Gender, populist attitudes, and voting: explaining the gender gap in voting for populist radical right and populist radical left parties

References

• Akkerman, Tjitske (2015). ‘Gender and the Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Policy Agendas’, Patterns of Prejudice, 49:1–2, 37–60. 10.1080/0031322X.2015.1023655
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akkerman, Agnes, and Andrej Zaslove (2014). ‘We the People or We the Peoples? A Comparison of Left- and Right-Wing Populists’. ECPR General Conference, 3–6 September, Glasgow.
   Google Scholar
• Akkerman, Agnes, Cas Mudde, and Andrej Zaslove (2014). ‘‘How Populist Are the People? Measuring Populist Attitudes in Voters’, Comparative Political Studies, 47:9, 1324–1353. 10.1177/0010414013512600
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betz, Hans-Georg (1994). Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.10.1007/978-1-349-23547-6
   Google Scholar
• Bordignon, Fabio, and Luigi Ceccarini (2013). ‘Five Stars and a Cricket. Beppe Grillo Shakes Italian Politics’, South European Society and Politics, 18:4, 427–449. 10.1080/13608746.2013.775720
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordignon, Fabio, and Luigi Ceccarini (2015). ‘The Five-Star Movement: A Hybrid Actor in the Net of State Institutions’, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 20:4, 454–473. 10.1080/1354571X.2015.1066112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowyer, Benjamin T., and Mark I. Vail (2011). ‘Economic Insecurity, the Social Market Economy, and Support for the German Left’, West European Politics, 34:4, 683–705. 10.1080/01402382.2011.572387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celis, Karen, and Sarah Childs (2012). ‘The Substantive Representation of Women: What to Do with Conservative Claims?’, Political Studies, 60:1, 213–225. 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00904.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellinas, Antonis A. (2013). ‘The Rise of Golden Dawn: The New Face of the Far Right in Greece’, South European Society and Politics, 18:4, 543–565. 10.1080/13608746.2013.782838
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish, M.Steven (2002). ‘Islam and Authoritarianism’, World Politics, 55:1, 4–37. 10.1353/wp.2003.0004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidengil, Elisabeth, and Joanna Everitt (2003). ‘Conventional Coverage/Unconventional Politicians: Gender and Media Coverage of Canadian Leaders’ Debates, 1993, 1997, 2000’, Canadian Journal of Political Science. Revue Canadienne de Science Politique, 36:3, 559–577.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golebiowska, Ewa A. (1999). ‘Gender Gap in Political Tolerance’, Political Behavior, 21:1, 43–66. 10.1023/A:1023396429500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Reino, Margarita, and Iván Llamazares (2015). ‘Left Populism in Spain? The Rise of Podemos’, Team Populism May 2015 Conference: Solving the Puzzles of Populism, London, available at https://populism.byu.edu/Pages/Publications.aspx (last accessed 31 May 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Harteveld, Eelco, Wouter Van Der Brug, Stefan Dahlberg, and Andrej Kokkonen (2015). ‘The Gender Gap in Populist Radical-Right Voting: Examining the Demand Side in Western and Eastern Europe’, Patterns of Prejudice, 49:1–2, 103–134. 10.1080/0031322X.2015.1024399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, Kirk A. (2009). ‘Is Chavez Populist?: Measuring Populist Discourse in Comparative Perspective’, Comparative Political Studies, 42, 1040–1067. 10.1177/0010414009331721
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, Kirk A., Scott Riding, and Cas Mudde (2012). ‘Measuring Populist Attitudes’, available at http://www.concepts-methods.org/Files/WorkingPaper/PC_55_Hawkins_Riding_Mudde.pdf (accessed 1 June 2016)
   Google Scholar
• Immerzeel, Tim (2015). Voting for a Change: The Democratic Lure of Populist Radical Right Parties in Voting Behaviour, unpublished dissertation, Utrecht University, ICS.
   Google Scholar
• Immerzeel, Tim, Hilde Coffé, and Tanja van der Lippe (2015). ‘Explaining the Gender Gap in Radical Right Voting: A Cross-National Investigation in 12 Western European Countries’, Comparative European Politics, 13:2, 263–286. 10.1057/cep.2013.20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglehart, Ronald, and Pippa Norris (2003). Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change around the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511550362
   Google Scholar
• Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth (2005). ‘The Vulnerable Populist Right Parties: No Economic Realignment Fuelling Their Electoral Success’, European Journal of Political Research, 44:3, 465–492. 10.1111/ejpr.2005.44.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth (2008). ‘What Unites Right-Wing Populists in Western Europe?: Re-Examining Grievance Mobilization Models in Seven Successful Cases’, Comparative Political Studies, 41:1, 3–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitschelt, Herbert, and Anthony J. McGann (1997: first paperback edition: c.1995). The Radical Right in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lubbers, Marcel, Mérove Gijsberts, and Peer Scheepers (2002). ‘Extreme Right-Wing Voting in Western Europe’, European Journal of Political Research, 41:3, 345–378. 10.1111/ejpr.2002.41.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucardie, Paul, and Gerrit Voerman (2012). Populisten in de Polder. Meppel: Boom.
   Google Scholar
• March, Luke, and Charlotte Rommerskirchen (2015). ‘‘Out of Left Field? Explaining the Variable Electoral Success of European Radical Left Parties’, Party Politics, 21:1, 40–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mood, Carina (2010). ‘Logistic Regression: Why We Cannot do What We Think We Can Do, and What We Can do about It’, European Sociological Review, 26:1, 67–82. 10.1093/esr/jcp006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, Cas (2004). ‘The Populist Zeitgeist’, Government and Opposition, 39:4, 542–563. 10.1111/goop.2004.39.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, Cas (2007). Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511492037
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, Cas, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser (2013). ‘Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Contemporary Europe and Latin America’, Government and Opposition, 48:2, 147–174. 10.1017/gov.2012.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natale, Paolo (2014). ‘The Birth, Early History and Explosive Growth of the Five Star Movement’, Contemporary Italian Politics, 6:1, 16–36.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, Pippa (2005). Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/CBO9780511615955
   Google Scholar
• Otjes, Simon, and Tom Louwerse (2015). ‘Populists in Parliament: Comparing Left-Wing and Right-Wing Populism in the Netherlands’, Political Studies, 63:1, 60–79. 10.1111/1467-9248.12089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramiro, Luis (2016). ‘Support for Radical Left Parties in Western Europe: Social Background, Ideology and Political Orientations’, European Political Science Review, 8:1, 1–23. 10.1017/S1755773914000368
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooduijn, Matthijs (2013). A Populist Zeitgeist? The Impact of Populism on Parties, Media and the Public in Western Europe, dissertation, University of Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, Karen, and Annabelle Sreberny (2000). ‘Women in the House: Media Representation of British Politicians’, in Annabelle Sreberny and Liesbeth Van Zoonen (eds.), Gender, Politics and Communication. New York, NY: Hampton Press, 79–99.
   Google Scholar
• Rydgren, Jens (2007). ‘The Sociology of the Radical Right’, Annual Review of Sociology, 33:1, 241–262. 10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131752
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapiro, Virginia (1983). The Political Integration of Women: Roles, Socialization, and Politics. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sawer, Marian (2002). ‘The Representation of Women in Australia: Meaning and Make-Believe’, Parliamentary Affairs, 55:1, 5–18. 10.1093/parlij/55.1.5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt, Hermann, Sara B. Hobolt, Sebastian Adrian Popa, and Eftichia Teperoglou (2015). ‘European Parliament Election Study 2014, Voter Study’, GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA5161 Data File Version, 1:0, doi:10.4232/1.5161.
   Google Scholar
• Spierings, Niels, and Andrej Zaslove (2015a). ‘Conclusion: Dividing the Populist Radical Right Between “Liberal Nativism” and Traditional Conceptions of Gender’, Patterns of Prejudice, 49:1–2, 163–173. 10.1080/0031322X.2015.1024466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spierings, Niels, and Andrej Zaslove (2015b). ‘Gendering the Vote for Populist Radical-Right Parties’, Patterns of Prejudice, 49:1–2, 135–162. 10.1080/0031322X.2015.1024404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spierings, Niels, Andrej Zaslove, Liza M. Mügge, and Sarah L. de Lange (2015). ‘Gender and Populist Radical-Right Politics: An Introduction’, Patterns of Prejudice, 49:1–2, 3–15. 10.1080/0031322X.2015.1023642
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spruyt, Bram, Gil Keppens, and Filip Van Droogenbroeck (2016). ‘Who Supports Populism and What Attracts People to It?’, Political Research Quarterly, 69:2, 335–346. 10.1177/1065912916639138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, Ben (2008). ‘The Thin Ideology of Populism’, Journal of Political Ideologies, 13:1, 95–110. 10.1080/13569310701822289
   Google Scholar
• Trevor, Margaret C. (1999). ‘Political Socialization, Party Identification, and the Gender Gap’, Public Opinion Quarterly, 63:1, 62–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Kessel, Stijn (2015). Populist Parties in Europe: Agents of Discontent?. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. 10.1057/9781137414113
   Google Scholar
• Van Zoonen, Liesbet (2001). ‘Feminist Internet Studies’, Feminist Media Studies, 1:1, 67–72. 10.1080/14680770120042864
   Google Scholar
• Verba, Sidney, Nancy Burns, and Kay Lehman Schlozman (1997). ‘Knowing and Caring about Politics: Gender and Political Engagement’, The Journal of Politics, 59:4, 1051–1072. 10.2307/2998592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser, Mark, Marcel Lubbers, Gerbert Kraaykamp, and Eva Jaspers (2014). ‘Support for Radical Left Ideologies in Europe’, European Journal of Political Research, 53:3, 541–558. 10.1111/ejpr.2014.53.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaslove, Andrej (2008). ‘Here to Stay? Populism as a New Party Type’, European Review, 16:3, 319–336.
   Google Scholar