943
Views
31
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Small parties: From party pledges to government policy

Pages 121-147 | Published online: 03 Jan 2007

References

  • Andeweg , Rudi . 1993 . “ A Model of the Cabinet System: The Dimension of Cabinet Decision-Making Processes ” . In Governing Together. The Extent and Limits of Joint Decision-Making in Western Europe Cabinets , Edited by: Blondel , Jean and Müller-Rommel , Ferdinand . 23 – 42 . London : Macmillan .
  • Axelrod , Robert . 1970 . Conflict of Interest , Chicago : Markham .
  • Bartolini , Stefano . 1998 . “ Coalition Potential and Governmental Power ” . In Comparing Party System Change , Edited by: Pennings , Paul and Lane , Jan-Erik . 40 – 61 . London and New York : Routledge .
  • Jean , Blondel and Müller-Rommel , Ferdinand , eds. 1993 . Governing Together. The Extent and Limits of Joint Decision-Making in Western Europe Cabinets , London : Macmillan .
  • Bolleyer , Nicole . 2001 . Minderheitsparlamentarismus – eine akteursorientierte Erweiterung der Parlamentarimus-Präsidentialismus-Typologie . Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft , : 1519 – 1546 .
  • Bolleyer , Nicole . 2004 . Kleine Parteien zwischen Stimmenmaximierung, Politikgestaltung und Regierungsübernahme am Beispiel Irlands und Dänemarks . Zeitschrift für Parlamentsfragen , : 132 – 148 .
  • Browne , Eric C. and Ann Feste , Karen . 1975 . Qualitative Dimensions of Coalition Payoffs. Evidence from European Party Governments, 1945–70 . American Behavioral Scientist , 18 ( 4 ) : 530 – 556 .
  • Browne , Eric C. and Franklin , Mark N. 1973 . Aspects of Coalition Payoff in European Parliamentary Democracies . American Political Science Review , : 453 – 469 .
  • Browne , Eric C. and Frendreis , John P. 1980 . Allocating Coalition Payoffs by Conventional Norm. An Assessment of Evidence for Cabinet Coalition Situations . American Political Science Review , : 753 – 768 .
  • Budge , Ian and Keman , Hans . 1990 . New Concerns for Coalition Theory. Allocation of Ministries and Sectoral Policy-making. A Comparative Analysis . Acta Politica , : 151 – 185 .
  • Budge , Ian and Laver , Michael . 1993 . The Policy Basis of Government Coalitions: A Comparative Investigation . British Journal of Political Science , : 499 – 519 .
  • Carroll , Royce , Cox , Gary W. and Pachón , Mónica . 2004 . “ Gamson's Law: How Coalition Governments Allocate Offices ” . San Diego : University of California . unpublished manuscript
  • Daalder , Hans . 1983 . In the Search of the Centre of European Party Systems . American Political Science Review , : 92 – 109 .
  • De Swaan , Abram . 1973 . Coalition Theories and Cabinet Formations. A Study of Formal Theories of Coalition Formation Applied to Nine European Parliaments after 1918 , Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Duverger , Maurice . 1967 . Les Partis Politiques , Paris : Colin .
  • Druckman , James N. and Warwick , Paul V. 2005 . The Missing Piece: Measuring Portfolio Salience in Western European Parliamentary Democracies . European Journal of Political Research , : 17 – 42 .
  • Font , Joan . 2001 . Dangerous Coalitions for Small Parties: The Electoral Consequences of Government in Spanish Regions and Municipalities . South European Society and Politics , 6 ( 2 ) : 71 – 96 .
  • Frognier , André-Paul . 1993 . “ The Single Party/Coalition Distinction and Cabinet Decision-Making ” . In Governing Together. The Extent and Limits of Joint Decision-Making in Western Europe Cabinets , Edited by: Blondel , Jean and Müller-Rommel , Ferdinand . 43 – 76 . London : Macmillan .
  • Gamson , William A. 1961 . A Theory of Coalition Formation . American Sociological Review , : 373 – 382 .
