Inoculation to resist attacks

References

• Adam , WC and Beatty , MJ . (1977) . Domatism, need for social approval, and the resistance to persuasion . Communication Monographs , 44 : 321 – 325 .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , LR and McGuire , WJ . (1965) . Prior reassurance of group consensus as a factor in producing resistance to persuasion . Sociometry , 28 : 44 – 56 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ansolabehere S Iyengar S (1995) Going negative: How attack ads shrink and polarize the electorate New York Free Press
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong R (1988) The next hurrah: The communication revolution in American politics New York Beach Tree Books, William Morrow
   Google Scholar
• Becker , SW , Bavelas , A and Braden , M . (1961) . An index to measure contingency of English sentences . Language and Speech , 4 : 138 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumler JG McQuail D (1969) Television in politics: Its uses and influence Chicago University of Chicago Press
   Google Scholar
• Burgoon , M and Chase , LJ . (1973) . The effects of differential linguistic patterns in messages attempting to induce resistance to persuasion . Speech Monographs , 40 : 1 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Burgoon , M , Burgoon , JK , Riess , M , Butler , J , Montgomery , CL , Stinnet , WD , Miller , M , Long , M , Vaughn , D and Caine , B . (1976) . Propensity of persuasive attack and intensity of prettreatment messages as predictors of resistance to persuasion . Journal of Psychology , 92 : 123 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgoon , M , Cohen , M , Miller , MD and Montgomery , CL . (1978) . An empirical test of a model of resistance to persuasion . Human Communication Research , 5 : 27 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell A Converse PE Miller WE Stokes DE (1960) The American voter New York Wiley
   Google Scholar
• Cappella JN Jamieson KH (1997) Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good New York Oxford University Press
   Google Scholar
• Chaffee , SH and Choe , SY . (1980) . Theme of decision and media use during the Ford–Carter campaign . Public Opinion Quarterly , 44 : 53 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiken , S . (1980) . Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 39 : 752 – 766 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly AH Chaiken S (1993) The psychology of attitudes Orlando FL Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
   Google Scholar
• Hovland CI Janis IL Kelly HH (1953) Communication and persuasion New Haven CT Yale University Press
   Google Scholar
• Hunt , HK . (1973) . Effects of corrective advertising . Journal of Advertising Research , 13 : 15 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee W (1997) Effects of cognitive and affective inoculation appeals in conferring resistance against cognitive and affective attacks PhD Dissertation University of Wisconsin–Madison
   Google Scholar
• McGuire , WJ . (1961) . The effectiveness of supportive and refutational defenses in immunizing and restoring beliefs against persuasion . Sociometry , 24 : 184 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• McGuire , WJ . (1962) . Resistance to persuasion conferred by active and passive prior refutation of same and alternative counterarguments . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 63 : 326 – 332 .
   Google Scholar
• McGuire WJ (1964) Inducing resistance to persuasion: Some contemporary approaches In L. Berkowitz (Ed.) Advances in experimental social psychology ( 1 pp. 191–229 ) New York Academic Press
   Google Scholar
• McGuire WJ (1970) A vaccine for brainwash Psychology Today 36 39
   Google Scholar
• McGuire , WJ and Papageorgis , D . (1961) . The relative efficacy of various types of prior belief-defense in producing immunity against persuasion . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 62 : 327 – 337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuire , WJ and Papageorgis , D . (1962) . Effectiveness of forewarning in developing resistance to persuasion . Public Opinion Quarterly , 26 : 24 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller GR Burgoon M (1973) New techniques of persuasion New York Harper & Row
   Google Scholar
• Miller , MD and Burgoon , M . (1979) . The relationship between violations of expectations and the induction of resistance to persuasion . Human Communication Research , 5 : 301 – 313 .
   Google Scholar
• Pagageorgis , D and McGuire , WJ . (1961) . The generality of immunity to persuasion produced by pre-exposure to weakened counterarguments . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 62 : 475 – 481 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty , RE and Cacioppo , JT . (1984) . The effects of involvement on responses to argument quantity and quality: Central and peripheral routes to persuasion . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 46 : 69 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty RE Cacioppo JT (1986) Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change (pp. 115–131, 190–195 New York Spriknger–Verlag
   Google Scholar
• Pfau , M . (1992) . The potential of inoculation in promoting resistance to the effectiveness of comparative advertising messages . Communication Quarterly , 40 : 26 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Pfau M (1997) The inoculation model of resistance to influence In G. A. Barnett & F. J. Boster (Eds.) Progress in communication sciences: Advances in persuasion Greenwich CT Ablex
   Google Scholar
• Pfau , M and Burgoon , M . (1988) . Inoculation in political campaign communication . Human Communication research , 15 : 91 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfau M Kenski HC (1990) Attack politics: Strategy and defense New York Praeger
   Google Scholar
• Pfau , M and Van Bockern , S . (1994) . The persistence of inoculation in conferring resistance to smoking initiation among adolescents: The second year . Human Communication Research , 20 : 413 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfau , M , Kenski , HC , Nitz , M and Sorenson , J . (1990) . Efficacy of inoculation strategies in promoting resistance to political attack messages: Application to direct mail . Communication Monographs , 57 : 25 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfau , M , Tusing , KJ , Koerner , AF , Lee , W , Godbold , LC , Penaloza , LJ , Yang , VS and Hong , Y . (1997) . Enriching the inoculation construct: The role of critical components in the process of resistance . Human Communication Research , 24 : 187 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfau , M , Van Bockern , S and Kang , JG . (1992) . Use of inoculation to promote resistance to smoking initiation among adolescents . Communication Monographs , 59 : 213 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin AM Palmgreen P Sypher HE (1994) Communication research measures: A sourcebook New York Guilford
   Google Scholar
• Sherif CW Sherif M Nebergall RE (1965) Attitude and attitude change: The social judgement-involvement approach Philadelphia Saunders
   Google Scholar
• Tannenbaum , PH and Norris , EL . (1965) . Effects of combining congruity principle strategies for the reduction of persuasion . Sociometry , 28 : 145 – 157 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Twentieth-First Century Foundation (1998) The way Taiwanese view politics Taipei Chun-Hwa Investigation
   Google Scholar
• Weisberg HF Krosnick JA Bowen BD (1996) An introduction to survey research, polling, and data analysis London Sage
   Google Scholar
• Zimbardo , PG . (1960) . Involvement and communication discrepancy as determinants of opinion conformity . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 60 : 86 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar