242
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Empowering the religious minority: examining the mobilizing role of social media for online political participation in an Asian democracy

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 135-155 | Received 11 Apr 2023, Accepted 07 Feb 2024, Published online: 20 Feb 2024

References

  • Ahmed, S. (2020). Concurrent media news use and gender-based political participation inequality in a low-income democracy. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 32(4), 815–828. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edaa001
  • Ahmed, S., & Cho, J. (2019). The roles of different news media use and press freedom in education generated participation inequality: An eight country comparative analysis. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 63(3), 566–586. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2019.1653100
  • Ahmed, S., & Gil-Lopez, T. (2021). The company you keep: Social network characteristics and political participation disparity among adolescents and young adults. New Media & Society, 146144482110654. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211065420
  • Ahmed, S., & Lee, S. (2023). The inhibition effect: Privacy concerns disrupt the positive effects of social media use on online political participation. New Media & Society, 146144482311733. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231173328
  • Ahmed, S., Madrid-Morales, D., & Tully, M. (2022). Social media, misinformation, and age inequality in online political engagement. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 20(3), 269–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2022.2096743
  • Ai, M., & Zhang, N. (2021). Strong-tie discussion, political trust and political participation: A comparative study of mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. International Communication Gazette, 83(5), 497–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/17480485211029061
  • Anduiza, E., Cristancho, C., & Sabucedo, J. M. (2013). Mobilization through online social networks: The political protest of the indignados in Spain. Information, Communication & Society, 17(6), 750–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2013.808360
  • Basu, D. (2021). Majoritarian politics and hate crimes against religious minorities: Evidence from India, 2009–2018. World Development, 146, 105540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105540
  • Bennett, M. R., & Einolf, C. J. (2017). Religion, altruism, and helping strangers: A multilevel analysis of 126 countries. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 56(2), 323–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12328
  • Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2012). The logic of connective action. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 739–768. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2012.670661
  • Bhatia, K. V., & Gajjala, R. (2020). Examining anti-CAA protests at Shaheen Bagh: Muslim women and politics of the Hindu India. International Journal of Communication, 14, 18. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16015
  • Bimber, B., Cunill, M. C., Copeland, L., & Gibson, R. (2014). Digital media and political participation. Social Science Computer Review, 33(1), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314526559
  • Boulianne, S. (2017). Revolution in the making? Social media effects across the globe. Information, Communication & Society, 22(1), 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2017.1353641
  • Brady, H. E., Verba, S., & Schlozman, K. L. (1995). Beyond SES: A resource model of political participation. American Political Science Review, 89(2), 271–294. https://doi.org/10.2307/2082425
  • Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., Lundberg, K. B., & McKee, S. (2017). The politics of socioeconomic status: How socioeconomic status may influence political attitudes and engagement. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 11–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.06.018
  • Büchi, M., & Vogler, F. (2017). Testing a digital inequality model for online political participation. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 3, 237802311773390. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023117733903
  • Castells, M. (2007). Communication, power and counter-power in the network society. International Journal of Communication, 1(1), 29. https://robertoigarza.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/art-after-mobile-phones-what-case-china-zhao-2007.pdf
  • Chan, M., Chen, H., & Lee, F. (2017). Examining the roles of mobile and social media in political participation: A cross-national analysis of three Asian societies using a communication mediation approach. New Media & Society, 19(12), 2003–2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816653190
  • Chen, H., Chan, M., & Lee, F. (2016). Social media use and democratic engagement: A comparative study of Hong Kong, Taiwan, and China. Chinese Journal of Communication, 9(4), 348–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2016.1210182
  • Cohen, A., Vigoda, E., & Samorly, A. (2001). Analysis of the mediating effect of personal-psychological variables on the relationship between socioeconomic status and political participation: A structural equations framework. Political Psychology, 22(4), 727–757. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895x.00260
  • Enders, A. M., Uscinski, J. E., Seelig, M. I., Klofstad, C. A., Wuchty, S., Funchion, J. R., Murthi, M. N., Premaratne, K., & Stoler, J. (2021). The relationship between social media use and beliefs in conspiracy theories and misinformation. Political Behavior, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-021-09734-6
  • Eveland, W. P., & Scheufele, D. A. (2000). Connecting news media use with gaps in knowledge and participation. Political Communication, 17(3), 215–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/105846000414250
  • Farooqui, A. (2020). Political representation of a minority: Muslim representation in contemporary India. India Review, 19(2), 153–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/14736489.2020.1744996
  • Feezell, J. T. (2016). Predicting online political participation. Political Research Quarterly, 69(3), 495–509. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916652503
  • Feezell, J. T., & Jones, J. L. (2017). Disagreement without deterrence: The importance of the setting for the study of political disagreement and participation of youth. American Politics Research, 47(4), 915–946. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x17745343
  • Finke, R., Martin, R. R., & Fox, J. (2017). Explaining discrimination against religious minorities. Politics and Religion, 10(2), 389–416. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1755048317000037
  • Gallego, A., & Oberski, D. (2011). Personality and political participation: The mediation hypothesis. Political Behavior, 34(3), 425–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-011-9168-7
  • Garrett, R. K. (2006). Protest in an Information Society: A review of literature on social movements and new ICTs. Information, Communication & Society, 9(2), 202–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180600630773
  • Gibson, R., & Cantijoch, M. (2013). Conceptualizing and measuring participation in the age of the internet: Is online political engagement really different to offline? The Journal of Politics, 75(3), 701–716. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381613000431
  • Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals’ social capital, civic engagement and political participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(3), 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01574.x
  • Gil de Zúñiga, H., Molyneux, L., & Zheng, P. (2014). Social media, political expression, and political participation: Panel analysis of lagged and concurrent relationships. Journal of Communication, 64(4), 612–634. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12103
  • Girvin, B. (2020). From civic pluralism to ethnoreligious majoritarianism: Majority nationalism in India. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 26(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2020.1716437
  • Glenn, N. D., & Grimes, M. (1968). Aging, voting, and political interest. American Sociological Review, 33(4), 563. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092441
  • Groshek, J., & Koc-Michalska, K. (2017). Helping populism win? Social media use, filter bubbles, and support for populist presidential candidates in the 2016 US election campaign. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1389–1407. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2017.1329334
  • Habermas, J. (1991). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. MIT Press.
  • Harris, F. C. (1994). Something within: Religion as a mobilizer of African-American political activism. The Journal of Politics, 56(1), 42–68. https://doi.org/10.2307/2132345
  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation. Communication Monographs, 85(1), 4–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100
  • Heiss, R., & Matthes, J. (2019). Does incidental exposure on social media equalize or reinforce participatory gaps? Evidence from a panel study. New Media & Society, 21(11–12), 2463–2482. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819850755
  • Holt, K., Shehata, A., Strömbäck, J., & Ljungberg, E. (2013). Age and the effects of news media attention and social media use on political interest and participation: Do social media function as leveller? European Journal of Communication, 28(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323112465369
  • Hooghe, M., & Marien, S. (2013). A comparative analysis of the relation between political trust and forms of political participation in Europe. European Societies, 15(1), 131–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2012.692807
  • Iyer, S., & Shrivastava, A. (2018). Religious riots and electoral politics in India. Journal of Development Economics, 131, 104–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.11.003
  • Jaffrey, S. (2021). Right-Wing populism and vigilante violence in Asia. Studies in Comparative International Development, 56(2), 223–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12116-021-09336-7
  • Jenkins, L. (2001). Becoming backward: Preferential policies and religious minorities in India. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics, 39(2), 32–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/713999550
  • Jung, N., Kim, Y., & De Zúñiga, H. G. (2011). The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation. Mass Communication and Society, 14(4), 407–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2010.496135
  • Kaase, M. (1999). Interpersonal trust, political trust and non-institutionalised political participation in Western Europe. West European Politics, 22(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389908425313
  • Kapur, R. (2017). A leap of faith: The construction of Hindu majoritarianism through secular law. In L. Zucca (Ed.), Religious rights (pp. 227–246). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.43249781315244624-13/leap-faith-construction-hindu-majoritarianism-secular-law-ratna-kapur
  • Karnowski, V., Kümpel, A. S., Leonhard, L., & Leiner, D. J. (2017). From incidental news exposure to news engagement. How perceptions of the news post and news usage patterns influence engagement with news articles encountered on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.041
  • Kligler-Vilenchik, N., Baden, C., & Yarchi, M. (2020). Interpretative polarization across platforms: How political disagreement develops over time on Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp. Social Media + Society, 6(3), 205630512094439. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120944393
  • Lecheler, S., & de Vreese, C. H. (2017). News media, knowledge, and political interest: Evidence of a dual role from a field experiment. Journal of Communication, 67(4), 545–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12314
  • Lee, J., Choi, J., & Kim, J. (2022). Effects of online incivility and emotions toward in-groups on cross-cutting attention and political participation. Behaviour & Information Technology, 41(14), 3013–3027.
  • Lindquist, J. H. (1964). Ssocioeconomic status and political participation. Western Political Quarterly, 17(4), 608–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591296401700402
  • Lu, Y., & Lee, J. K. (2018). Stumbling upon the other side: Incidental learning of counter-attitudinal political information on Facebook. New Media & Society, 21(1), 248–265. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818793421
  • Masullo, G. M., Lu, S., & Fadnis, D. (2020). Does online incivility cancel out the spiral of silence? A moderated mediation model of willingness to speak out. New Media & Society, 23(11), 3391–3414. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820954194
  • Masuoka, N. (2007). Defining the group. American Politics Research, 36(1), 33–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673x07303936
  • Matthes, J., Knoll, J., & von Sikorski, C. (2017). The “spiral of silence” revisited: A meta-analysis on the relationship between perceptions of opinion support and political opinion expression. Communication Research, 45(1), 3–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650217745429
  • McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 415–444. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
  • Milbrath, L. W. (1981). Political participation. In S. Long (Ed.), The handbook of political behavior (pp. 197–240). Springer.
  • Mitra, A., & Ray, D. (2014). Implications of an economic theory of conflict: Hindu-Muslim violence in India. Journal of Political Economy, 122(4), 719–765. https://doi.org/10.1086/676316
  • Mitra, A., & Ray, D. (2019). Hindu-Muslim violence in India: A postscript from the twenty-first century. In J. P. Carvalho, S. Iyer, & J. Rubin (Eds.), Advances in the economics of religion (pp. 229–248). Springer.
  • Mutz, D. C. (2006). Hearing the other side: Deliberative versus participatory democracy. Cambridge University Press.
  • Nanz, A., & Matthes, J. (2022). Democratic consequences of incidental exposure to political information: A meta-analysis. Journal of Communication, 72(3), 345–373. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac008
  • Neyazi, T. A., Kumar, A., & Semetko, H. A. (2016). Campaigns, digital media, and mobilization in India. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 21(3), 398–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161216645336
  • Noelle-Neumann, E. (1974). The spiral of silence a theory of public opinion. Journal of Communication, 24(2), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1974.tb00367.x
  • Omelicheva, M. Y., & Ahmed, R. (2017). Religion and politics: Examining the impact of faith on political participation. Religion, State and Society, 46(1), 4–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/09637494.2017.1363345
  • Oser, J., Hooghe, M., & Marien, S. (2012). Is online participation distinct from offline participation? A latent class analysis of participation types and their stratification. Political Research Quarterly, 66(1), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912912436695
  • Palshikar, S. (2022). The expanding role of majoritarianism in India. The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, 111(3), 291–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2022.2082683
  • Park, C. S. (2013). Does Twitter motivate involvement in politics? Tweeting, opinion leadership, and political engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1641–1648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.044
  • Ranipeta, S. (2023, August 04). India, home to Meta’s largest consumer base across Facebook, WhatsApp and Instagram. CNBCTV18. https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/india-home-to-metas-largest-consumer-base-across-facebook-whatsapp-and-instagram-17439461.htm
  • Robinson, J. P., & Levy, M. R. (1996). News media use and the informed public: A 1990s update. Journal of Communication, 46(2), 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01478.x
  • Rossini, P., Stromer-Galley, J., Baptista, E. A., & Veiga De Oliveira, V. (2020). Dysfunctional information sharing on WhatsApp and Facebook: The role of political talk, cross-cutting exposure and social corrections. New Media & Society, 23(8), 2430–2451. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820928059
  • Ruess, C., Hoffmann, C. P., Boulianne, S., & Heger, K. (2021). Online political participation: The evolution of a concept. Information, Communication & Society, 26(8), 1495–1512. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2021.2013919
  • Scheufele, D. A. (2003). Pathways to political participation? Religion, communication contexts, and mass media. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 15(3), 300–324. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/15.3.300
  • Scheufele, D. A., & Shah, D. V. (2000). Personality strength and social capital. Communication Research, 27(2), 107–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365000027002001
  • Schlozman, K. L., Verba, S., & Brady, H. E. (2010). Weapon of the strong? Participatory inequality and the internet. Perspectives on Politics, 8(2), 487–509. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592710001210
  • Schutte, S. (2019). Politics or prejudice? Explaining individual-level hostilities in India’s Hindu–Muslim conflict. International Interactions, 45(4), 666–692. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2019.1620743
  • Scott, W. J., & Acock, A. C. (1979). Socioeconomic status, unemployment experience, and political participation: A disentangling of main and interaction effects. Political Behavior, 1(4), 361–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00989809
