Parliament without Government: The Belgian Parliament and the Government Formation Processes of 2007–2011

References

• Andeweg, R.B., and J.J.A. Thomassen (2011). ‘Pathways to Party Unity: Sanctions. Loyalty, Homogeneity and Division of Labour in the Dutch Parliament’, Party Politics, 17:5, 655–672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andeweg, R.B., L. De Winter, and W.C. Müller (2008). ‘Parliamentary Opposition in Post-Consociational Democracies: Austria. Belgium and the Netherlands’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, 14:1, 77–112.
   Google Scholar
• Bardi, L., and P. Mair (2008). ‘The Parameters of Party Systems’, Party Politics, 14:2, 147–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit, K., and M.J. Laver (2006). Party Policy in Modern Democracies. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Billiet, J., B. Maddens, and A.-P. Frognier (2006). ‘Does Belgium (Still) Exist? Differences in Political Culture between Flemings and Walloons’, West European Politics, 29:5, 912–932.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bräuninger, T., and M. Debus (2009). ‘Legislative Agenda-setting in Parliamentary Democracies’, European Journal of Political Research, 48:6, 804–839.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bräuninger, T., M. Brunner, and T. Däubler (2012). ‘Personal Vote-seeking in Flexible List Systems: How Electoral Incentives Shape Belgian MPs’ Bill Initiation Behaviour’, European Journal of Political Research, 51:5, 607–645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey, J.M. (2007). ‘Competing Principals, Political Institutions, and Party Unity in Legislative Voting’, American Journal of Political Science, 51:1, 92–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinton, J., S. Jackman, and D. Rivers (2004). ‘The Statistical Analysis of Roll Call Data’, American Political Science Review, 98:2, 355–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Winter, L. (1998). ‘Parliament and Government in Belgium: Prisoners of Partitocracy’, in P. Norton (ed.), Parliaments and Executives in Western Europe. London: Frank Cass, 97–122.
   Google Scholar
• De Winter, L., M. Swyngedouw, and P. Dumont (2006). ‘Party System(s) and Electoral Behaviour in Belgium: From Stability to Balkanisation’, West European Politics, 29:5, 933–956.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Winter, L., A. Timmermans, and P. Dumont (2000). ‘Coalition Formation and Governance in Belgium: of Government Gospels, Evangelist, Followers and Traitors’, in K. Strøm and W.C. Müller (eds.), Coalition Government in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 300–355.
   Google Scholar
• Depauw, S. (2003). ‘Government Party Discipline in Parliamentary Democracies: The Cases of Belgium, France and the United Kingdom in the 1990s’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, 9:4, 130–146.
   Google Scholar
• Depauw, S., and S. Martin (2009). ‘Legislative Party Discipline and Cohesion in Comparative Perspective’, in D. Giannetti and K. Benoit (eds.), Intra-Party Politics and Coalition Governments in Parliamentary Democracies. London: Routledge, 103–120.
   Google Scholar
• Deschouwer, K. (2009). The Politics of Belgium. Governing a Divided Society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Devos, C., and D. Sinardet (2012). ‘Governing without a Government: The Belgian Experiment’, Governance, 25:2, 167–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewan, T., and A. Spirling (2011). ‘Strategic Opposition and Government Cohesion in Westminster Democracies’, American Political Science Review, 105:2, 337–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diermeier, D., and T.J. Feddersen (1998). ‘Comparing Constitutions: Cohesion and Distribution in Legislatures’, European Economic Review, 42:3–5, 665–672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diermeier, D., and P. van Roozendaal (1998). ‘The Duration of Cabinet Formation Processes in Western Multi-Party Democracies’, British Journal of Political Science, 28:4, 609–626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Döring, H. (1995). ‘Time as a Scarce Resource: Government Control of the Agenda’, Parliaments and Majority Rule in Western Europe. Campus Verlag, 223–46.
   Google Scholar
• Erk, J. (2008). Explaining Federalism. State, Society and Congruence in Austria, Belgium, Canada, Germany and Switzerland. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Golder, S.N. (2010). ‘Bargaining Delays in the Government Formation Process’, Comparative Political Studies, 43:1, 3–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gower, J.C., and G.B. Dijksterhuis (2004). Procrustes Problems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hix, S., and A. Noury (2011). ‘Government–Opposition or Left–Right? The Institutional Determinants of Voting in Legislatures’, Working Paper, EPSA Conference, http://personal.lse.ac.uk/hix/Working_Papers/Hix-Noury-GOorLR-07Mar2013.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hix, S., A. Noury, and G. Roland (2005). ‘Power to the Parties: Cohesion and Competition in the European Parliament, 1979–2001’, British Journal of Political Science, 35:2, 209–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, J.D., and R. Inglehart (1995). ‘Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Locations in 42 Societies’, Party Politics, 1:1, 73–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, J.A., and T.P. Nokken (2008). ‘Partisanship, the Electoral Connection, and Lame-Duck Sessions of Congress, 1877–2006’, The Journal of Politics, 70:2, 450–465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, A. (1976). ‘Modes of Executive–Legislative Relations – Great-Britain, France, and West-Germany’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 1:1, 11–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laver, M.J. (2003). ‘Government Termination’, Annual Review of Political Science, 6, 23–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laver, M.J. (2006). ‘Legislatures and Parliaments in Comparative Context’, in B. Weingast and D. Wittman (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Political Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 121–140.
   Google Scholar
• Laver, M.J., and K.A. Shepsle (1994). Cabinet Ministers and Parliamentary Government. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in 36 Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Louwerse, T. (2011). Political Parties and the Democratic Mandate: Comparing Collective Mandate Fulfilment in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. PhD thesis. Universiteit Leiden.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, L.W., and G. Vanberg (2003). ‘Wasting Time? The Impact of Ideology and Size on Delay in Coalition Formation’, British Journal of Political Science, 33:2, 323–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, S. (2012). ‘Why Electoral Systems Don’t Always Matter: The Impact of “Mega-Seats” on Legislative Behaviour in Ireland’, Party Politics, DOI: 10.1177/1354068811436061.
   Google Scholar
• Pilet, J.-B. (2012). ‘Executive–Legislative Relations Without a Government’, European Political Science, 11:1, 96–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothenberg, L.S., and M.S. Sanders (2000). ‘Lame-Duck Politics: Impending Departure and the Votes on Impeachment’, Political Research Quarterly, 53:3, 523–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saalfeld, T. (2000). ‘Members of Parliament and Governments in Western Europe: Agency Relations and Problems of Oversight’, European Journal of Political Research, 37:3, 353–376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieberer, U. (2006). ‘Party Unity in Parliamentary Democracies: A Comparative Analysis’, The Journal of Legislative Studies, 12:2, 150–178.
   Google Scholar
• Sieberer, U. (2011). ‘The Institutional Power of Western European Parliaments: A Multidimensional Analysis’, West European Politics, 34:4, 731–754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinardet, D. (2008). ‘Belgian Federalism Put to the Test: The 2007 Belgian Federal Elections and their Aftermath’, West European Politics, 31:5, 1016–1032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spirling, A., and I. McLean (2007). ‘UK OC OK? Interpreting Optimal Classification Scores for the U.K. House of Commons’, Political Analysis, 15:1, 85–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vliegenthart, R., S. Walgrave, and C. Meppelink (2011). ‘Inter-party Agenda-Setting in the Belgian Parliament: The Role of Party Characteristics and Competition’, Political Studies, 59:2, 368–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woldendorp, J., H. Keman, and I. Budge (1998). ‘Party Government in 20 Democracies: An Update (1990–1995)’, European Journal of Political Research, 33:1, 125–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar