Credibility, Complexity and Uncertainty: Explaining the Institutional Independence of 29 EU Agencies

References

• Christensen , T. and Laegreid , P. 2005 . Regulatory Reform and Agencification , Bergen : Stein Rokkan Centre for Social Studies, UNIFOB AS .
   Google Scholar
• Coen , D. and Thatcher , M. 2008 . ‘Network Governance and Multi-level Delegation: European Networks of Regulatory Agencies’ . Journal of Public Policy , 28 : 49 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Curtin , D. 2005 . “ ‘Delegation to EU Non-majoritarian Agencies and Emerging Practices of Public Accountability’ ” . In Regulation through Agencies in the EU: A New Paradigm of European Governance , Edited by: Geradin , D. , Munoz , R. and Petit , N. 88 – 119 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• de Figueiredo , R. 2002 . ‘Electoral Competition, Political Uncertainty, and Policy Insulation’ . American Political Science Review , 96 : 321 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobbin , F. , Simmons , B. A. and Garrett , G. 2008 . ‘The Global Diffusion of Public Policies: Social Construction, Coercion, Competition, or Learning?’ . Annual Review of Sociology , 33 : 449 – 472 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elgie , R. and McMenamin , I. 2005 . ‘Credible Commitment, Political Uncertainty or Policy Complexity? Explaining Variations in the Independence of Non-majoritarian Institutions in France’ . British Journal of Political Science , 35 : 531 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkins , Z. and Simmons , B. A. 2005 . ‘On Waves, Clusters, and Diffusion: A Conceptual Framework‘ . Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Sciences , 598 : 33 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Follesdal , A. and Hix , S. 2006 . ‘Why There is a Democratic Deficit in the EU: A Response to Majone and Moravcsik’ . Journal of Common Market Studies , 44 : 533 – 562 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franchino , F. 2000 . ‘Control of the Commission's Executive Functions’ . European Union Politics , 1 : 155 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Gehring , T. and Krapohl , S. 2007 . ‘Supranational Regulatory Agencies between Independence and Control: The EMEA and the Authorization of Pharmaceuticals in the European Single Market’ . Journal of European Public Policy , 14 : 208 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilardi , F. 2005a . ‘The Formal Independence of Regulators: A Comparison of 17 Countries and 7 Sectors’ . Swiss Political Science Review , 11 : 139 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilardi , F. 2005b . ‘The Institutional Foundations of Regulatory Capitalism: The Diffusion of Independent Regulatory Agencies in Western Europe’ . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences (AAPSS) , : 84 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilardi , F. 2008 . Delegation in the Regulatory State. Independent Regulatory Agencies in Western Europe , Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• Huber , J. and Shipan , C. 2002 . Deliberate Discretion – The Institutional Foundations of Bureaucratic Autonomy , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kelemen , D. R. 2002 . ‘The Politics of “Eurocratic” Structure and the New European agencies’ . West European Politics , 25 : 93 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelemen , D. R. 2005 . “ ‘The Politics of Eurocracy: Building a New European State?’ ” . In With US or Against US? European Trends in American Perspective , Edited by: Jabko , N. and Parsons , C. 173 – 189 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Keohane , R. O. 1984 . After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kiewiet , R. D. and McCubbins , M. D. 1991 . The Logic of Delegation. Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Krapohl , S. 2004 . ‘Credible Commitment in Non-Independent Regulatory Agencies: A Comparative Analysis of the European Agencies for Pharmaceuticals and Foodstuffs’ . European Law Journal , 10 : 518 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Kydland , F. E. and Prescott , E. C. 1977 . ‘Rules Rather than Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans’ . The Journal of Political Economy , 85 : 473 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi-Faur , D. 2005 . ‘The Global Diffusion of Regulatory Capitalism’ . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 598 : 12 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupia , A. 2003 . “ ‘Delegation and its Perils’ ” . In Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies , Edited by: Strøm , K. , Müller , W. C. and Bergman , T. 33 – 54 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Majone G. 1996 Regulating Europe London Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Majone , G. 1997 . ‘The New European Agencies: Regulation by Information’ . Journal of European Public Policy , 4 : 252 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majone , G. 2000 . ‘The Credibility Crisis of Community Regulation’ . Journal of Common Market Studies , 38 : 273 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majone , G. 2001 . ‘Two Logics of Delegation. Agency and Fiduciary Relations in EU Governance’ . European Union Politics , 2 : 103 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• McCubbins , M. D. and Schwartz , T. 1984 . ‘Congressional Oversight Overlooked: Police Patrols versus Fire Alarms’ . American Journal of Political Science , 28 : 165 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCubbins , M. D. , Noll , R. G. and Weingast , B. R. 1987 . ‘Administrative Procedures as Instruments of Political Control’ . Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization , 3 : 243 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• McNamara , K. R. 2002 . ‘Rational Fictions: Central Bank Independence and the Social Logic of Delegation’ . West European Politics , 25 : 47 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moe , T. 1990 . “ ‘The Politics of Structural Choice: Toward a Theory of Public Bureaucracy’ ” . In Organization Theory. From Chester Barnard to the Present and Beyond , Edited by: Williamson , O. E. 116 – 53 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moravcsik , A. 1998 . The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pollack , M. A. 2003 . The Engines of Integration. Delegation, Agency and Agenda Setting in the EU , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pollack , M. A. 2006 . “ ‘Delegation and Discretion in the European Union’ ” . In Delegation and Agency in International Organizations , Edited by: Hawkins , D. G. , Lake , D. A. , Nielson , D. A. and Tierney , M. J. 165 – 196 . Cambridge : Cambridge Univeristy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scharpf , F. W. 1988 . ‘The Joint-Decision-Making trap. Lessons from German Federalism and European Integration’ . Public Administration , 66 : 239 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro , M. 1997 . ‘The Problems of Independent Agencies in the United States and the European Union’ . Journal of European Public Policy , 4 : 276 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatcher , M. 2002 . ‘Delegation to Independent Regulatory Agencies: Pressures, Functions and Contextual Mediation’ . West European Politics , 25 : 125 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatcher , M. and Coen , D. 2008 . ‘Reshaping European Regulatory Space: An Evolutionary Analysis’ . West European Politics , 31 : 806 – 836 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatcher , M. and Stone Sweet , A. 2002 . ‘Theory and Practice of Delegation to Non-Majoritarian Institutions’ . West European Politics , 25 : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson , R. 2008 . ‘National Actors in International Organizations. The Case of the European Commission’ . Comparative Political Studies , 41 : 169 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson , R. , Boerefijn , J. and Stokman , F. 2004 . ‘Actor Alignments in European Union Decision Making’ . European Journal of Political Research , 43 : 237 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsebelis , G. 2002 . Veto Players. How Political Institutions Work , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vibert , F. 2007 . The Rise of the Unelected: Democracy and the New Separation of Powers , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vos , E. 2005 . “ ‘Independence, Accountability and Transparency of European Regulatory Agencies’ ” . In Regulation through Agencies in the EU: A New Paradigm of European Governance , Edited by: Geradin , D. , Munoz , R. and Petit , N. 120 – 237 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Wonka , A. 2007 . ‘Technocratic and Independent? The Appointment of European Commissioners and its Policy Implications’ . Journal of European Public Policy , 14 : 171 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wonka , A. and Rittberger , B. 2009 . “ ‘How Independent are EU Agencies?’ ” . RECON Online Working Paper, Oslo
   Google Scholar
• Yataganas , X. A. 2001 . Delegation of Regulatory Authority in the European Union. The Relevance of the American Model of Independent Agencies , New York : New York University School of Law .
   Google Scholar