  • Segesten, A. D., & Bossetta, M. (2016). A typology of political participation online: How citizens used Twitter to mobilize during the 2015 British general elections. Information, Communication & Society, 20(11), 1625–1643. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118x.2016.1252413
  • Shani, D. (2009). On the origins of political interest (Order No. 3378025). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses A&I. (304987735). https://lbapp01.lib.cityu.edu.hk/ezlogin/index.aspx?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/on-origins-political-interest/docview/304987735/se-2
  • Skoric, M. M., & Zhu, Q. (2015). Social media and offline political participation: Uncovering the paths from digital to physical. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 28(3), 415–427. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edv027
  • Skoric, M. M., Zhu, Q., Goh, D., & Pang, N. (2016). Social media and citizen engagement: A meta-analytic review. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1817–1839. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815616221
  • Sobolewska, M., Fisher, S. D., Heath, A. F., & Sanders, D. (2015). Understanding the effects of religious attendance on political participation among ethnic minorities of different religions. European Journal of Political Research, 54(2), 271–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12081
  • Srivastava, S. (2020). Hindu majoritarianism, forms of capital, and urban politics. Hau: The Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 10(3), 742–749. https://doi.org/10.1086/711894
  • Strömbäck, J., Djerf-Pierre, M., & Shehata, A. (2012). The dynamics of political interest and news media consumption: A longitudinal perspective. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 25(4), 414–435. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/eds018
  • Theocharis, Y., & van Deth, J. W. (2016). The continuous expansion of citizen participation: A new taxonomy. European Political Science Review, 10(1), 139–163. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1755773916000230
  • Thorson, E., Tham, S. M., Chen, W., & Kanuri, V. (2019). Exposure to presidential candidate advertising on television, website, and social media during 23 days of the 2016 primary. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 40(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2018.1500319
  • Tripathi, R. C., Kumar, R., & Tripathi, V. N. (2019). When the advantaged feel victimised: The case of Hindus in India. Psychology and Developing Societies, 31(1), 31–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971333618825085
  • Uhlaner, C. J. (1986). Political participation, rational actors, and rationality: A new approach. Political Psychology, 7(3), 551. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791256
  • Valenzuela, S., Kim, Y., & De Zúñiga, H. G. (2011). Social networks that matter: Exploring the role of political discussion for online political participation. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 163–184. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr037
  • Valenzuela, S., Somma, N. M., Scherman, A., & Arriagada, A. (2016). Social media in Latin America: Deepening or bridging gaps in protest participation? Online Information Review, 40(5), 695–711. https://doi.org/10.1108/oir-11-2015-0347
  • Valeriani, A., & Vaccari, C. (2016). Accidental exposure to politics on social media as online participation equalizer in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1857–1874. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815616223
  • Van Damme, K., Martens, M., Van Leuven, S., Vanden Abeele, M., & De Marez, L. (2019). Mapping the mobile DNA of news. Understanding incidental and serendipitous mobile news consumption. Digital Journalism, 8(1), 49–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1655461
  • Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Harvard University Press.
  • Voogt, R. J. J., & Saris, W. E. (2003). To participate or not to participate: The link between survey participation, electoral participation, and political interest. Political Analysis, 11(2), 164–179. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpg003
  • Wang, Y., Ahmed, S., & Bee, A. W. T. (2023). Selective avoidance as a cognitive response: Examining the political use of social media and surveillance anxiety in avoidance behaviours. Behaviour & Information Technology, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929x.2023.2182609
  • We Are Social., & Meltwater. (2023, June 01). Digital 2023 India. Datareportal. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-india
  • Whiteley, P. F. (1995). Rational choice and political participation — evaluating the debate. Political Research Quarterly, 48(1), 211–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299504800112
  • Wojcieszak, M. E., & Mutz, D. C. (2009). Online groups and political discourse: Do online discussion spaces facilitate exposure to political disagreement? Journal of Communication, 59(1), 40–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01403.x
  • Xenos, M. A., Vromen, A., & Loader, B. D. (2014). The great equalizer? Patterns of social media use and youth political engagement in three advanced democracies. In B. Loader, A. Vromen, & M. Xenos (Eds.), The networked young citizen (pp. 33–54). Routledge.
  • Yamamoto, M., Kushin, M. J., & Dalisay, F. (2018). How informed are messaging app users about politics? A linkage of messaging app use and political knowledge and participation. Telematics and Informatics, 35(8), 2376–2386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.10.008
  • Yang, H. C., & DeHart, J. L. (2016). Social media use and online political participation among college students during the US election 2012. Social Media + Society, 2(1), 205630511562380. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115623802

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.