  • Green-Pedersen , Christoffer . 2004 . Center Parties, Party Competition, and the Implosion of Party Systems: A Study of Centripetal Tendencies in Multiparty Systems . Political Studies , : 324 – 341 .
  • Hazan , Reuven Y. 1997 . Centre Parties. Polarization and Competition in European Parliamentary Democracies , London : Pinter .
  • Keman , Hans . 1994 . The Search for the Centre. Pivot Parties in West European Party Systems . West European Politics , 17 ( 4 ) : 124 – 148 .
  • Kirchheimer , Otto . 1965 . Der Wandel des westeuropäischen Parteiensystems . Politische Vierteljahrsschrift , : 20 – 41 .
  • Kitschelt , Herbert . 1988 . Left-Libertarian Parties: Explaining Innovation in Competitive Systems . World Politics , : 194 – 234 .
  • Krouwel , André . Right in the Centre! Centre-space Occupancy in European Party Systems . paper presented at ESRC Seminar Series on the Contemporary Right in Europe . January 21 . Brighton , , UK : Sussex University .
  • Laver , Michael . 1998 . Models of Government Formation . Annual Review of Political Science , : 1 – 25 .
  • Laver , Michael and Hunt , William . 1992 . Policy and Party Competition , New York : Routledge .
  • Laver , Michael and Kato , Junko . 2001 . Dynamic Approaches to Government Formation and the Generic Instability of Decisive Structures in Japan . Electoral Studies , : 509 – 527 .
  • Laver , Michael and Schofield , Norman . 1986 . Bargaining Theory and Portfolio Payoffs in European Coalition Governments 1945–83 . British Journal of Political Science , : 143 – 164 .
  • Laver , Michael and Schofield , Norman . 1990 . Multiparty Government, The Politics of Coalition in Europe , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Lees , Charles . 1998 . “ Red–Green Coalitions in the Federal Republic of Germany: Models of Coalition Formation and Maintenance ” . Birmingham University . unpublished thesis
  • Lees , Charles . 2001 . Coalitions: Beyond the Politics of Centrality . German Politics , 10 ( 2 ) : 117 – 134 .
  • Leirbukt , Otto . 2004 . “ Mehrheitsbeschaffer oder Reform-Motor? A Conceptualisation of Junior Party Policy Influence Applied to the German Greens 1998–2002 ” . University of Bergen . unpublished thesis
  • Lucardie , Paul . 2000 . Prophets, Purifiers and Prolocutors, Towards a Theory on the Emergence of New Parties . Party Politics , 6 ( 2 ) : 175 – 185 .
  • Lupia , Arthur and Strøm , Kaare . 1995 . Coalition Termination and the Strategic Timing of Parliamentary Elections . American Political Science Review , 89 ( 3 ) : 648 – 665 .
  • Luther , Kurt Richard and Deschouwer , Kris , eds. 1999 . Party Elites in Divided Societies. Political Parties in Consociational Democracy , London and New York : Routledge .
  • Mair , Peter . 1991 . “ The Electoral Universe of Small Parties in Postwar Western Europe ” . In Small Parties in Western Europe. Comparative and National Perspectives , Edited by: Müller-Rommel , Ferdinand and Pridham , Geoffrey . 41 – 70 . London : Sage Publications .
  • Mair , Peter . 1997 . Party System Change: Approaches and Interpretations , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Martin , Lanny W. and Stevenson , Randolph T. 2001 . Government Formation in Parliamentary Democracies . American Journal of Political Science , 45 ( 1 ) : 33 – 50 .
  • Mershon , Carol . 2001 . Party Factions and Coalition Government: Portfolio Allocation in Italian Christian Democracy . Electoral Studies , : 555 – 580 .
  • Müller , Wolfgang C. and Strøm , Kaare , eds. 2003 . Coalition Governments in Western Europe , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Müller-Rommel , Ferdinand and Pridham , Geoffrey , eds. 1991 . Small Parties in Western Europe, Comparative and National Perspectives , London : Sage .
  • Padgett , Stephen and Tony , Burkett . 1986 . Political Parties and Elections in West Germany: The Search for a New Stability , London : C. Hurst .
