort Glare: Concentrated Sources—Parametric Study of Angularly Small Sources,” IERI Report, J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Oct. 1977, p. 2.
  • Blackwell H. R. and Blackwell O. M., “Relationships Between Visual Performance and Visibility Level for Landolt-ring Arrays,” LD&A, July 1977, p. 36.
  • Blackwell H. R. “Roadway Illumination and Visibility in Fog,” IERI Report, J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Oct. 1971, p. 45.
  • Blackwell H. R., et al., “Visibility and Illumination Variables in Roadway Visual Tasks,” Ilium. Eng., May 1964, p. 277.
  • Blackwell O. M., and Blackwell H. R., “A Proposed Procedure for Predicting Performance Aspects of Roadway Lighting in Terms of Visibility,” IERI Report, J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Apr. 1977, p. 148.
  • Blackwell O. M. and Blackwell H. R., “Assessment of Target Visibility in a Scale-Model Simulator Under Different Layouts of Conventional Fixed Lighting,” Final Report, Project EES–263, Columbus: Ohio Dept. of Trans. and FHWA, Engineering Experiment Station, Ohio State University, Jan. 1973.
  • Bodmann H. W., “Visibility Assessment in Lighting Engineering,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., July 1973, p. 437.
  • Bonvallet G. G., et al., “Visibility Distance as Affected by Roadway Lighting Parameters,” Ilium. Eng., May 1965, p. 355.
  • Buck J. A., et al., “Roadway Visibility as a Function of Light Source Color,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Oct. 1975, p. 20.
  • Connolly P. L., “Vision, Man, Vehicle, and Highway,” Highway Safety Research Institute, University of Michigan, 1967.
  • Forbes T. W., “Factors in Highway Sign Visibility,” Ilium. Eng., Aug. 1970, p. 495.
  • Forbes T. W., et al., “Low Contrast and Standard Visual Acuity Under Mesopic and Photopic Illumination,” Journal of Safety Research, March 1969, p. 5.
  • Fry G. A., “Blur of the Retinal Image of an Object Illuminated by Low Pressure and High Pressure Sodium Lamps,” IERI Report, J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Apr. 1976, p. 158.
  • Fry G. A. and King V. N., “The Pupillary Response and Discomfort Glare,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., July 1975, p. 307.
  • Gallagher V. P., “A Visibility Metric for Safe Lighting of City Streets,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Jan. 1976, p. 85.
  • Gallagher V. P., et al., “Interaction Between Fixed and Vehicular Illumination Systems on City Streets,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Oct. 1974, p. 3.
  • Ketvirtis A., “Visibility Study for Long Vehicular Tunnels,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Jan. 1975, p. 120.
  • Marsden A. W., “Brightness—a Review of Current Knowledge,” Lighting Research and Technology, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1969, p. 171.
  • Proceedings of the First Annual Symposium on Visibility in the Driving Task, sponsored by the Highway Research Board, Illuminating Engineering Research Institute and Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, May 13–15, 1968.
  • Proceedings of the Second Annual Symposium on Visibility and Driving, presented by Highway Research Board, Illuminating Engineering Research Institute, and the Institute of Transportation and Traffic Engineering at the University of California, held at Berkeley, California, July 8–10, 1969.
  • C. H. Rex and Franklin J. S., “Relative Visual Comfort Evaluations of Roadway Lighting,” Ilium. Eng., Mar. 1960, p. 161.
  • Richards O. W., “Visual Needs and Possibilities for Night Automobile Driving,” United States Government Publication 176566, 1967, p. 13.
  • Rinalducci E. J. and Beare A. N., “Losses in Nighttime Visibility Caused by Transient Adaptation,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., July 1974, p. 336.
  • Schober H.-A. W., “Influence of Disability Glare on Highway Visibility in Fatigues and Normal Observers,” Ilium. Eng., June 1965, p. 414.
  • Schwab R. N., “Night Visibility for Opposing Drivers with High and Low Headlight Beams,” Ilium. Eng., May 1965, p. 364.
  • Thomas E. L., “Movements of the Eye,” Scientific American, Aug. 1968, p. 88.
  • Waldram J. M., “Surface, Seeing and Driving: Some Recent Studies,” Light and Lighting, Nov. 1960, p. 305.
  • Waldram J. M., “Visual Problems in Streets and Motorways,” Ilium. Eng., May 1962, p. 361.
  • Lulla A. B. and Bennett C. A., “Discomfort Glare: Range Effects,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Jan. 1981, p. 74.
  • Kaiser P. K., et al., “Discomfort Glare from Highway Lighting,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Oct. 1980, p. 17.
  • Ewing J. L., “Roadway Visibility vs. Luminaire Cutoff,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Oct. 1980, p. 47.
  • Fry G. A., “A Re-evaluation of the Scattering Theory of Glare,” Ilium. Eng., Feb. 1954, p. 98.

Miscellaneous references

  • Barbrow L. E., “The Metric System in Illuminating Engineering,” Ilium. Eng., Nov. 1967, p. 638.
  • Claxton M. J., “The Humberside Story, (A Road Lighting Conversion Program),” ILR, 1978/4, p. 110.
  • Finch D. M., “Atmospheric Light Pollution,” Journal of the IES, January 1978, p. 105.
  • Franklin J. S., “Statistical Presentation of Roadway Photometric Data,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Jan. 1974, p. 135.
  • IES Nomenclature Committee, “Proposed American National Standard Nomenclature and Definitions for Illuminating Engineering,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Oct. 1979, p. 2.
  • Kaufman J. E., “Introducing SI Units,” Ilium. Eng., Oct. 1968, p. 537.
  • Millington F., and Miles E. E., “Cost Effective Public Lighting,” Public Lighting, Mar. 1979, p. 23.
  • “New York's Bridges,” Ilium. Eng., Aug. 1965, p. 467.
  • Odle H. A., “HID Field Measurements vs. Data Calculated from Photometry,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Jan. 1975, p. 84.
  • Odle H. A., “Roadway Lighting Specifications of the Future,” LD&A, July 1979, p. 18.
  • Schwab R. N., et al., “Monetary Values Drivers Place on Comfort in Night Driving,” J. Ilium. Eng. Soc., Jan. 1973, p. 104.
  • Spencer D. E. and Levin R. E., “Guidance in Fog on Turnpikes,” Ilium. Eng., Apr. 1966, p. 251.
  • Spencer D. E. and Peek S. C., “The Transient Aspect of Automotive Lighting,” Ilium. Eng., Apr. 1971, p. 292.
  • Spinelli J. A., “New Street Lighting in Long Beach,” ILR, 1978/4, p. 103.
  • Sullivan D. D., “State of the Art in High-Mast Lighting,” LD&A, Dec. 1976, p. 9.
  • van Bommel W. J. M., “Mobile Laboratory for Roadway Lighting,” LD&A, July 1979, p. 31.
  • W. Weibel, “Portable Electric Photometers—a Survey,” LD&A, Aug. 1975, p. 5.
  • Fisher A. J., and Hall R. R., “The Effect on Vision of Terminators and Isolated Lengths of Fixed Lighting,” IES Lighting Review (Australia), Oct. 1976, p. 125.
  • S. M. Faber, “Sky Glow at Lick Observatory,” LD&A, Mar. 1980, p. 18.

Important periodicals

  • Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society, New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 1906 through 1948.
  • Illuminating Engineering, New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 1949 through 1971.
  • Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society, New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, published since 1971.
  • Lighting Design & Application, New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, published since 1971.
  • Lighting Engineers, Lennox House, 9 Lawford Road, Rugby, Warwickshire, CV21 2DZ, United Kingdom of Great Britain.
  • International Lighting Review, P.O. Box 721, 5600 AS Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
  • Lichttechnik, Helios Verlag GMBH, Eichborndamm 141–167, 1 Berlin 52, West Germany.
  • Lighting Research and Technology, Lighting Division, The Chartered Institution of Building Services, 222 Balham High Road, London SW129BS, United Kingdom of Great Britain.

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