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Original Articles

A First Look at Visually Aimable and Internationally Harmonized Low-Beam Headlamps

, Ph.D., , Ph.D. &
Pages 26-33 | Published online: 16 Sep 2013

References

  • FMVSS (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards). 1997. Standard No. 108: Lamps, reflective devices, and associated equipment. In Code of Federal Regulations, [Title] 49, Part 571. Washington, D.C. Office of the Federal Register.
  • GTB (Groupe de Travail Bruxelles 1952). 1999. Rationale of harmonized dipped (low) beam pattern (Report No. C.E.-3160). Geneva, Switzerland: GTB.
  • Sivak, M. and Flannagan, M.J. 1993. Partial harmonization of international standards for low-beam headlighting patterns (Report No. UMTRI-93–11). Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
  • Sivak, M., Flannagan, M.J. and Miyokawa, T. 2000. Quantitative comparisons of factors influencing the performance of low-beam headlamps. Lighting Research and Technology, 31. pp. 145–153.
  • Huey, R., Decker, D. and Lyons, R. 1994. Driver perception of just noticeable differences of automotive signal lamp intensities (Report No. DOT HS 808 209). Washington, D.C: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
  • Sayer, J.R., Flannagan, M.J., Sivak, M., Kojima, S. and Flannagan, C.C. 1997. Just noticeable differences for low-beam headlamp intensities (Report No. UMTRI-97–4). Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
  • Sivak, M., Flannagan, M.J., Budnik, E.A., Flannagan, C.C. and Kojima, S. 1997. The locations of headlamps and driver eye positions in vehicles sold in the U.S. Ergonomics, 40. pp. 872–878.
  • Sivak, M., Flannagan, M.J., Kojima, S. and Traube, E.C. 1998. A market-weighted description of low-beam headlighting patterns in the U.S.(SAE Technical Report Series No. 980317). Warrendale, Pa. Society of Automotive Engineers.
  • Sivak, M., Flannagan, M.J. and Sato, T. 1994. Light output of U.S., European, and Japanese low-beam headlamps. Transportation Research Record, 1456. pp. 99–111.

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