  • Rémy , Dominique . 1975 . The Pivotal Party. Definitions and Measurement . European Journal of Political Research , 3 : 293 – 301 .
  • Riker , William . 1962 . The Theory of Political Coalitions , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
  • Roozendaal , Peter van . 1990 . Centre Parties and Coalition Cabinet Formations: A Game Theoretical Approach . European Journal of Political Research , : 325 – 348 .
  • Roozendaal , Peter van . 1992 . Cabinets in Multi-party Democracies. The Effect of Dominant and Central Parties on Cabinet Composition and Durability , Amsterdam : Thesis Publ .
  • Sartori , Giovanni . 1976 . Parties and Party Systems. A Framework for Analysis , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Sened , Itai . 1996 . A Model of Coalition Formation: Theory and Evidence . Journal of Politics , 58 ( 2 ) : 350 – 372 .
  • Shapley , L. S. and Shubik , Martin . 1954 . A Method of Evaluating the Distribution of Power in a Committee System . American Political Science Review , 48 ( 3 ) : 787 – 792 .
  • Siaroff , Alan . 2003 . Two-And-A-Half-Party Systems and the Comparative Role of the “Half” . Party Politics , 9 ( 3 ) : 267 – 290 .
  • Sieberer , Ulrich . 2006 . Party Unity in Parliamentary Democracies, A Comparative Analysis . Journal of Legislative Studies , 12 ( 2 ) : 150 – 178 .
  • Smith , Gordon . 1979 . Western European Party Systems, On the Trails of a Typology . Western European Politics , 2 ( 1 ) : 128 – 142 .
  • Strøm , Kaare . 1990 . Minority Government and Majority Rule , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Strøm , Kaare and Swindle , Stephen H. 2002 . Strategic Parliamentary Dissolution' . American Political Science Review , 96 ( 3 ) : 575 – 591 .
  • Strøm , Kaare and Müller , Wolfgang C. 1999a . “ Political Parties and Hard Choices ” . In Policy, Office or Votes? How Political Parties Make Hard Decisions , Edited by: Müller , Wolfgang C. and Strøm , Kaare . 1 – 35 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Strøm , Kaare and Müller , Wolfgang C. 1999b . The Keys to Togetherness: Coalition Agreements in Parliamentary Democracies . Legislative Studies , 5 ( 3–4 ) : 255 – 282 .
  • Thiébault , Jean-Louis . 1993 . “ The Organizational Structure of Western European Cabinets and its Impact on Decision-Making ” . In Governing Together. The Extent and Limits of Joint Decision-Making in Western Europe Cabinets , Edited by: Blondel , Jean and Müller-Rommel , Ferdinand . 77 – 98 . London : Macmillan .
  • Timmermans , Arco I. 2003 . High Politics in the Low Countries: An Empirical Study of Coalition Agreements in Belgium and the Netherlands , Aldershot : Ashgate .
  • Toole , James . 2000 . Government Formation and Party System Stabilisation in East Central Europe . Party Politics , 6 ( 4 ) : 441 – 461 .
  • Warwick , Paul V. 1996 . Coalition Government Membership in Western European Parliamentary Democracies . British Journal of Political Science , : 471 – 499 .
  • Warwick , Paul V. 2000 . Policy Horizons in West European Parliamentary Systems . European Journal of Political Research , : 37 – 61 .
  • Warwick , Paul V. 2001 . Coalition Policy in Parliamentary Democracy, Who Gets How Much and Why . Comparative Political Studies , 34 ( 10 ) : 1212 – 1236 .
  • Warwick , Paul V. 2005 . When Far Apart Becomes Too Far Apart: Evidence for a Threshold Effect in Coalition Formation . British Journal of Political Science , : 283 – 401 .
  • Warwick , Paul V. and Druckman , James N. 2001 . Portfolio Salience and the Proportionality of Payoffs in Coalition Governments . British Journal of Political Science , : 627 – 649 .
  • Woldendorp , Jaap , Keman , Hans and Budge , Ian . 2000 . Party Government in 48 Democracies (1945–1998): Composition, Duration, Personnel , Dordrecht and Boston : Kluwer .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.